¹ International Review, Aug. 1879, Vol. 7, pp. 146–163Google Scholar. The text is given in Baker, R. S. and Dodd, W. E., ed., The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson. College and State. (New York, Vol. 1, pp. 19–42)Google Scholar. Also republished in booklet form with an introductory chapter by Thomas K. Finletter. (Stamford, Conn, 1947.) The Wilson centennial has been marked by the publication of a volume of selections from his speeches and writings, edited by Heckscher, August, The Politics of Woodrow Wilson, (New York, 1956)Google Scholar.

² H.R. 214. 38th Congress, H. Rept. 43, April 6, 1864. For discussion March 3, 1865, see Congressional Globe, 38th Congress, 2nd Sess., new series no. 88, App., pp. 103–108. The bill provided that, in addition to giving department heads the right to attend at any time and “to participate in matters relative to the business of their departments,” they must come twice a week “to give information in reply to questions which may be pro-pounded to them under the rules of the House.” Pendleton himself said: “If I believed that it would increase the power of the Executive I would abandon it at once.”

³ S. 227; 46th Congress, 1st Sess., discussed in an interchange between Senators Pendleton and Morrill on April 28, 1879, Congressional Record, Vol. 9, pp. 966–74Google Scholar; reported favorably by a select committee of ten on February 4, 1881, 46th Congress, 3rd Sess., Vol. 11, p. 1201, S. Rept. 837. Reintroduced without result as S. 307 in the 47th Congress, 1st Sess., Vol. 13, p. 53, Dec. 8, 1881.

⁴ Nation, April 3, 1873, Vol. 16, pp. 233–34Google Scholar. “Mr. Bradford,” it said, “thinks that the true way is to give cabinet ministers seats in Congress. His idea ia that by this means we can secure what is so much needed, ‘national representation’.” See Link, Arthur S., Wilson, The Road to the White House. (Princeton, 1947), p. 17Google Scholar.

⁵ “Committee or Cabinet Government,” Overland Monthly, Jan. 1884, series 2, Vol. 3, pp. 17–33Google Scholar. The essay is given in Baker and Dodd, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 95–129.

⁶ Congressional Government. (Boston, 1885), p. 315Google Scholar. A new preface was written for the fifteenth impression in 1900 and an introduction by Ray Stannard Baker for the impression of 1925.

⁷ Ibid., p. 332.

⁸ Review of Reviews, April 1893, Vol. 7, pp. 286–97Google Scholar; reprinted in Baker and Dodd, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 198–222.

⁹ Leaderless Government. (Richmond, 1897.)Google Scholar Reprinted in Baker and Dodd, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 336–59.

¹⁰ “The Ideals of America,” Atlantic Monthly, Dec. 1902, Vol. 90, pp. 721–34Google Scholar. Reprinted in Baker and Dodd, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 416–42.

¹¹ Constitutional Government in the United States. (New York, 1908), p. 59Google Scholar.

¹² Ibid., p. 65.

¹³ Ibid., pp. 66–67.

¹⁴ Ibid., p. 76.

¹⁵ Ibid., p. 67.

¹⁶ Ibid., p. 69.

¹⁷ The text appeared in the daily press of Feb. 6, 1913. It is given in Baker and Dodd, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 21–26.

¹⁸ Congressional Record, 62d Congress, 3d sess., Vol. 49, p. 2420Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Baker, Ray Stannard, Woodrow Wilson, Life and Letters. (Garden City, 1927–1939), Vol. 6, p. 292–93Google Scholar. Baker remarks: “There is no doubt that he would have carried out his purpose of resigning in case Hughes had been elected.” p. 293.

²⁰ Houston, David F., Eight Years with Wilson's Cabinet. (Garden City, 1926), Vol. 2, p. 198Google Scholar.

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²³ The text is given in Baker and Dodd, op. cit., Vol. 2, pp. 536–39. In this essay he wrote: “Everyone who has an intelligent knowledge of social forces must know that great and widespread reactions like that which is now unquestionably manifesting itself against capitalism do not occur without cause or provocation; and before we commit ourselves irrevocably to an attitude of hostility to this movement of the time, we ought frankly to put to ourselves the question, Is the capitalistic system unimpeachable? which is another way of asking, Have capitalists generally used their power for the benefit of the countries in which their capital is employed and for the benefit of their fellow men?”

²⁴ The text of the address is given in Baker and Dodd, op. cit., Vol. I, pp. 1–6.

²⁵ Collier's Weekly, March 8, 1913, Vol. 50, p. 8Google Scholar. Baker and Dodd, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 27–30.

²⁶ Baker and Dodd, op. cit., p. 238.

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²⁹ The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. 4, p. 68Google Scholar.

³⁰ Tumulty's account indicates the President's impression after the original conversation was “that he and Colonel House had finally agreed that the thing to do was frankly to come out without preliminaries of any kind and boldly ask for the election of a Democratic Congress.” Woodrow Wilson as I Know Him. (Garden City, 1921), p. 326Google Scholar.

³¹ The text is given in Baker and Dodd, op. cit., Vol.1, pp. 286–287.

³² Baker, op. cit., Vol. 8, p. 552.

