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State Constitutional Law in 1946–47

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2014

Foster H. Sherwood
Foster H. Sherwood*
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
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Extract

The oft-heard argument in behalf of federalism that the states furnish important laboratories for social and political experimentation is illustrated by a good many new constitutional provisions interpreted for the first time this year. Two states, Missouri and Georgia, adopted entirely new constitutions in 1945, important sections of which have come before the highest courts for interpretation. One of these, the Georgia constitution of 1945, provides specifically: “Legislative acts in violation of this constitution or the constitution of the United States, are void, and the judiciary shall so declare them.” Such a provision may very well raise more questions than it settles—for example, what effects can be accorded unconstitutional acts?; can the other agencies of government refuse to perform under statutes they consider unconstitutional?; can the judiciary declare acts of the governor and other officers unconstitutional?; etc. Such questions have not as yet been raised. But there is some evidence that we may be embarking on an era of constitutional revision similar to that which followed the Civil War. If so, the problems of constitutional law now being discussed may furnish a clue to the kind of new documents to be written. This year the emphasis has been on civil rights and methods of adjusting state finances to the rapidly fluctuating value of the dollar—problems which naturally arise out of the intense social and economic conflicts of the past decade.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Political Science Review , Volume 41 , Issue 4 , August 1947 , pp. 700 - 732
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 1947

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References

1 Thompson v. Talmadge, 41 S.E. (2nd) 883 (Ga., Mar., 1947).

2 Quoting from Low v. Towns, 8 Ga. 360, 367 (1850).

3 See Coleman v. Miller, 307 U.S. 433, 59 S. Ct. 972 (1938).

4 41 S.E. (2nd) 883, 890.

5 Ibid., 892, 893.

6 Idem, 895.

7 State Ports Authority v. Arnall, 41 S.E. (2nd) 246 (Ga., Jan., 1947).

8 Compare Smith v. Robertson, 41 S.E. (2nd) 631 (S.C., Feb., 1947).

9 Norton v. Lusk, 26 So. (2nd) 849 (Ala., June, 1946).

10 State ex rel. Caldwell v. Lee, 27 So. (2nd) 84 (Fla., July, 1946). See also Dowe v. Egan, 133 Conn. 112, 48A (2nd) 735 (July, 1946) holding that the legislature may authorize the state security administrator to “order” payments from state funds; and State ex rel. Bd. of Aero. v. Sims, 41 S.E. (2nd) 506 (W. Va., Feb., 1947), approving authorization of the board to requisition sums for city and county airports.

11 Flaska v. State, 177 P. (2nd) 174 (N.M., Dec., 1946).

12 Miss. Pwr. & Lt. Co. v. Love, 27 So. (2nd) 850 (Miss., Nov., 1946).

13 Redman v. Davis, 174 P. (2nd) 945 (Colo., Nov., 1946).

14 Button v. Hikes, 296 Ky. 163, 176 S.W. (2nd) 112 (1943).

15 Button v. Drake, 195 S.W. (2nd) 66 (Ky., June, 1946).

16 Kleen v. Porter, 23 N.W. (2nd) 904 (Iowa, Oct., 1946).

17 Latting v. Cordell, 172 P. (2nd) 397; Temple v. Cordell, 172 ibid. 412; Hoyt v. Cordell, 172 ibid. 414 (Okla., Aug., 1946). Following Burns v. Flynn, 268 N.Y. 601, 198 N.E. 424 (1935).

18 State ex rel. Martin v. Zimmerman, 249 Wis. 101, 23 N.W. (2nd) 610 (June, 1946). To the same effect, see Colegrove v. Green, 328 U.S. 549, 66 S. Ct. 1198 (1946).

