¹ Publications in English or in English and Japanese are cited only by their English title. When a publication appeared only in Japanese, the English translation of the title is given in the text and the Japanese title in a footnote. Japanese personal names are given in the customary Japanese order: i.e., family name first.

² No comprehensive study of Japanese local government has been published in any Western language. Steiner, Kurt, Local Government in Japan (unpublished thesis, Stanford, 1955)Google Scholar is an introductory survey of its historical, legal, political, and sociological aspects. Brett, Cecil C., The Government of Okayama Prefecture (unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1956)Google Scholar is a valuable case study of local autonomy on the prefectural level.

³ This work lists the standard bibliographies in English, French, and German.

⁴ Hall, John W. also wrote “Materials for the Study of Local History in Japan: Pre-Meiji Records,” Occasional Papers, no. 3, pp. 1–14 (Ann Arbor, Center of Japanese Studies, University of Michigan, 1952)Google Scholar.

⁵ The last-named three sources are hereafter cited as Hall, Guide; Ward, Guide; and Ward, “Survey.”

⁶ Shichōkai, Zenkoku, Chihō Seido Kaikaku ni kansuru Ikenshū (Tokyo, 1952)Google Scholar.

⁷ The Tokyo Institute of Municipal Research (Tokyo Shisei Chōsakai) was founded in 1922. Municipal Problems (Toshi Mondai) appears monthly.

⁸ The Journal of Municipal Problems (Toshi Mondai Kenkyū), 1949–, is published by the Association for the Study of Municipal Problems (Toshi Mondai Kenkyūkai,) an organization sponsored by the Osaka Municipal Government. Where a publication shows both a Japanese and an English title—as is the case with the Journal—the English title is used in this bibliography, whether it is an exact translation of the Japanese title or not.

⁹ Jichi Kenkyū, 1925—Monthly. The Autonomy Board (Jichi Chō)—until 1952 known as the Local Autonomy Agency (Chihō Jichi Chō)— is the successor to the Local Affairs Bureau of the defunct Home Ministry, but has fewer legal powers than its predecessor.

¹⁰ Jichi Ronshaū, May, 1954—Quarterly or Semi-annually. The Self-Government Research Association (Jichi Kenkyūkai) is sponsored by the Osaka Prefectural Government.

¹¹ Zenkoku Shichōkai, Shisei.

¹² Chihō Jichi Seido Kenkyūkai, Chihō Jichi.

¹³ Chihō Zaimukyōkai, Jichi Jihō.

¹⁴ Jiji Tsūshinsha, Chihō Gyōsei.

¹⁵ A list of law reviews is in Ward's, Guide, pp. 20, 43 ff.Google Scholar See also Hall's, Guide, p. 71 f.Google Scholar and Japan Science Review, no. 3, (1952), pp. vii–ixGoogle Scholar. A new law journal, Jurist (Jurisuto), 1952—, appears twice monthly.

¹⁶ Nihon Kōhō Gakkai, Kōhō Kenkyū, 1949—. The topically arranged surveys of recent contributions to the field of public law are especially useful. The issue of October, 1953 (no. 9), contains a symposium on local government.

¹⁷ Gakkai, Kokka, Kokka Gakkai Zasshi, 1887 Google Scholar—, monthly.

¹⁸ The Japanese Political Science Association (Nihon Seiji Kakkai), founded in 1948, is a nationwide organization. The Annals (Seiji Gakkai Nempō) reflects recent trends in political science research in Japan.

¹⁹ Waseda Seiji Keizaigaku Zasshi, 1925—, monthly. A special number which appeared in English in October, 1952, contained articles on the “Development of Local Self-Government in Japan” by Sato Tatsuo and “The Problem of Special Cities in Japan” by Goto Ichiro.

²⁰ Gakkai, Nihon Shakai, Shakaigaku Hyōrōn, 1950 Google Scholar—. Monthly.

²¹ Published by the Economics Departments of Kyoto and Osaka University respectively. On local finance, see, e.g., Masao, Kambe, “Independence of Local Finance,” Kyoto University Economic Review, XXIV (1954), 1–15 Google Scholar, and Kazuo, Kinoshita, “Current Problems of Local Finance in Japan,” Osaka Economic Papers, II (1954), 41–52 Google Scholar.

