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Economic Nationalism and Tax Reform in Late Nineteenth Century Chile

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

William F. Sater
William F. Sater*
Affiliation:
California State University, Long Beach, California
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Extract

It has traditionally been argued that Free Trade and its principal oracle, Jean Courcelle Seneuil have adversely affected Chile’s economic development. Such diverse individuals as Aníbal Pinto Santa Cruz, Julio César Jobet, Andre Gunder Frank, and Francisco Encina have asserted that the introduction of Economic Liberalism destroyed Chile. Before Courcelle Seneuil, they claimed, Chile enjoyed the possibility of becoming an industrial nation. The advent of Free Trade, however, knocked down the barriers behind which the nascent industries had prospered. Chile’s factories, unable to compete, withered away, reducing the nation to a raw material producer; an economic colony for the industrial powers of Europe and the United States.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 33 , Issue 2 , October 1976 , pp. 311 - 335
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1976

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References

1 Jean Gustave Courcelle Seneuil (1812-1892) was a French born economist who taught the first course on political economy at the University of Chile and who also worked as an economic advisor to the Chilean government. Many consider him to be the founder of Classical Economics in Chile.

Cruz, Aníbal Pinto Santa, Chile un caso de desarrollo frustrado (Santiago, 1962), pp. 35–36 Google Scholar, 42; Jobet, Julio César. Ensayo crítico del desarrollo económico-social de Chile (Santiago, 1955), pp. 44–45;Google Scholar Encina, Francisco Antonio, Nuestra inferioridad económica (Santiago, 1912), pp. 319–320;Google Scholar Frank, Andre Gunder, Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America (New York, 1969), pp. 67–73 Google Scholar.

2 Will, Robert M., “La política económica de Chile, 1810–1864,” El Trimestre Econòmico, XXVII (1960), 243–244, 246 Google Scholar.

3 Anguita, Ricardo, Leyes promulgadas en Chile desde 1810 hasta el 1° de junio de 1912 (Santiago, 1912), I, 531–536 Google Scholar.

4 Will, 255.

5 Edwards, Alberto, Cuatro presidentes de Chile (Santiago, 1932), I, 146–148;Google Scholar Martner, Daniel, Estudio de política comercial chilena i historia económica nacional (Santiago, 1923), I, 290–292;Google Scholar Encina, Francisco Antonio. Historia de Chile desde la prehistoria hasta 1891 (Santiago, 1948–1952), XIII, 588–601 Google Scholar.

6 Cámara de Diputados, sesiones ordinarias, july 12, 1859, pp. 75–76 (hereafter cited as CD SO).

7 Anguita, II, 81.

8 Memoria de Hacienda de 1860 (Santiago, 1860), p. 12.

9 El Ferrocarril (Santiago), August 22,26,1861.

10 CDSO, July 19, 1862, p. 137; July 26, 1862, p. 156; August 4, 1862, p. 184.

11 CDSO, August 4, 1862, p. 188.

12 Edwards, p. 193; Martner, II, 307–309, 311.

13 Memoria de Hacienda de 1863 (Santiago, 1863), p. 12.

14 CDSO, June 21, 1864, p. 136; July 14, 1864, pp. 274–277; Memoria de Hacienda de 1864 (Santiago, 1864), p. 33.

15 Frank claims that the 1864 Ordinance destroyed the Chilean merchant marine, (p. 69). As Véliz’s, Claudio Historia de la marina mercante de Chile (Santiago, 1961), p. 132 Google Scholar, has shown this claim to be false.

16 Anguita, II, 172–175.

17 Cámara de Diputados, sesiones estraordinarias, December 7, 1864, pp. 125–127 (hereafter cited as CDSE); Memoria de Hacienda de 186S (Santiago, 1865), pp. 38–39,47.

18 CDSE, December 7, 1864, p. 141.

19 Observaciones que la Comisión del Comercio de Valparaíso ha hecho a la Ordenanza de Aduana de 31 de octubre de 1864 (Valparaíso, 1865), vi; CDSE, December 7, 1864, pp. 121–124.

20 Anguita, II, 207.

21 CDSO, June 3, 1869, pp. 3–5.

22 Ibid., August 12, 1869, p. 281; August 19, 1869, pp. 324, 326–327.

23 Ibid., October 7, 1870, p. 814.

24 CDSE, December 3, 1870, pp. 333–334; Cámara de Senado, sesiones estraordinarias, November 9, 1870, pp. 30–31 (hereafter cited as CSSE).

