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The Overland Route across Anatolia in the Eighth and Seventh Centuries B.C.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 December 2013

Extract

An overland route by which oriental merchandise and ideas were transmitted to the Ionian Greeks via the Anatolian plateau and the river valley routes of the west was long ago posited by Hogarth, and supported by Karo, Barnett and others, although there was little evidence from central Anatolia to confirm it. More recently this route was virtually discounted in favour of a sea route from N. Syria, especially Carchemish, through the port of Al Mina, to Greece and Etruria, via Cyprus, Rhodes and Crete, discussed by Sidney Smith, Humphrey Payne, Mrs. Maxwell-Hyslop and others, which is assumed to have been at its height in the earlier eighth century; and Barnett has also shown the importance of a third route, from Azerbaijan to Trebizond and west via the Black Sea, for which the main evidence, a tomb group from the Caucasus, is probably later seventh century.

It is clear that the second of these three routes carried the bulk of Oriental trade to Greece and the west. Undoubtedly the most important Orientalizing influences on Greece, as shown by Payne, were those from the Cypro-Levantine cultural province, and there is ample evidence of the exchange of pottery, terracottas and ornamental bronzes of Cypriot and Phoenician production between the Syrian coast, Cyprus, Rhodes, Samos, Miletus, Chios, Delos and the west.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The British Institute at Ankara 1961

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References

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page 185 note 4 cf. my forthcoming article, “Cyprus and the Levant in the eighth-seventh centuries B.C.”

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page 186 note 3 For the Manisa examples, information kindly supplied by the Director of the Manisa museum. Vathy Museum—one whole and unnumbered, another smaller, broken, B838. Blinkenberg, C., Lindos, I (Berlin, 1931)Google Scholar, Pl. 8, 119 a, b; Pl. 9, 120. Waldstein, , The Argive Heraeum (New York, 1902), II, 246, 901–4Google Scholar, Pl. 87. Payne, H., Perachora (Oxford, 1940)Google Scholar, Pl. 73, 30. Hogarth, D. G., Excavations at Ephesus (London, 1908)Google Scholar, Pl. 17, 4. Blinkenberg, , Lindos, IGoogle Scholar, Pl. 9, 121. Furtwängler, A., Olympia, IV, Die Bronzen, Berlin, 1890, Pl. 22, 373–6Google Scholar.

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page 189 note 1 Fibula and mould from Bayraklı, Izmir museum. Hogarth, Ephesus, Pl. 5, 11, 19, etc. Vathy museum, 621, 608, 982, 247 and others. Blinkenberg, , Lindos, IGoogle Scholar, Pl. 8, 111–12, 116. Delos museum, 1013e Payne, Perachora, Pl. 73, 22–32. Waldstein, , Argive Heraeum, IIGoogle Scholar, Pl. 87. Furtwängler, , Olympia, IVGoogle Scholar, Pl. 22, 371.

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page 193 note 2 Information kindly supplied by Mellaart, J. and French, D., cf. AS. X (1960), 90Google Scholar. Aetos in the Hermus valley and Dinar on the Maeander are both sites with Iron Age occupation, cf. Mellaart's 1951 survey of Anatolia, S.W., Belleten, XIX (1955), 115 fGoogle Scholar., and French recently found a site in the Sardis plain with seventh century pottery. In general mounds of all periods are rare in the river valleys.

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page 194 note 1 Yazılıtaş inscr., König, op. cit., I, 23, p. 61 f. Hasankale inscr., König, op. cit., I, 44, p. 72. Argistis Annals, König, op. cit., II, 80, p. 87 f.

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page 195 note 1 I am much indebted to Mrs. K. R. Maxwell-Hyslop and Dr. Barnett for information and discussion on many of the points raised in this paper. I should like to thank Mr. Charles Burney for assistance on Urartian problems, and above all Mr. James Mellaart for innumerable discussions, and information on all aspects of Anatolian archaeology most generously given. I should also like to acknowledge the services of Mr. Bernard Conway of the Geological Survey and Museum and Mr. Richard Lewis of the I.C.T. in drawing respectively the map and the metal objects.