19 Cope v. Childers, 170 P. (2nd) 210 (Okla., June, 1946).

20 The statute was found constitutional in Wells v. Childers, 165 P. (2nd) 358 (Okla., 1945).

21 Holt v. Childers, 168 P. (2nd) 890, 893 (Okla., Apr., 1946).

22 Gabriel v. Brame, 28 So. (2nd) 581 (Miss., Jan., 1947).

23 State ex rel. Johnson v. Chase, 25 N.W. (2nd) 1 (Neb., Nov., 1946).

24 Nelson v. Nelson, 176 P. (2nd) 648 (Ore., Jan., 1947).

25 Fewel v. Fewel, 23 Cal. (2nd) 431, 144 P. (2nd) 592 (1943); Washburn v. Washburn, 122 P. (2nd) 96 (Cal., 1942).

26 People v. Slobodion, 176 P. (2nd) 937, 940 (Cal. App., Feb., 1947).

27 State ex rel. Kootas v. Johnson, 69 N.E. (2nd) 592 (Ind., Nov., 1946).

28 See, for example, State ex rel. Harlan v. Munic. Ct., 221 Ind. 12, 46 N.E. (2nd) 198 (1942).

29 In re Brereton's Estate, 355 Pa. 45, 48A. (2nd) 868 (Sept., 1946). Other special courts involved in cases decided this year include the Louisiana juvenile courts, which were found to have exclusive jurisdiction over non-support cases even though criminal, State v. Kiffe, 28 So. (2nd) 459 (Nov., 1946), over which the Supreme court has appellate jurisdiction only on questions of law, State v. Smith, 210 La. 581, 27 So. (2nd) 359 (June, 1946).

30 In re Caruba, 51 A. (2nd) 446 (N.J. Ch., Jan., 1947).

31 See U.S. v. Norris, 300 U.S. 564, 57 S. Ct. 535 (1937).

32 In re Bowers, 89 N.J. Eq. 307, 104 A. 196 (1918).

33 Compare Reed v. City of Smyrna, 39 S.E. (2nd) 668 (Ga., Sept., 1946), holding that the appointment of a receiver in bankruptcy is not an inherent judicial power which may not be delegated elsewhere.

34 Westinghouse Elec. Corp. v. Workers Local, 49 A. (2nd) 896 (N.J., Dec., 1946). See also State ex rel. McPike v. Hughes, 199 S.W. (2nd) 405 (Mo., Feb., 1947), holding that the writ of error may be abolished so long as the jurisdiction of the court is not affected. Contrariwise, if the statute provides no mode for trying a case over which the court has jurisdiction, the court will remedy the omission, Russell v. Cochrill, 199 S.W. (2nd) 584 (Ark., Feb., 1947).

35 Mitchell, J., dissenting in State v. Denny, 21 N.E. 252 (Ind., 1899).

36 See Tenbroek, Jacobus and Graham, Howard J., “State Constitutional Law in 1943–44,” in this Review, Vol. 38, pp. 687–688 (1944)Google Scholar.

37 Hobson v. Ky. Trust Co., 303 Ky. 493, 197 S.W. (2nd) 454 (as extended on denial of rehearing Dec., 1946). The Wisconsin court expressed its unwillingness to assume the responsibility of supervising an integrated bar, In re Integration of the Bar, 25 N.W. (2nd) 500 (Dec., 1946), contrary to a former opinion, Integration of Bar Case, 244 Wis. 8, 11 N.W. (2nd) 604 (1943); and while the Montana court refused to rule on the matter, it implied that legislation might be necessary. In re Unification of Bar, 175 P. (2nd) 773 (Jan., 1947).

38 Petition of Dondero, 51 A. (2nd) 39 (N.H., Jan., 1947).

39 Cf. Brown v. Elect. Bd., 170 P. (2nd) 200 (Okla., May, 1946).

40 Walker v. Baker, 196 S.W. (2nd) 324 (Tex., July, 1946).

41 114 Tex. 85, 263 S.W. 888 (1924). The Alabama court held that a 1946 constitutional amendment providing for a ten-day session of the legislature limited to organizational activities was not violated by the creation of interim committees. In re Opinion of Justices, 29 So. (2nd) 10 (Jan., 1947).

42 Carlton v. Grimes, 23 N.W. (2nd) 883 (Iowa, July, 1946). The allegation concerned the change made in the title of an act after its passage.

