The Authors have studied 87 pairs of MZ-twins, determining for each individual the values of both Fusional Convergence (FC) and Simultaneous Macular Perception (SMP) by means of the major amblyoscope. They have found a high degree of discordance in the FC, corresponding to 80,5 per cent, while the SMP showed a lower degree of discordance (17,2 per cent.). The Authors have observed that the highest values of FC mostly belong to the “leader twin”; they make the hypothesis that the unusual discordance of the FG in the MZ-twins depends on a higher level of will in the “leader twin”, thus representing a test of psychological discrimination between MZ-twins.

With complete ascertainment, in populations with twin material unselected except for the presence of a specific trait (1) the ratio of ascertainable monozygotic to dizygotic twin pairs lies between ½ and 1 of the ratio in the general population and (2) the ratio of all ascertainable twin pairs to the total number of individuals lies between one and two times of that found in the general population. Formulae are derived which relate the frequencies of ascertainable twin pairs to the frequencies, from « suitable » parents, of the « affectable » genotype and to its penetrance. The calculated expectations are compared with some observed values.

A method of calculating the probability of paternity, based upon Bayes' theorem, for Rh blood groups has been developed. Tables have been prepared for calculation of the probability of paternity for the most common levels of testing, i.e., with five anti-sera (anti-C, -D, -E, -c, -e), with four (anti-C, -D, -E, -c) and with three (anti-C, -D, -E). The same probabilities at other levels of testing can be calculated by applying the method and tables presented in this paper. Since the tables presented herein include calculations for chromosomes which appear to occur but rarely as far as known to date, these tables can be applied to all populations with different chromosome frequencies.

The author wishes to thank Prof. S. Ueno, University of Tokyo, and Prof. Y. Komatu, Tokyo Institute of Technology, for helpful advices which they have given in the present study.

The evaluation of the sketches of the hands of 746 consanguineous persons of different ages and sexes as well as the examinations of 120 radiograms of the hands of non-related adults have shown the following results:

1) Relatives (Brothers and sisters, mothers and children, parents and children) resemble each other with regard to the respective finger-lengths and the proportions of these between right and left hand more than non-relatives do.

2) The respective finger-length is organized anatomically by the longitudinal variations of all elements of the second and forth rays and modified by the Carpalia and the longitudinal proportion of Radius and Ulna. We can regard the most extensive variations of growth at the second ray in men and at the forth ray in women. In the same manner the lateral differences between the right and the left hand can be explained for both sexes mainly by the longitudinal differences of the second rays.

3) In reference to these anatomical conditions a genetical hypothesis about a transmission of the relative finger-length is developped and its usefulnes for the diagnosis of paternity comes to discussion.

The Autors have begun a genetic research on the ovarian cancer. In this first part of the work:

1. it has been defined the group of the “ primary cases ” in which have been included 74 cases of solid carcinoma, 108 cases of cystic carcinoma and 93 cases of unclassified malignant tumor of the ovary.

2. it has been studied the age of appearance and the age incidence variation of the ovarian cancer, and it has been found that:

a) the mean age of appearance is 51,15 ± 0,64 years, but it lowers to 48,94 ± 0,68 years for the solid carcinoma and rises to 52,36 ± 0,90 years for the cystic carcinoma;

b) the period of the greatest frequency of the disease is between 40-60 years of age, followed by a sharp decrease over age 65;

3. it has been analysed the fertility of the patients, and it has ben recorded a decrease of the mean fertility up to 29% as compared to the general population;

4. it has been mentioned the importance of the hormonal factor as a problable condition for the development of the ovarian cancer, that nevertheless calls for other — likely idiotypic — factors.

Report of 44 cases of rheumatic heart disease with genetics observations of transmittance of rheumatic fever and cardiovascular diseases and discussion about the relation betwen the two diseases.