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The Constitutional Position of the Partito Nazionale Fascista

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 September 2013

H. Arthur Steiner
Affiliation:
University of California at Los Angeles

Extract

In the one-party states, of which the U.S.S.R., Germany, and Italy may be taken as the best examples, the definition of relationships between the party and the state has presented a major problem of constitutional theory. No two of these states have solved the problem in the same way. The C.P.S.U., engineering the dictatorship of the proletariat, depends upon methods which are constitutionally indirect. Only in the Commission for Soviet Control is there a constitutionalized inter-relationship between the mechanisms of the party and the state; for the rest, the party relies upon its political discipline over the public personnel. Indirect reference to the Communist party is contained in the new Soviet constitution, in the guarantee to citizens of the right of “uniting in the Communist party of the U.S.S.R.,” and in the incorporation of the hammer and sickle and the slogan of the party into the emblem of the state. On the other hand, the Nazi régime in Germany prohibited the formation of other parties than the N.S.D.A.P. by the law of July 14, 1933, and, by the law of December 1, 1933, proclaimed the formal union of the party and the state.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 1937

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References

1 Art. 126.

2 Art. 143.

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12 Law, June 14, 1928, no. 1310, G. U., June 22, 1928, no. 145; this was amended by R. D.-L. October 18, 1934, no. 1779, G. U., November 12, 1934, no. 265, to give automatic recognition to the Fasci and Fascist federations constituted according to the statute of the party.

13 Law, No. 1019, G. U., May 21, 1928, no. 118.

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23 No. 2137, G. U., December 21, 1929, no. 297. The party has had four statutes: the first was promulgated on November 23, 1921, under authority of the Central Committee of the newly-organized P.N.F. (Text in P.N.F., Le origini e lo sviluppo del fascismo (Rome, 1928), pp. 161–171); the second, dated October 8,1926, was approved by the Fascist Grand Council (Text in P.N.F., Il Gran Consiglio nei primi cinque anni dell'era fascista (Rome, 1927), pp. 219–228; the third was contained in the R. D. December 20, 1929, no. 2137, cited; the fourth (and present) statute is in the R. D. November 17, 1932, no. 1456, G. U., November 21, 1932, no. 268.

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31 As, for example, the publication, Opere sul fascismo possedute dalla biblioteca delta Camera Fascista al 28 ottobre 1934 (Rome, 1935)Google Scholar, which bears the imprint of the Segretaria generale della Camera Fascista. In his foreword, Count Costanzo Ciano, president of the Chamber, refers to the work of the Fascist Chamber; and the compiler, Dr. Damiani, describes himself as librarian of the Fascist Chamber.

32 See Sofia, R., Le legge costituzionale e il Gran Consiglio del Fascismo (Palermo, 1931)Google Scholar.

33 Art. 9, Law of December 9, 1928.

34 Arts. 289, 290.

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36 Electoral Law of May 17, 1928, no. 1019, G. U., May 21, 1928, no. 118, included in the Testo Unico of September 2, 1928, no. 1993, G. U., September 8, 1928, no. 210, supp.

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39 Decreto del Capo del Governo, December 17, 1932, G. U., December 21, 1932, no. 293.

40 Art. 20 of the party statute of 1932 reads: “The Fascist who is expelled from the P.N.F. is banned from public life.” Whether this automatically applies to Fascist members of the legislature upon their expulsion from the party is not clear.

41 No. 4, G. U., January 23, 1937, no. 18, effective on the date of its publication.

41a Turati was summoned by R. D. December 16, 1928, G. U., December 27, 1929, no. 301; Starace, by R. D. December 14, 1931, G. U., December 19, 1931, no. 292.

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44 No. 296, G. U., March 28, 1930, no. 74.

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50 The fundamental difference of opinion between the Court of Cassation and the court of appeals is reflected also in the opinions of writers. The following, among others, support the view of the Cassation: Caltelli, C. and di Falco, E. Romano, Commentario teorico-pratico del nuovo codice penale (Rome, 1930), II, pt. 1a, §810Google Scholar; Battaglini, E., “Diritto di censura e diffamazione anche in relazione alia natura giuridica del Partito Nazionale Fascista,” Giustizia penale, 1930, pt. I, 1004Google Scholar; Visco, A., Milizia, Partito e sindacati nell'ordinanento giuridico (Rome, 1931)Google Scholar; Verna, G., “Il Partito Nazionale Fascista ‘associazione privata“?,” Rivista penale, 1932, pt. I, 603Google Scholar; Jemolo, A. C., “Natura giuridica del P.N.F.,” Rivista di diritto pubblico, 1929, pt. I, 544555Google Scholar; Messimi, R., “I gerarchi del fascismo e la pubblica funzione,” La pretura, 1932, p. 309Google Scholar. The following were in opposition: Liuzzi, B., Il Partito National Fascista nel diritto pubblico italiano (Rome, 1930)Google Scholar; Cassinelli, B., “Il segretario politico del P.N.F. non è pubblico ufficiale,” Scuola positiva, 1931, pt. II, 505512Google Scholar; Manci, F., “Il segretario del P.N.F.,” Vita forense, 1931Google Scholar; and Levi, N., I delitti contro la pubblica amministrazione (Rome, 1930), 81 ff.Google Scholar

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52 “B” case, Court of Appeals, Venice, December 16, 1932, Foro venezie, 1933, p. 723Google Scholar, on the M.V.S.N.; Marini case, Cassation, January 25, 1933, Foro italiano, 1933, pt. II, 438Google Scholar, on the Dopolavoro.

53 Bocelli c. Feder, Tribunal at Savona (Labor Section), November 19, 1932, Diritto del lavoro, VII (March-April, 1933), pt. II, 126Google Scholar.

54 Bellelli c. Paladino, November 30, 1931, Massimario di giurisprudenza del lavoro, 2 ser., VIII (June, 1932), 307Google Scholar; ibid., Naples Labor Magistracy, February 7, 1933, Diritto del lavoro, VII (March-April, 1933), pt. II, 124. Cf. La Torre, M., “Sulla figura giuridica degli impiegati del P.N.F. ed organi independent,” Massimario di giurisprudenza del lavoro, 2 ser., VIII (June, 1932), 308314Google Scholar.

55 Scritti e discorsi, VII, 141. (Speech of September 14, 1929.)Google Scholar

56 Decision of the Directory of the P.N.F., May 17, 1936.

57 Steiner, H. A., “The Government of Italian East Africa,” in this Review Vol. 30 (October, 1936), pp. 884902Google Scholar, at 886–887.

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