43 Smith v. Thompson, 219 Iowa 888, 258 N.W. 190 (1935)

44 One case that could probably be included here is Heck v. Schupp, infra, note 141.

45 Seemingly it depends in part on the venerability of the function. The Tennessee court speaks approvingly of the “legislative” power of county courts in enacting zoning regulations, Davidson Co. v. Rogers, 198 S.W. (2nd) 812 (Jan., 1947). And see Appeal of Brown, 49 A. (2nd) 618 (Pa. Super., Oct., 1946); Hammond v. Love, 49 A. (2nd) 75 (Md., Oct., 1946), holding that a judge acts as a court in reviewing election results.

46 State ex rel. Landeche v. Brady, 28 So. (2nd) 291 (La., Dec., 1946).

47 Hagger v. Wortz Biscuit Co., 196 S.W. (2nd) 1 (Ark., July, 1946).

48 State v. Huber, 40 S.E. (2nd) 11 (Va., Oct., 1946). In Dane Co. v. Barrow Co., 26 N.W. (2nd) 249 (Wis., Feb., 1947), the court upheld an administrative determination of inter-county liability, questioned in Town of Holland v. Village of Cedar Grove, 230 Wis. 177, 282 N.W. 111 (1939) because the statute had been amended to abolish an alternative judicial remedy.

49 State ex rel. Reed v. Howard, 69 N.E. (2nd) 172 (Ind., Oct., 1946) and State ex rel. Dane v. Gerber, 70 N.E. (2nd) 111 (Ohio App., Oct., 1946) held that a statute conferring the authority to determine the cause of accidental deaths with finality in the coroner was an improper delegation of judicial power.

50 Duncan v. Wayne Co., 25 N.W. (2nd) 605 (Mich., Jan., 1947).

51 McQuaid v. Bd. of Co. Aud., 315 Mich. 234, 23 N.W. (2nd) 644 (June, 1946).

52 McCollum v. Bass, 40 S.E. (2nd) 650 (Ga., Nov., 1946).

53 Shad v. De Witt, 27 So. (2nd) 517 (Fla., Oct., 1946); Vivian v. Bloom, 177 P. (2nd) 541 (Colo., Jan., 1947).

54 Commonwealth ex rel. Reinhardt v. Randall, 51 A. (2nd) 751 (Pa., Mar. 1947).

55 Commonwealth ex rel. Kelly v. Sheridan, 331 Pa. 413, 200 A. 102 (1938).

56 Powell v. Price, 41 S.E. (2nd) 539 (Ga., Feb., 1947).

57 Harbert v. Co. Ct., 39 S.E. (2nd) 177 (W. Va., May, 1946); Henritze v. Co Ct., 39 S.E. (2nd) 194 (W. Va., May, 1946). Compare Springer v. Bd. of Ed., 117 W. Va. 413, 185 S.E. 692 (1936).

58 Higer v. Hansen, 170 P. (2nd) 411 (Idaho, June, 1946).

59 Lancaster v. Bd. of Commrs., 171 P. (2nd) 987 (Colo., Aug., 1946). See also French v. Jordan, 172 P. (2nd) 46 (Cal., Aug., 1946).

60 State ex rel. Troy v. Yelle, 176 P. (2nd) 459 (Wash., Jan., 1947). The governor appointed the officers who seemed to be called for by the act. A minority of three justices dissented on the ground that this commission had important duties and that the presumption of validity attached to all legislation should sustain it. See also State ex rel. Livingston v. Ayer, 23 Wash. (2nd) 578, 161 P. (2nd) 429 (1945).

61 Davis v. Query, 39 S.E. (2nd) 117 (S.C., July, 1946). One justice dissented, maintaining that no limit had been provided.

62 Appeal of Weinstein, 159 Pa. Super. 437, 48A. (2nd) 1 (July, 1946). In Case v. Liquor Comm., 314 Mich. 632, 23 N. W. (2nd) 109 (June, 1946), the licensing function was termed ministerial rather than legislative. See also Dicken v. State Bd. of Ed., 199 S.W. (2nd) 977 (Ky., Feb., 1947).

63 State ex rel. Int. Air Ports Inc. v. Comm., 25 N.W. (2nd) 718 (Minn., Jan., 1947). The court also based its decision on the fact that the commission was a municipal corporation in respect to which the strict limits on delegations of legislative power have traditionally been relaxed.