25 Estadística comercial de la República de Chile correspondiente al año[s] de 1864–1878 (Santiago, 1864–1878).

26 CDSE, December 22, 1870, p. 505; CDSO, July 27, 1871, p. 118, August 8, 1871, pp. 153–154.

27 CDSO, October 14, 1871, pp. 296–297; October 19, 1871, p. 313.

28 Memoria de Hacienda de 1868 (Santiago, 1868), pp. 26–27.

29 Memoria de Hacienda de 1810 (Santiago, 1870), pp. 16, 21, 24–25; Memoria de Hacienda de 1811 (Santiago, 1871), p. 26.

30 CDSE, December 11, 1872, pp. 269–270.

31 Ibid., December 18, 1873, pp. 299–302.

32 CDSO, July 3, 1873, p. 170; Cámara de Senado, sesiones ordinarias July 9, 1873, pp. 31–32 (hereafter cited as CSSO).

33 Herrmann, Alberto, La producción en Chile de los metales i minerales mas importantes de las sales naturales, del azufre i del guano desde la conquista hasta fines del año 1902 (Santiago, 1903), pp. 49–52;Google Scholar Estadística Comercial de la República, 1871–1878.

34 CDSO, August 26, 1873, p. 394, August 30, 1873, pp. 430–432; CSSO, September 1, 1873, p. 123.

35 CDSO, July 3, 1873, p. 171.

36 Ibid., August 30, 1873, pp. 431–432.

37 Ibid., July 20, 1875, p. 320.

38 CDSE, November 4, 1876, p. 124.

39 Ibid., November 18, 1876, p. 244; CSSE, January 10, 1877, p. 349.

40 Sater, William F., The Heroic Image in Chile (Berkeley, 1973), pp. 24–26, 28 Google Scholar 29.

41 La Industria Chilena (Santiago)Google Scholar, January 13, 1876: El Estandarte Católico (Santiago), July 7, 1876: The Chilian Times (Valparaiso), August 12, 1876.

42 The Chilian Times, July 8, 1876.

43 El Independiente (Santiago), July 9, July 26, August 6, 1876.

44 La Industria Chilena, October 2, 1875, March 23, September 11, October 16, November 27, 1876; El Ferrocarril, February 21, November 6, 1877; El Deber (Valparaíso), June 18, 1878.

45 La Industria Chilena, November 13, 20, December 18, 1875; March 18, September 11, 1876, February 26, 1877; The Chilian Times, January 5, 1878; El Ferrocarril, April 2, 1878; La Libertad (Valdivia), April 13, 1878.

46 La Industria Chilena, July 29, September 11, October 2, 1876; El Deber, June 18, 1878.

47 CSSE, January 5, 1877, p. 332; CDSE, January 3, 1877, pp. 717–718, 721.

48 El Ferrocarril, February 21, 1877.

49 CDSE, October 30, 1876, p. 104; Memoria de Hacienda de 1816 (Santiago, 1876), xxv.

50 Anguita, II, 443–447.

51 CDSE, May 25, 1878, pp. 89,91-92.

52 Ibid., May 11, 1878, pp. 2–6.

53 CDSO, June 4, 1878, pp. 3–4; June 6, 1878, p. 24; June 18, 1878, p. 114.

54 Ibid., June 6, 1878, pp. 24,26; June 8, 1878, pp. 33–34.

55 Ibid., June 11, 1878, pp. 71,76 77; June 18, 1878, pp. 117–119.

56 Ibid., June 11, 1878, pp. 70–73.

57 CDSE, May 25, 1878, pp. 93–94.

58 CDSO, July 16, 1878, pp. 314–315; July 20, 1878, p. 339; Anguita, II, 455–456.

59 Memoria de Hacienda de 1878 (Santiago, 1878), pp. xiii-xiv, xix, liii-lv; Anguita, II, 214–218.

60 CDSE, December 1, 1876, pp. 373–374, 376.

61 CDSO, July 9, 1878, pp. 253–255.

62 Ibid., July 30, 1878, p. 402.

63 Ibid., August 17, 1878, pp. 466–467.

64 Ibid., September 10, 1878, p. 644; CDSE, October 3, 1878, pp. 10–11; October 5, 1878, pp. 21,27-32; October 17, 1878, pp. 75–76; October 22, 1878, p. 103.

65 CDSE, October 3, 1878, p. 8; October 5, 1878, pp. 23–24; October 22, 1878, pp. 105–106.

66 Ibid., October 25, 1878, p. 125.

67 CSSE, November 4, 1878, pp. 46–47; December 4, 1878, pp. 96–97.

68 Ibid., December 30, 1878, pp. 124–129.

69 Ibid., January 15, 1879, pp. 166–171; Cámara de Senado, sesiones secretas, April 7, 1879, pp. 25–27; CDSE, May 10, 1879, pp. 740–745.

70 CDSE, October 17, 1876, pp. 6–12; November 20, 1877, pp. 235–236; Documentos correspondientes al período de las sesiones ordinarias de diputados en 1877, pp. 1–7.

