Delivery records of public hospitals and birth certificates of household registration offices were examined to study the epidemiological characteristics of twinning rate from 1955 to 1984 in Taiwan. The MZ twinning rate was consistently higer than the DZ rate during the study period. The DZ rate declined steadily from 2.7 per 1000 in 1955 to 1.3 per 1000 in 1975, and then gradually increased to 3.6 per 1000 in 1984. The MZ rate peaked periodically in 1956, 1966 and 1976, and gradually increased from 3.3 per 1000 in 1978 to 5.9 per 1000 in 1986. Both MZ and DZ rates were higher in urban than in rural areas and they were also higher in northern Taiwan than elsewhere in the island. While both MZ and DZ rates increased with maternal age and parity, the maternal age difference and the parity difference were more striking in DZ than in MZ rates. The international comparison also showed a greater racial difference in maternal age-specific DZ than MZ twinning rates; and the older the maternal age, the greater the international discrepancy in DZ rates.

A total of 198 pairs of monozygotic twins reared apart and together were surveyed on their lifestyle and blood pressure through mailed questionnaires. The age of the subjects ranged from 47 to 87 years. The intrapair concordance rate on blood pressure increased from 51% (age of separation 0-5) to 78% (age of separation 26 and over) as the age of separation advanced. The concordance rate on occupation was 59% at the age of separation 0-5 and 87% at the age of separation 26 and over. The intrapair concordance on the food intake (egg, meat, fish, milk and salty seasoning) was positively correlated with the age of separation. Hayshi's quantification theory III (multivariate analysis) was used to claryfy the lifestyle pattern in 39 MZ pairs discordant on blood pressure. There were three factors (meat, milk and occupation) which were closely related with each other in the “non-hypertensive” twins, while lifestyle were not patterned in the “hypertensive” twins. The concordance rate of these three items increased along with the rise of concordance rate of blood pressure as the age of separation advanced.

The genetic analysis of physiological time series has to accommodate the presence of autocorrelation. This can be accomplished by means of orthogonal transformation of the series, thus enabling the use of standard genetic analysis techniques for the sequence of uncorrelated transforms. In view of the oscillatory character which typifies various physiological time series, it is customary to invoke spectral techniques for the analysis of these series. It can be shown that spectral analysis is an orthogonal transformation that asymptotically resembles principal component analysis. Consequently, standard genetic analysis methods for the uncorrelated spectral transforms may be used. This approach will be illustrated with simulated and real (heart rate) data for univariate twin time series. Furthermore, it will be indicated that the proposed analysis can be readily generalized to multivariate time series.

This research compares similarities and differences between kibbutz twins and singletons on individual perceptions of extent of restriction imposed by their fathers and mothers, teachers, caretakers and peers with regard to the children's choices, plans, and actual activities. During the past two years, the parents of all kibbutz twins in Israel of age 1 to 18 have been contacted. They provided background information about themselves and their twin children. In each kibbutz, two control singletons were selected of the same sex and age for each twin pair, yielding a “quartet”. With the aid of a mapping sentence, questionnaires were constructed to help ascertain the child's role in life areas such as family, friendship, school, hobbies, work, amusement. Questionnaires with the same facet design are being administered to children (twin and singleton), mothers, fathers, teachers, and caretakers. In addition, each child is given a battery of tests — including the verbal WISC, Block Design, Raven Matrices, and Reading Comprehension. The children will be interviewed and tested in three successive years, beginning either in grade 4 or 5. Data will thus be obtained on changes in perception of permissiveness-restrictiveness and their relation to performance at ages 9 to 13. To date 9-year-olds in 14 kibbutzim have been interviewed. Analyses of responses to four questions are presented in this paper. The preliminary analyses indicate that twins and singletons have similar means and distributions with regard to the extent to which the children feel they are told what to do by either parent.

A multivariate analysis of genetic and environmental influences on longitudinal height and weight data from a Swedish twin sample is presented. For height in boys, genetic correlations of all ages with the first time point decrease during puberty and increase afterwards. A more linear pattern is evident for the girls. For weight in boys, genetic and environmental correlations are similar to the ones for height. Genetic correlations for girls are stable with age, while environmental correlations peak at 13.5 years and decrease drastically thereafter. The patterns for height and weight in boys suggest that a new set of genes may be turned on during puberty and turned off again afterwards. The pattern found for weight in girls indicates that a simple additive genetic model is not appropriate. It is necessary, however, to apply the model to actual data from several time points to recognize the inadequacy of the model.