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³⁵ In domestic affairs, the war lacking, the dynamic of progressivism was hardly exhausted although Diamond, William, The Economic Thought of Woodrow Wilson (Baltimore, 1943), p. 126Google Scholar, remarks that “With the passage of the Clayton Act, the New Freedom had reached its climax ….” I think we may discount Wilson's indication in the autumn of 1914 that the economic program was practically complete and that much that remained was for the states to do. See Baker, op. cit., Vol. 5, p. 198. See also Link, Arthur S., Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era. (New York, 1954.Google Scholar)

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³⁸ David F. Houston, op. cit., Vol. 1, pp. 67–68.

³⁹ The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. 1, p. 177Google Scholar.

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⁴¹ Congressional Government, p. 325.

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⁴³ Daniels, Josephus, The Wilson Era, Years of Peace 1910–1917. (Chapel Hill, 1944) pp. 99–100Google Scholar.

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⁴⁶ Arnett, Alex M., Claude Kitchin and the Wilson War Policies. (Boston, 1937), p. viiiGoogle Scholar.

⁴⁷ Ibid., p. 241.

⁴⁸ Ibid., p. 41.

⁴⁹ Blum, op. cit., p. 159.

⁵⁰ Chamberlain, op. cit., p. 115.

⁵¹ Ibid., p. 319.

⁵² Mrs. Bryan wrote in her diary in the spring of 1913: “One thing which pleases me is the constantly increasing cordiality between the President and Mr. Bryan. They work together so well. Will finds him so firm and courageous and so truly progressive.” The Memoirs of William Jennings Bryan. By Himself and his Wife Mary Baird Bryan. (Philadelphia, 1925), p. 350.

⁵³ Glass, Carter, An Adventure in Constructive Finance. (Garden City, 1927), p. 195Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ Congressional Government, pp. 328–29.

⁵⁵ McAdoo, William Gibbs, Crowded Years. (Boston, 1931), p. 296Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Houston, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 172.

⁵⁷ Glass, op. cit., p. 125. As to this incident, Paul M. Warburg noted: “He threw Glass into consternation when he bought the support of the Bryan-Owen wing by permitting Federal Reserve notes to be issued as the obligation of the United States, but in doing so, in his own words, he ‘surrendered the shadow but saved the substance.’” The Federal Reserve System: Its Origin and Growth. (New York, 1930), Vol. 1, p. 422Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ The Federal Reserve System: Legislation, Organization and Operation. (New York, 1923), pp. 531–32Google Scholar.

⁵⁹ See Hoover, Irwin H., Forty-two Years in the White House. (Boston, 1934.)Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Blum, op. cit., p. 58. We are indebted to Mr. Blum for much information drawn from some of the participants, from Joseph P. Tumulty's papers, and other sources. Tumulty's own book, op. cit., illuminates the operating procedures only indirectly.

⁶¹ Blum, op. cit., p. 67.

⁶² Blum. op. cit., p. 26.

⁶³ Kerney, James, The Political Education of Woodrow Wilson. (New York, 1926), p. 84Google Scholar.

⁶⁴ The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. 1, p. 99Google Scholar.

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⁶⁷ Hurley, Edward N., The Bridge to France. (Philadelphia, 1927), p. 317Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ Blum, op. cit., p. 61.

⁶⁹ Blum. op. cit., p. 60.

⁷⁰ Baker, op. cit., Vol. 6, p. 265.

⁷¹ Baker, op. cit., Vol. 4, p. 229. “Previous to this time the press had had no formal status at the White House …. Wilson established and regularized the custom of meeting all the correspondents twice a week.”

⁷² Creel, George, Rebel At Large. (New York, 1947), p. 233Google Scholar.

⁷³ Kerney, op. cit., p. 344.

⁷⁴ Blum, op. cit., p. 59.

⁷⁵ Creel, op. cit., p. 232.

⁷⁶ Baker, op. cit., Vol. 8, p. 25.

⁷⁷ McAdoo, op. cit., p. 284.

⁷⁸ Ibid., p. 523.

⁷⁹ Baker, op. cit., Vol. 4, p. 35.

⁸⁰ The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. 1, p. 142Google Scholar.

⁸¹ Ibid., Vol. 1, p. 124.

⁸² McAdoo, Eleanor Wilson (in collaboration with Gaffey, Margaret Y.), The Woodrow Wilsons. (New York, 1937), p. 246Google Scholar.

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⁸⁴ Palmer, Frederick, Newton D. Baker. America at War. (New York, 1931), Vol. 1, p. 371Google Scholar.

⁸⁵ Woodrow Wilson. The Caricature, the Myth, and the Man. (London and New York), 1934, p. 37Google Scholar.

⁸⁶ The Seminar records of May 8, 1884, when Wilson's thesis was presented, alluded to Congressional Government as a phase of the study of institutions and noted: “Mr. Wilson's work is better than anything in that line that has been done heretofore in the Seminary.” William Diamond, op. cit., p. 27.

⁸⁷ Reid, op. cit., p. 160.

⁸⁸ The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. 1, p. 164Google Scholar.

⁸⁹ Houston, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 20.