64 Public Service Comm. v. Blue Grass Nat. Gas Co., 197 S.W. (2nd) 765 (Ky., Nov., 1946).

65 Isenberg v. Cal. Empl. Stab. Comm., 172 P. (2nd) 527 (Cal. App. Sept., 1946). See also, Champlin Ref. Co. v. Cruse, 173 P. (2nd) 213 (Colo., Sept., 1946).

66 In Calif. Co. v. State Oil & Gas Bd., 28 So. (2nd) 120 (Miss., Nov., 1946), the court refused to prescribe a code of administrative procedure for a board whose determination it had reversed. This, it was said, was a request for an advisory opinion. But in Mass. Bonding & Ins. Co. v. Ind. Comm., 170 P. (2nd) 36 (Cal. App., June, 1946) the court remanded a case with careful instructions on the subject of cross-examination.

67 Meredith v. State Bd. of Health, 48 A. (2nd) 489 (N.H., June, 1946).

68 Bryant v. Lakeland, 28 So. (2nd) 106 (Fla., Nov., 1946).

69 The same rule applies in matters of taxation. Smith v. Robertson, 41S.E. (2nd) 631 (S.C., Feb., 1947).

70 Case v. Liquor Cont. Comm., 314 Mich. 632, 23 N.W. (2nd) 109 (June, 1946).

71 Mahoney v. Byers, 48 A. (2nd) 600 (Md., July, 1946).

72 Covert v. State Bd. of Equal., 173 P. (2nd) 545 (Cal., Oct., 1946).

73 Evidently this court is still changing its mind about the extent of review permitted on mandamus. Compare Laisne v. State Bd. of Optom., 19 Cal. (2nd) 831, 123 P. (2nd) 457 (1942) with Supper v. Urban, 22 Cal. (2nd) 138, 137 P. (2nd) 425 (1944) and Murphy v. Bd. of Med. Exam., 170 P. (2nd) 510 (Cal. App., June, 1946). See Sherwood, Foster H., “Mandamus to Review State Administrative Action,” Mich. Law Rev., Vol. 45, p. 123 (1946)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

74 Reynolds v. State Bd. of Equal., 173 P. (2nd) 551 (Cal., Oct., 1946).

75 The only appropriate case is Womesdorf Cons. Water Co. v. Comm., 50 A. (2nd) 548 (Pa. Super., Jan., 1947), which traces the reversal of Williamsport v. Cit. Heat. & Gas Co., 232 Pa. 232, 81 A. 316 (1911). For the federal rule, see Okla. Press Publ. Co. v. Walling, 327 U.S. 186, 66 S. Ct. 494 (1946).

76 Brown, Ray A., “Fact and Law in Judicial Review,” Harvard Law Rev., Vol. 56, p. 899 (1946)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stasson, E. Blythe, “‘Substantial Evidence’ in Administrative Law,” Univ. of Pa. Law Rev., Vol. 89, p. 1026 (1941)Google Scholar. In Heath v. Baltimore, 49 A. (2nd) 799 (Md., Nov., 1946), the power to review administrative acts was termed “inherently judicial.”

77 In re Rumsey Mfg. Co., 71 N.E. (2nd) 426 (N.Y., Jan., 1947).

78 Trapp v. Shell Oil Co., 198 S.W. (2nd) 424 (Tex., on rehearing, Nov., 1946).

79 Wood v. Wagner Elec. Corp., 197 S.W. (2nd) 647 (Mo., Nov., 1946).

80 Cal. Co. v. State Oil & Gas Bd., 27 So. (2nd) 42 (Miss., Oct., 1946).

81 Holmes v. Miller, 23 N.W. (2nd) 794 (S.D., July, 1946). Compare Covert v. State Bd. of Equal., supra, note 72, and Reynolds v. State Bd. of Equal., supra, note 74.

82 Thomas v. City of Lansing, 315 Mich. 566, 23 N.W. (2nd) 213 (Sept., 1946). Compare Butler v. Compton Jun. Coll. Dist., 176 P. (2nd) 417 (Cal. App. Jan., 1947), where the court upheld a contract between school districts against the contention that, as it affected the apportionment of state school funds, it constituted an invalid gift of state money.