A Vietnam Era (1964-1975) Twin Registry of American male-male veterans born between 1939 and 1955 has been developed to provide a study sample for research evaluating the impact of Vietnam service on the medical and psychosocial aspects of health. In preparation for developing the Registry, several alternative sources of twins and methods for identifying twins were investigated. A computerized database of veterans discharged from the military after 1967 was selected as the source because it contains about 50% of the total Vietnam era veteran population, is reasonably unbiased, and provides a feasible method for identifying twins. Twins were identified using an algorithm which involved matching entries on the database for same last name, different first name, same date of birth, and similar social security number. Twin status was confirmed by review of military records. The registry, now complete, is composed of 7,400 twin pairs. It will be an important resource for future research projects.

A total of 543 like-sex pairs of twins (407 MZ, 136 DZ) were sent mailed questionnaires on cigarette smoking, alcohol drinking and health conditions. The observed concordance rate for alcohol drinking was significantly higher than expected in both MZ and DZ pairs. The observed concordance rate for cigarette smoking was significantly higher than expected in the MZ, but not the DZ pairs. The observed rate of intrapair concordance for drinking was significantly higher than expected even in MZ pairs reared apart from infancy or very early childhood. Higher life satisfaction was observed more often in the higher alcohol consumers than in the lower consumers among MZ pairs discordant for alcohol drinking, while earlier onset of presbyopia was observed more often in the lower consumers. Physical symptoms, especially pains in the upper extremities, were reported more often by higher alcohol consumers than by lower consumers in the MZ pairs discordant for drinking.

It is suggested that the rise in a population depends not only on the number of females per thousand males, their fecundability, and the survival of offspring (mean live births), but also on the genetic background or inbreeding status of the fetuses. Abortions and stillbirths add to the interference. A hypothetical formula has been devised , where Mb = mean birth rate, G = growth percentage of population sample from preceding Census, F = inbreeding coefficient, Sa = Stillbirths + abortions, and Sr = Sex ratio. It is intriguing that the product, being termed Fraternal Component (FC), is found to be almost equal to the DZ twinning rate of the population sample. Should that be confirmed, one could perphaps estimate the DZ twinning rate by an altogether new approach.

An examination of ascertainment bias in identification of twin pairs in the Vietnam Era Twin Registry has been conducted. A complete listing of all male-male Vietnam era veteran twin pairs born in Connecticut between 1939 and 1955 was obtained (N = 150). An attempt was made to match these pairs with a listing of Vietnam era veteran twin pairs derived from the United States Department of Defense's Defense Manpower Data Center (DMDC) computer files. The results indicate that the DMDC files identified only 46.7% of the 150 Connecticut born Vietnam era veteran pairs. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) between pairs found on the DMDC files and Connecticut veteran pairs missing from the DMDC files are observed for the following variables: a) year of discharge from military service, b) total length of active military service, c) branch of service, and d) foreign service. No consistent pattern of bias is observed for factors related to the physical and psychosocial healt of veteran pairs. The implications of the ascertainment biases in the Vietnam Era Twin Registry are discussed.

Excessive twinning in an extended family of rural Missouri concentrates in the isolated generations of 1874-1930s. Moderate inbreeding, larger sibships to older mothers, and access to local doctors may have combined to enhance this familial twinning. These biosocial factors are similar to an isolated case of excessive twinning in Scotland.

Eighteen pairs of monozygotic twins discordant for long-term occupational exposure to organic solvents were examined for disturbances of cardiovascular reflexes. All of the subjects were asymptomatic, and considered themselves healthy. No significant differences were observed between the exposed and the nonexposed twins. The finding suggests that occupational solvent exposure at these particular levels is unlikely to cause disturbances of the autonomic nervous function.

Monochorionic twins may differ from dichorionic monozygotic (MZ) twins because of the transfusion syndrome and the timing of the cleavage of the zygote. Intrapair birthweight differences may be an indicator of these intrauterine variables. Previous evidence concerning weight differences and intellectual ability in MZ twins is reviewed with recommendations that future research also incorporates full placental data. Poorer scores on a nonverbal test are found for the lighter male twin of pairs with large intrapair differences in birthweight. Co-twin concordance rates for test scores are also highest for this group indicating that they vary consistently from other groups. Some evidence is presented from the present and earlier studies implicating anomalies of asymmetry or the transfusion syndrome as possible causes of these differences in brain functioning. The study adds further doubts as to the validity of any assumption of developmental equivalence between MZ twins and the general population.

Kinships composed of twin parents, their spouses and children, offer a robust and flexible sampling design for research in genetic epidemiology. Families-of-twins designs circumvent some of the sampling problems that arise when independent data sets are combined, and these designs provide unique evaluations of maternal influences, assortative mating and X-linkage. Unfortunately, empirical studies of families of twin parents have been limited by relatively small samples and by the self-selection biases intrinsic in ascertainment of families from volunteer twin registries.