²² The Local Autonomy Yearbook (Chihō Jichi Nenkan) is edited by the Local Autonomy Research Association (Chihō Jichi Kenkyūkai), which consists primarily of members of the Autonomy Board. It is published by the Jiji Press.

²³ Nihon Toshi Nenkan, edited by the Tokyo Institute of Municipal Research and, since 1955 (Vol. 17), published by the National Association of City Mayors.

²⁴ An outstanding account of the establishment of the Meiji local government system and its subsequent development is History of Fifty Years of Local Self-Government (Jichi Gojūnen Shi), published by the Tokyo Institute of Municipal Research in 1941. The compiler of this work, Kikegawa Hiroshi, published his later research in a series of articles, “The Process of the Establishment of the Meiji Local Government System” (“Meiji Chihō Seido Seiritsu Katei”), in Municipal Problems, beginning in August, 1953 (Vol. 44, No. 8).

²⁵ Most books on recent Japanese history refer to the establishment of the Meiji local government system. See, e.g., McLaren's, Political History of Japan During the Meiji Era: 1867–1913 (New York, 1916)Google Scholar and Yanaga, Chitoshi, Japan Since Perry (New York, 1949)Google Scholar.

²⁶ For detailed information on the Official Gazette (Kampō) and the Supplement to the Official Gazette (Kampō Gōgai), see Ward, , Guide, pp. 75 ffGoogle Scholar, and “Survey,” p. 206. From September, 1953, to February, 1954, a private company, the International Public News Agency in Tokyo, published excerpts from the Official Gazette in English under the title, Japan's Official Gazette.

²⁷ For a description of these collections, see Ward, , Guide, p. 68 Google Scholar.

²⁸ Gakuyōshobō, Chihō Jichi Roppō. The collections of laws have the six basic codes as their core and are thus known as Roppō Zensho (Compendium of the Six Codes).

²⁹ Teikoku Kempō Kaisei An Iinkaigiroku and Chihō Gyōsei Iiinkaigiroku.

³⁰ Saikō Saibansho Hanreishū; Gyōsei Jiken Saiban Reishū, both monthly.

³¹ Jichi Chō, Gyōseibu, Chihō Jichi Kankei Jitsurei Hanreishū, 1951—.

³² The Report on Japanese Taxation by the Shoup Mission (4 vols.) was published by SCAP in September, 1949. A supplementary Second Report on Japanese Taxation is available in an edition by the Japan Tax Association. Both are in English and Japanese. The Mission made recommendations on the tax system in general and on local functions and finances in particular. The Autonomy Board publishes a yearly Report on the State of Local Finance (Chihō Zaisei no Jōkyō Hōkoku); also the Autonomy Monthly Report (Jichi Geppō), containing regulations and statistics.

³³ Kaigi, Chihō Gyōsei Chōsa Iin, Gyōsei Jimu Saihaibun ni Kansuru Kankoku (Tokyo, 1950)Google Scholar.

³⁴ The Council (Chihō Seido Chōsakai) published its first Report concerning the Reform of the Local Government System (Chihō Seido no Kaikaku ni kansuru Tōshin) in October, 1953. For a critical analysis, see Municipal Problems, Vol. 44, no. 11 (November, 1953)Google Scholar.

³⁵ Chō, Jichi, Gyōseika, , Chihō Jichi Jōrei Shū, published by the Teikoku Chihō Gyōsei Gakkai (Tokyo, 1951)Google Scholar.

³⁶ Ken (Shi, Chō, Son) Gaiyō, preceded by the name of the local entity.

³⁷ It is impossible to mention all these books here. The Institute of Pacific Relations published Martin, Edwin M., The Allied Occupation of Japan (New York, 1948)Google Scholar and Fearey, Robert A., The Occupation of Japan, Second Phase: 1948–50 (New York, 1950)Google Scholar. Wildes, Harry Emerson, Typhoon in Tokyo (New York, 1955)Google Scholar is a critical but not always reliable appraisal. Quigley, Harold S. and Turner, John E., The New Japan: Government and Politics (Minneapolis, 1956)Google Scholar contains a chapter on local government (pp. 377–406), an excellent introduction to the subject.

³⁸ Far Eastern Quarterly, IX (1950), 231–244 Google Scholar, and VII (1948), 136–164. Braibanti's view on neighborhood associations contrasts with that of Masland, John, “Neighborhood Associations in Japan,” Far Eastern Survey, XV (1946), 355–358 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also the Tokyo Metropolitan Government's Report on a Survey regarding the Actual Condition of Neighborhood Associations ( Chōkai, Jichikai nado Jittai Chōsa Hōkokusho) (Tokyo, 1956)Google Scholar.