83 Purser v. Ledbetter, 40 S.E. (2nd) 702 (N.C., Dec., 1946), reversing Atkins v. City of Durham, 210 N.C. 295, 186 S.E. 330 (1936).

84 Veail v. Louisville, etc., Dist., 197 S.W. (2nd) 413 (Ky., Nov., 1946); Reed v. City of Smyrna, 39 S.E. (2nd) 668. (Ga., Sept., 1946).

85 Harbold v. City of Reading, 49 A. (2nd) 817 (Pa., Nov., 1946).

86 State v. City of Miami, 27 So. (2nd) 118 (Fla., July, 1946).

87 City of Pacific Grove v. Irwin, 172 P. (2nd) 357 (Cal. App., Sept., 1946)

88 Fiscal Ct. of Magoffin Co. v. Gardner, 196 S.W. (2nd) 597 (Ky., Sept., 1946).

89 Dye v. School Dist. of Pulaski Co., 195 S.W. (2nd) 874 (Mo., July, 1946).

90 State ex rel. Mitchell v. Townsend, 171 P. (2nd) 651 (Kan., July, 1946).

91 In re Account of Harr, 50 A. (2nd) 295 (Pa., Jan., 1947).

92 People ex rel. Tuohy v. School Dist., 71 N.E. (2nd) 86 (Ill., Jan., 1947). See also North Common School Dist. v. Live Oak Co., 199 S.W. (2nd) 764 (Tex., Nov., 1946), upholding a statute curing defects in a school district consolidation.

93 Fowler v. Turner, 26 So. (2nd) 792 (Fla., June, 1946).

94 Coates v. Camp, 173 P. (2nd) 266 (Kan., Sept., 1946).

95 Civil Service Bd. of Fulton Co. v. MacNeill, 40 S.E. (2nd) 655 (Ga., Oct., 1946). Compare Sacramento Co. v. City of Sacramento, 171 P. (2nd) 477 (Cal., App., July, 1946).

96 Town of McMinnville v. Curtis, 192 S.W. (2nd) 998 (Tenn., March, 1946).

97 Southern v. Beeler, 195 S.W. (2nd) 857 (Tenn., June, 1946).

98 Western Realty Co. v. City of Reno, 172 P. (2nd) 158 (Nev., July, 1946).

99 Cauble v. Beemer, 177 P. (2nd) 677 (Nev., Feb., 1947).

100 State ex rel. Rountree v. Sumner, 28 So. (2nd) 565 (Ala., Oct., 1946); State v. Dade Co., 27 So. (2nd) 283 (Fla., Aug., 1946); Somsen v. Sanit. Dist., 197 S.W. (2nd) 410 (Ky., Nov., 1946); Leighton v. City of Minneapolis, 25 N.W. (2nd) 263 (Minn., Dec., 1946).

101 Veail v. Louisville, etc., Dist., 197 S.W. (2nd) 413 (Ky., Nov., 1946).

102 Clark v. Alloway, 170 P. (2nd) 245 (Idaho, June, 1946).

103 Garney v. Trew, 170 P. (2nd) 845 (Ariz., June, 1946).

104 Routt v. Barrett, 71 N.E. (2nd) 660 (Ill., Jan., 1947).

105 Homer v. State ex rel. Stewart, 28 So. (2nd) 586 (Fla., Jan., 1947).

106 Union High School Dist. v. Taxpayers, 172 P. (2nd) 591 (Wash., Sept., 1946).

107 In re Initiative Petition #224, 172 P. (2nd) 324 (Okla., Aug., 1946).

108 Dixon v. Hall, 198 S.W. (2nd) 1002 (Ark., Sept., 1946). The petition had 3,664 signatures when 21,685 were required.

109 Bowe v. Secty. of Comm., 69 S.E. (2nd) 115 (Mass., Sept., 1946).

110 Leininger v. Alger, 26 N.W. (2nd) 348 (Mich., Mar., 1947). See also Hawkins v. Birmingham, 29 So. (2nd) 281 (Ala., Jan., 1947).