A large and representative cohort of monozygotic and dizygotic twin parents, drawn from a population-based twin registry, provides the optimal sampling frame for twin-family research. This paper reviews the sampling considerations underlying the initial family study based on the Finnish Twin Cohort and evaluates the representativeness of the sampled twins. Spouses and adult children (over 18 years) of 236 pairs of twins, about equally divided by gender and zygosity, were evaluated by a postal questionnaire. Individual response rates exceeded 86% and in 464 of the 472 nuclear families (98.3% ), at last one member of the twin's family completed the questionnaire. The sampled twins, selected for fecundity to maximize statistical power of the obtained data, were broadly representative of non-selected twins drawn from the Cohort, with whom they were matched on age, gender, and zygosity. Such results suggest that the Finnish Cohort has excellent potential for extended twin-family research designs.

Measurements of height and weight have been undertaken on 201 pairs of twins and 46 sets of higher multiples once each at various ages through childhood. The heights of twins are comparable to the overall population of singletons, those of higher multiples are slightly undersized. However, the total group of twins were shorter than expected when compared with the heights of parents and siblings, but this was entirely accounted for by that component of the group who at birth had been very light for dates. The children in all groups of multiples were underweight for their height in comparison with standards of a comparable population and with their own siblings.

Vital records of Saybrook and Plymouth in New England from the 17th century were investigated. Among 8,562 maternities 81 twin maternities were found, the twinning rate being 0.95%. Twinning rate was low at the lst and 2nd births as compared with the 3rd or later births, and was highest at the 7th and 8th births (1.6%). Twin maternity seemed to be a strong risk factor to terminate reproduction, particularly after 6 or more children had been delivered. The rate of mothers who had any other child (“fertile” mothers) at the 7th or later birth order was significantly lower for twin (13%) than for singleton maternities (63%). Twinning rate also varied by the size of offspring of a mother, and those mothers who had 5 or 6 children showed the highest twinning rate (1.3%). Those fertile mothers who had 7 or more children showed the lowest twinning rate (0.74%), although an exceptionally higher twinning rate was seen at their last births. Elongation of the last birth interval was observed for each group of every family size, and higher twinning rates were generally observed at their last births. Reduction in fecundity and rise in twinning rate seem to have occurred simultaneously at the last stage of the reproductive period of mothers, regardless of their family size.

Levels of immunoglobulins IgG, IgA, IgM and IgE were determined in 8 MZ and 14 DZ twin pairs at the ages of 6-11 years, 12-17 years and 15-20 years. Intrapair similarity in immunoglobulin levels was found to be higher in the MZ than in the DZ twins, especially in the case of immunoglobulins IgA and IgM.

Baptism records of parishes in London and its vicinities from 1581 to 1760 (168,238 maternities) were investigated to estimate the twinning rate and its secular and seasonal variations. Total, estimated dizygotic (DZ), and estimated monozygotic (MZ) twinning rates were 1.1%, 0.8% and 0.3%, respectively. MZ twinning rate varied during the 18 decades, with a significantly low rate (0.11%) in the early 17th century (1621-1640). Significant seasonal variations of the twinning rate according to the month of baptism was observed in both DZ and MZ twins. DZ twins were born more frequently in spring and fall in general. Parish records obtained from four parishes near Manchester in England showed an inversed seasonal variation with peaks in winter and summer. An interpretation of this difference was discussed in a context of environmental factors. In the low MZ period, 1621-1640, MZ or like-sexed twins were apparently less frequent in summer (Aprii to October). This result could be explained by a decrease of MZ twins and/or a greater loss of like-sexed DZ twins.

Weight and height growth has been examined in 400 twins and 229 singletons born 1975-1985. Periodical measurements have been taken from 0 to 7 years of age. As compared to values obtained in a previous study of twins and singletons born 1960-1974, though limited to the first year of age, twins appear to continue to do worse than singletons in their growth. However, height values appear to have become higher in the first year of age in both twins and singletons born 1975-1985.

Urinary pepsinogen A (PGA or PG I) phenotypes and serum PGA levels were studied in MZ and DZ twins and their parents. In 45 out of 48 MZ twin pairs PGA patterns were completely identical, while 3 MZ twin pairs showed minor differences in the relative intensity of the Pg5 isozymogen. This suggests that the intensity of this isozymogen may be influenced by nongenetic factors. There was little difference in the interclass correlations of serum PGA levels between MZ and DZ twins, indicating a large contribution of common environmental factors to serum PGA levels. This is in contrast with previous studies.