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TERMINAL PLEISTOCENE THROUGH MIDDLE HOLOCENE OCCUPATIONS IN SOUTHEASTERN MESOAMERICA: LINKING ECOLOGY AND CULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF NEOTROPICAL FORAGERS AND EARLY FARMERS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 December 2021

Keith M. Prufer Open the ORCID record for Keith M. Prufer [Opens in a new window] ,
Mark Robinson Open the ORCID record for Mark Robinson [Opens in a new window]  and
Douglas J. Kennett Open the ORCID record for Douglas J. Kennett [Opens in a new window]
Keith M. Prufer*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology and Center for Stable Isotopes, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
Mark Robinson
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QE, United Kingdom
Douglas J. Kennett
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
*
E-mail correspondence to: kmp@unm.edu
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Abstract

Data from rock shelters in southern Belize show evidence of tool making, hunting, and aquatic resource exploitation by 10,500 cal b.c.; the shelters functioned as mortuary sites between 7600 and 2000 cal b.c. Early Holocene contexts contain stemmed and barbed bifaces as part of a tradition found broadly throughout the neotropics. After around 6000 cal b.c., bifacial tools largely disappear from the record, likely reflecting a shift to increasing reliance on plant foods, around the same time that the earliest domesticates appear in the archaeological record in the neotropics. We suggest that people living in southern Belize maintained close ties with neighbors to the south during the Early Holocene, but lagged behind in innovating new crops and farming technologies during the Middle Holocene. Maize farming in Belize intensified between 2750–2050 cal b.c. as maize became a dietary staple, 1000–1300 years later than in South America. Overall, we argue from multiple lines of data that the Neotropics of Central and South America were an area of shared information and technologies that heavily influenced cultural developments in southeastern Mesoamerica during the Early and Middle Holocene.

Type
Special Section: The Preceramic and Early Ceramic Periods in Belize and the Central Maya Lowlands
Information
Ancient Mesoamerica , Volume 32 , Issue 3 , Fall 2021 , pp. 439 - 460
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Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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