³⁹ Masatoshi, Nagahama, Chiji Kōsen no Shomondai (Tokyo, 1946)Google Scholar. His Local Self-Government (Chihō Jichi) is a brief but perceptive study of its development.

⁴⁰ Hōgaku Kyōkai, Chōkai Nihonkoku Kempō. The second edition (1954) deals with the constitutional provisions on local government, Vol. 2, pt. 2.

⁴¹ Some post-war texts are cited in Ward, , Guide, pp. 71 ffGoogle Scholar, and “Survey,” pp. 207 f. For recent works, see the Japan Science Review.

⁴² Yoshimoto, Yanase, Kempō to Chihō Jichi (Tokyo, 1954)Google Scholar. The new constitutional provisions on local government are also widely discussed in periodicals. Yanase Yoshimoto, Sugimura Shozaburo, Tanaka Jiro, Ukai Nobushige, Hara Ryonosuke, Kaino Michitaka, and others have contributed widely divergent views.

⁴³ Shozaburo, Sugimura, Chihō Jichisei Kōyō (Tokyo, 1951)Google Scholar.

⁴⁴ See, e.g., Suzuki Shunichi, Local Self-Government System (Chihō Jichi Seido) and Masami, Takatsuji, The Standard of Local Administrative Affairs (Chihō Gyōsei Jimu Kihan), both published in Tokyo, 1951 Google Scholar. Mr. Suzuki is Vice-Chief of the Autonomy Board.

⁴⁵ Shiro, Nagano, Chikujō Chihō Jichi Hō-Kaishaku to sono Unyō (Tokyo, 1953)Google Scholar.

⁴⁶ Hara Ryonosuke et al., Chihō Seido Kaikaku no Mondaiten, and Masamichi, Royama, Chihō Seido no Kaikaku, both published in Tokyo, 1953 Google Scholar. A recent book by Jiro, Tanaka also has the title Chihō Seido Kaikaku no Mondaiten (Tokyo, 1956)Google Scholar.

⁴⁷ Zaimukyōkai, Chihō, Chihō Jichi Rombunshū (Tokyo, 1954)Google Scholar. The occasion for this publication was the first anniversary of the Law for the Promotion of Amalgamations of Towns and Villages, a major development in Japanese local government.

⁴⁸ Kiyoaki, Tsuji, Nippon Kanryōsei no Kenkyū (Tokyo, 1953)Google Scholar.

⁴⁹ See, e.g., Takeo, Fujita, An Essay on Japanese Local Finance (Nihon Chihō Zaisei Ron) (Tokyo, 1943)Google Scholar and History of the Development of Japanese Local Finance (Nihon Chihō Zaisei Hattatsu Shi) (Tokyo, 2nd ed., 1951)Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ Almost all studies deal with rural communities. In the field of urban sociology, see the writings of Eiichi, Isomura, especially his Urban Sociology (Toshi Shakaigaku) (Tokyo, 1953)Google Scholar.

⁵¹ Masamichi, Royama, Nōson Jichi no Hembō (Tokyo, 1948)Google Scholar. There are notes on village government and politics in Grad, Andrew J., Land and Peasant in Japan (mimeogr., New York, 1952)Google Scholar.

⁵² See, e.g., Chōsajo, Kokuritsu Seron, Chihō Jichi ni kansuru Seron Chōsa (1951)Google Scholar and Chihō Jichi ni tsuite no Seron Chōsa (1952); Tokyo-To, Sōmukyoku, Tokyo Tosei ni tsuite (1954)Google Scholar; and Kenkyū, Toshi Mondai, (Bessatsu), Osaka-shi ni okeru Toshi Gyōsei ni kansuru Seron Chōsa (March, 1954)Google Scholar.

⁵³ Daigaku, Tokyo, Kenkyūjo, Shakai Kagaku, Gyōsei Iiinkai: Riron, Rekishi, Jittai (Tokyo, 1951)Google Scholar.

⁵⁴ Gichōkai, Zenkoku Shi Gikai, Kenkyūjo, Osaka Shisei, Chihō Gikai no Jittai Chōsa (Osaka, 1954)Google Scholar.