Recent advances in aeronautical technology are reviewed, with particular reference to work in the United Kingdom, and the process is outlined whereby these have progressed from fundamental research through to exploitation in marketable products. Aerodynamic, materials, propulsion and avionic aspects are discussed and successful applications described in commercial and combat aircraft and helicopters. Current and anticipated advances in technology are considered in the context of possible future applications, including brief consideration of the possibility of a new generation of supersonic transport aircraft. Lessons are drawn from past experience on actions necessary now if these advances are to be exploited successfully in improving the performance, or reducing the acquisition or operating cost, of the next generation of aircraft, without introducing an unacceptable level of risk.