111 Kovacs v. Cooper, 50 A. (2nd) 451 (N.J., Dec., 1946).

112 Chronicle & Gaz. Pub. Co. v. Attny. Gen., 48 A. (2nd) 478 (N.H., June, 1946). Similar laws have been passed in Minnesota, Mississippi, North Dakota, Texas, and Utah, but have not yet been challenged.

113 Tampa Times Co. v. City of Tampa, 29 So. (2nd) 368 (Fla., Feb., 1947).

114 Supra, note 109. Compare Lockheed Aircraft Corp. v. Sup. Ct., 171 P.(2nd) 21 (Cal., June, 1946) on labor with Smith v. Higinbotham, 48 A. (2nd) 754 (Md., Sept., 1946) on bar associations.

115 Montgomery Ward & Co. v. United Ret. Work., 70 N.E. (2nd) 75 (Ill. App., Nov., 1946).

116 Rogers v. Poteet, 199 S.W. (2nd) 378 (Mo., Feb., 1947), following Lohse Pat. Door Co. v. Fulle, 215 Mo. 421, 114 S.W. 997 (1908).

117 Schivera v. Long Island L. Co., 296 N.Y. 26, 69 N.E. (2nd) 233 (Oct., 1946). See also Westinghouse Elec. Corp. v. United Workers, 46 A. (2nd) 16 (Pa., July, 1946).

118 People ex rel. Latimer v. Bd. of Ed., 394 Ill. 228, 68 N.E. (2nd) 305 (As modified on rehearing, Sept., 1946).

119 People ex rel. McCollum v. Bd. of Ed., 71 N.E. (2nd) 161 (Ill., Jan., 1947).

120 Following People ex rel. Lewis v. Cranes, 245 N.Y. 195, 156 N.E. 663 (1927); Harfst v. Hoegen, 349 Mo. 808, 163 S.W. (2nd) 609 (1942).

121 Distinguishing People ex rel. Ring v. Bd. of Ed., 245 Ill. 334, 92 N.E. 251 (1910).

122 71 N.E. (2nd) 161, 162. Compare Everson v. Bd. of Ed., 67 S. Ct. 504 (1947). See also Castigan v. Hall, 249 Wis. 94, 23 N.W. (2nd) 495 (June, 1946).

123 Jones v. Comm, 185 Va. 335, 38 S.E. (2nd) 444 (June, 1946).

124 Compare Cantwell v. Conn., 310 U.S. 296 60 S. Ct. 900 (1940).

125 Gospel Army v. City of Los Angeles, 27 Cal. (2nd) 232, 163 P. (2nd) 704 (1945).

126 Rescue Army v. Munic. Ct., 171 P. (2nd) 8 (Cal., June, 1946).

127 See Madden v. Ky., 309 U.S. 83, 60 S. Ct. 406 (1940).

128 Fitzpatrick v. Liquor Comm., 25 N.W. (2nd) 118 (Mich., Dec., 1946).

129 Mora v. Ferguson, 199 S.W. (2nd) 759 (Tex., Feb., 1947). Similar laws are found in Arkansas, California, Illinois, Louisiana, Missouri, and Virginia. See State ex rel. Allison v. Barton, 197 S.W. (2nd) 667 (Mo., Nov., 1946).

130 McQuade v. N.Y. C. R. Co., 68 N.E. (2nd) 185 (Mass., June, 1946), rejecting Woodward v. Pere Marquette R. Co., 312 Mich. 67, 19 N.W. (2nd) 489 (1945).

131 Bd. of R. Comm. v. Aero. etc. Co., 172 P. (2nd) 452 (Mont., Sept., 1946).

132 Cal. Phys. Serv. v. Garrison, 172 P. (2nd) 4 (Cal., Aug., 1946).

133 Clark v. Towes, 49 A. (2nd) 463 (Md., Oct., 1946).

134 Norman v. City of Las Vegas, 177 P. (2nd) 442 (Nev., Feb., 1947).

135 Sepes v. McGhee, 25 N.W. (2nd) 638 (Mich., Feb., 1947); Kraemer v. Shelley, 198 S.W. (2nd) 679 (Mo., Dec., 1946); Matthews v. First Christ. Church, 197 S.W. (2nd) 617 (Mo., Oct., 1946); Perkins v. Trustees, 70 N.E. (2nd) 487 (Ohio App., Oct., 1946).