71 CDSE, November 20, 1877, pp. 235–236; November 22, 1877, pp. 251–253.

72 Ibid., November 29, 1877, pp. 306–308; December 6, 1877, p. 384.

73 Ibid., November 22, 1877, pp. 246–248; November 29, 1877, pp. 310–311; December 7, 1877, p. 402.

74 Anguita, II, 457–460.

75 Resumen de la hacienda pública de Chile desde 1833 hasta 1914 (London, nd), pp. 26–28.

76 CDSO, July 3, 1879, p. 183; July 5, 1879, p. 187; August 27, 1879, p. 468; August 28, 1879, pp. 484 487,490; Anguita, II, 490,494.

77 Ibid., July 27, 1882, pp. 341–349; July 29, 1882, pp. 372–375; August 1, 1882, pp. 378–379; CSSO, August 25, 1882, pp. 271–272; CDSE, December 13, 1883, pp. 166–167; December 15, 1883, p. 181; CSSE, January 5, 1884, pp. 471–473.

78 CDSE, December 18, 1883, pp. 183–184; CDSO, September 11, 1884, p. 569; CSSE, October 9, 1884, pp. 575–576.

79 CDSO, July 15, 1882, pp. 249–251; June 9, 1883, p. 44; June 14, 1884, pp. 51–54; June 17, 1884, p. 63; CSSE, December 28, 1882, pp. 303–304; December 30, 1882, pp. 315–322.

80 Anguita, II, 521, 595, 626, 632, 637, 643, 660–661,664; III, 28, 30–31, 76.

81 CDSO, August 28, 1879, p. 485.

82 CDSE, January 16, 1885, p. 256; CSSO, August 21, 1886, p. 312.

83 “Memoria de Superintendencia de Aduana,” Memoria de Hacienda de 1882 (Santiago, 1882), p. 66; Memoria de Hacienda de 1883 (Santiago, 1883), lviii-lix; Memoria de Hacienda de 1885 (Santiago, 1885), xlviii-xlix, lxviii-lxix.

84 CDSO, August 3, 1886, p. 391.

85 Ibid., August 16, 1886, p. 482.

86 Memoria de la Superintendencia de Aduanas de 1883 (Valparaíso, 1883), p. 242; Memoria de Hacienda de 1889 (Santiago, 1890), p. 282; Henry Kirsch, “Balmaceda y la burgesia nacional: Realidad o Utopia?” mimeographed (Santiago, 1970), pp. 4,7-8.

87 CDSE, May 21, 1887, pp. 1247–1248; CSSE, December 26, 1888, p. 219; CDSO, June 4, 1887, pp. 25–26; June 15, 1890, pp. 26–31; August 30, 1887, pp. 632–643.

88 CDSO, September 11, 1884, p. 565; September 25, 1884, p. 568; CSSE, October 9, 1884, pp. 575–576; CDSO, June 16, 1887, p. 89; July 1, 1887, p. 169; CDSO, July 4, 1887, p. 102; July 18, 1887, p. 163.

89 CDSO, July 27, 1882, p. 342.

90 Ibid., pp. 346–347.

91 Hernán Ramírez Necochea, Balmaceda y la contra-revolución de 1891 (Santiago, 1958), pp. 150–151.

92 El Independiente, May 2, 1878.

93 CDSE, December 29, 1882, p. 394; CSSE, January 3, 1882, pp. 325–326.

94 CDSO, June 9, 1883, pp. 41–43.

95 Ibid., June 21, 1884, pp. 91–92; June 24, 1884, p. 100; June 26, 1884, pp. 106–107.

96 Resumen de la hacienda pública, p. 29.

97 CDSO, August 9, 1888, p. 395; June 18, 1889, pp. 45–46; June 25, 1889, pp. 79–80.

98 CDSE, December 21, 1889, pp. 535–536.

99 Ibid., December 24, 1889, pp. 570 571.

100 Ibid., p. 569–570.

101 Ibid., p. 573.

102 Ibid., p. 568; December 26, 1889, p. 582; December 31, 1889, p. 646; CDSO, August 7, 1890, pp. 609,617.

103 Vicuña, Santiago Marín, Los Ferrocarriles de Chile (3rd ed.; Santiago, 1912), p. 103;Google Scholar Sinopsis Estadística de la República de Chile (Santiago, 1919), p. 70.

104 Ramírez Necochea, p. 137. Blakemore’s, Harold British Nitrates and Chilean Politics 1886–1896: Balmaceda if North (London, 1974 Google Scholar), also demonstrates that Balmaceda’s supposed economic nationalism, at least vis à vis foreign nitrate producers, has been largely exaggerated.