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⁹³ The End of Innocence. (Philadelphia and New York), 1954, p. 18Google Scholar.

⁹⁴ Josephus Daniels, op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 137. On the same point, William C. Redfield, Secretary of Commerce, wrote: “If the President had matters of importance, he would state them and discussion followed. This concluded, he would ask each Secretary in order if there was business he desired to place before the Cabinet.” With Congress and Cabinet. (Garden City, 1924), p. 67Google Scholar.

⁹⁵ In mid-1913 House is said to have relayed to the President the indignation of the Cabinet members because meetings had been cut to one a week; in December the biweekly meetings were resumed. Smith, Arthur D. Howden, Mr. House of Texas. (New York, 1940), p. 94Google Scholar.

⁹⁶ The Letters of Franklin K. Lane. Edited by Lane, A. W. and Wall, L. H.. (Boston, 1922), pp. 266, 267Google Scholar. Later Lane commented on November 1, 1918: “At last week's Cabinet we talked of Austria—again we talked like a Cabinet.” Ibid., p. 296. Houston in his reminiscences said: “Generally speaking, after we entered the war, there were few new matters of broad policy which had to be discussed in Cabinet meeting until the fall of 1918.” Op. cit., Vol. 1, p. 301.

⁹⁷ The Letters of Franklin K. Lane, p. 274.

⁹⁸ McAdoo, op. cit., p. 194.

⁹⁹ Creel, op. cit., p. 237.

¹⁰⁰ Political Science Quarterly, June 1887, Vol. 2, pp. 197–222CrossRefGoogle Scholar. The text is given in Baker, and Dodd, , The Public Papers … College and State, Vol. 1, pp. 130–158Google Scholar. The essay was reprinted in the Political Science Quarterly, Dec. 1941, Vol. 56, pp. 481–506CrossRefGoogle Scholar, along with a note by Lindsay Rogers, pp. 507–14. Dwight Waldo has noted: “This essay has received much attention in recent years because much of it seems so modern it could have been written yesterday. It seems not to have exerted much influence, even attracted much attention, for many years.” The Administrative State. (New York, 1948), p. 26 nGoogle Scholar.

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¹⁰⁴ Houston, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 169.

¹⁰⁵ The National Archives, Handbook of Federal World War Agencies and Their Records, 1917–1921 (1942), pp. 64–65Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁶ The Intimate Papers of Colonel House, Vol. 1, p. 138Google Scholar.

¹⁰⁷ Glass, op. cit., pp. 270–71. Cushman, Robert E., The Independent Regulatory Commissions, (New York, 1941), p. 681Google Scholar, mentions the instance cited by Glass but does not offer other support for the following generalization: “President Wilson made plain his attitude towards the independent commissions on more than one occasion …. There is no doubt that Wilson with his ‘prime minister’ theory of the nature of the Presidential office felt that he was entitled to impress his policies on the independent commissions and to expect their conformity to those policies.”

¹⁰⁸ Glass, op. cit., p. 272. Houston in his recollections made the general observation: “He respected the independence of such bodies as the Interstate Commerce Commission, the Civil Service, the Federal Trade, and the Tariff Commissions.” Op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 189.

¹⁰⁹ Baker, op. cit., Vol. 7, p. 14.

¹¹⁰ Baker, and Dodd, , The Public Papers … War and Peace, Vol. 1, p. 42Google Scholar.

¹¹¹ Ibid. p. 213.

¹¹² Blum, op. cit., p. 142. Field, Carter, Bernard Baruch, Park Bench Statesman. (New York, 1944)Google Scholar. See also Baruch, Bernard M., American Industry in the War. A Report of the War Industries Board. (New York, 1941)Google Scholar.

¹¹³ Baker, and Dodd, , The Public Papers … War and Peace, Vol. 1, pp. 82–88Google Scholar.

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¹¹⁵ Baker, op. cit., Vol. 8, p. 143.

¹¹⁶ Baker, op. cit., Vol. 7, p. 485.

¹¹⁷ Josephus Daniels, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 285.

¹¹⁸ Baker, op. cit., Vol. 7, p. 503.

¹¹⁹ Ibid., Vol. 8, p. 41.

¹²⁰ Constitutional Government in the United States, p. 79.

¹²¹ Baker, op. cit., Vol. 4, p. 53.

¹²² Ibid., p. 47.

¹²³ Ibid., p. 212.

¹²⁴ Baker, and Dodd, , The Public Papers … The New Democracy, Vol. 1, pp. 222–23Google Scholar.

¹²⁵ 65th Congress, Third Session, H.R.16187. Congressional Record, Vol. 57, p. 4623Google Scholar.

¹²⁶ 65th Congress, S. J. Res. 121, Congressional Record. Vol. 57, p. 4532Google Scholar.

¹²⁷ See Cleveland, F. A. and Buck, Arthur E., The Budget and Responsible Government. (New York, 1920), pp. 361, 375Google Scholar.

¹²⁸ Houston, op. cit., Vol. 2, p. 85. 66th Congress, 2nd sess., H. Doc. 805; Congressional Record, Vol. 59, p. 8613, June 4, 1920Google Scholar.