136 Kraemer v. Shelley, supra, at p. 682.

137 People ex rel. Hendrick v. Allman, 71 N.E. (2nd) 44 (Ill., Jan., 1947).

138 Herr v. Rudolph, 25 N.W. (2nd) 916 (N.D., Jan., 1947).

139 Lumpkin v. Twsp. Comm., 48 A. (2nd) 798, 799 (N.J., Sept., 1946).

140 Caldwell v. Mann, 26 So. (2nd) 788 (Ma., June, 1946).

141 Heck v. Schupp, 394 Ill. 296, 68 N.E. (2nd) 464 (May, 1946).

142 State ex rel. Triangle Fuel Co. v. Caulfield, 196 S.W. (2nd) 296 (Mo., July, 1946).

143 Moore v. Sutton, 185 Va. 481, 39 S.E. (2nd) 348 (Sept., 1946), following State v. Cromwell, 72 N.D. 565, 9 N.W. (2nd) 914 (1943). Similar statutes have been held invalid in Arizona, Georgia, Hawaii, and Tennessee. Contra, State v. Lawrence, 213 N.C. 674, 197 S.E. 586 (1938). See Tenbroek, Jacobus and Graham, Howard J., “State Constitutional Law in 1945–46,” in this Review, Vol. 40, p. 722 ff. (1946)Google Scholar.

144 2700 Irving Pk. Bldg. Corp. v. Chicago, 395 Ill. 138, 69 N.E. (2nd) 827 (Nov., 1946).

145 Flynn v. Horst, 51 A. (2nd) 54 (Pa., Jan., 1947).

146 Kenton, etc., Assoc. v. Goodpaster, 200 S.W. (2nd) 120 (Ky., Dec., 1946). The history of previous efforts is reviewed in the opinion.

147 Ward v. Drennon, 40 S.E. (2nd) 549 (Ga., Oct., 1946).

148 Ragland v. Wallace, 70 N.E. (2nd) 118 (Ohio App., Oct., 1946).

149 State v. Chicago & N.W. Ry. Co., 25 N.W. (2nd) 824 (Neb., Jan., 1947).

150 Taber v. State Bd., 51 A. (2nd) 250 (N.J., Feb., 1947).

151 Sheffield v. Reece, 28 So. (2nd) 745 (Miss., Jan., 1947).

152 Johnson v. State, 27 So. (2nd) 276 (Fla., July, 1946), following Richardson v. State, 100 Fla. 835, 130 So. 718 (1930).

153 State v. Ramsey, 197 S.W. (2nd) 949 (Mo., Nov., 1946). The indictment referred to the date the murder victim was attacked, but not to the date of death.

154 State v. Gibbs, 48 A. (2nd) 300 (N.J., July, 1946).

155 Kissinger v. State, 25 N.W. (2nd) 829 (Neb., Jan., 1947). Compare Mexaka-homni v. State, 25 N.W. (2nd) 772 (N.D., Jan., 1947), and the federal rule, Betts v. Brady, 316 U.S. 455, 62 S. Ct. 1252 (1942); Williams v. Kaiser, 323 U.S. 471, 65 S. Ct. 363 (1945). See also People v. Martin, 177 P. (2nd) 813 (Cal. App., Mar., 1947). In civil cases, the law may deny the right to be represented if representation is permitted on appeal. Prudential Ins. Co. v. Small Claims Ct., 173 P. (2nd) 38 (Cal. App., Oct., 1946).

156 Dobbs v. State, 29 So. (2nd) 84 (Miss., Feb., 1947).

157 Ragland v. Wallace, 70 N.E. (2nd) 118 (Ohio App., Oct., 1946).

158 Pitzer v. State, 69. Okla. Cr. 363, 103 P. (2nd) 109 (1940).

159 Hughes v. State, 172 P. (2nd) 435 (Okla. Cr. App., Sept., 1946).

160 Angel v. State, 200 S.W. (2nd) 169 (Tex. Cr. App., Jan., 1946).

161 Commonwealth v. Frank, 159 Pa. Super. 271, 48 A. (2nd) 10 (July, 1946).

162 State v. Fairbanks, 171 P. (2nd) 845 (Wash., Aug., 1946). Compare Ex parte Mooney, 173 P. (2nd) 655 (Wash., Oct., 1946).

163 Smolezyk v. Caston, 24 N.W. (2nd) 862 (Neb., 1946).

164 Lewis v. State, 28 So. (2nd) 122 (Miss., Nov., 1946).

165 Farnow v. Dist. Ct., 178 P. (2nd) 371 (Nev., Feb., 1947).

166 Compare Gelhorn, Walter, Administrative Law; Cases and Comments (Chicago, 1940), p. 451 ffGoogle Scholar.

167 Taylor v. West. States L. & Mtg. Co., 176 P. (2nd) 755 (Cal. App., Feb., 1947).

168 Nelson v. Nelson, 176 P. (2nd) 648 (Ore., Jan., 1947). See also supra, note 24.

169 Krassner v. Curley, 29 So. (2nd) 224 (Ala., Jan., 1947), following Campbell v. State, 242 Ala. 215, 5 So. (2nd) 466 (1941).

170 Cukor v. Cukor, 49 A. (2nd) 206, 209 (Vt., Oct., 1946). See also Reina v. Hope, 29 So. (2nd) 904 (Fla., Jan., 1947); Payne v. Lee, 24 N.W. (2nd) 259 (Minn., July, 1946).

171 Edison Cal. Stores Inc. v. McColgan, 176 P. (2nd) 697 (Cal., Jan., 1947). See also Great Western Sugar Co. v. Mitchell, 174 P. (2nd) 817 (Mont., Nov., 1946); Bd. of R. R. Commiss. v. Aero, etc., Co., 172 P. (2nd) 452 (Mont., Sept., 1946).

172 State v. Lawton, 172 P. (2nd) 465 (Wash., Aug., 1946).

173 City of Rock Hill v. Cathran, 40 S.E. (2nd) 239 (S.C., Nov., 1946).

174 Alexander Co. v. City of Owatonna, 24 N.W. (2nd) 244 (Minn., Aug., 1946).

175 City of Charlotte v. Heath, 40 S.E. (2nd) 600 (N.C., Nov., 1946).

176 Opinion of the Justices, 51 A. (2nd) 836 (N.H., Mar., 1947).

177 Turner v. Turner, 185 Va. 505, 39 S.E. (2nd) 299 (Sept., 1946).

178 Pinkham v. Unborn Children, 40 S.E. (2nd) 690 (N.C., Dec., 1946).

179 See 25 A.L.R. 1136. See also supra, note 87.

180 Beginning with Martin v. So. Salem L. Co., 94 Va. 28, 26 S.E. 591 (1897).

181 Farris v. N.S.W. Ry. Co., 141 Va. 622, 126 S.E. 673 (1925); City of Norfolk v. Stephenson, 185 Va. 305, 38 S.E. (2nd) 570 (June, 1946).

182 But compare Cal. Empl. Comm. v. Payne, 176 P. (2nd) 716 (Cal. App., Jan., 1947).

183 Darley v. Cook, 39 S.E. (2nd) 665 (Ga., Sept., 1946); Longacre Pk. Heat. Co. v. Delaware Co., 50 A. (2nd) 706 (Pa. Super, Jan., 1947).

184 People v. Riche, 71 N.E. (2nd) 333 (Ill., Jan., 1947).

185 Perry v. Dept. of Soc. Wel., 23 N. W. (2nd) 279 (S.D., June, 1946); Wheatley v. Root Co., 69 N.E. (2nd) 187 (Ohio, Oct., 1946). Compare Holland v. Ft. Pierce Fin. & Const. Co., 27 So. (2nd) 76 (Fla., June, 1946).

186 Some forty-four states have this omission in their statutes. See McFarland v. Unempl. Comp. Bd., 158 Pa. Super. 418, 45 A. (2nd) 423 (Jan., 1947).

187 Dept. of Labor v. Unempl. Comp. Bd., 49 A (2nd) 278 (Pa. Super., Oct., 1946).

188 Pinkham v. Unborn Children, 40 S.E. (2nd) 690 (N.C., Dec., 1946).

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