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10963 results in Psychology: general interest

Page 256 of 549

  • 18 - Sleep-wake disorders

  • from Section III - Disorders and psychological practice related items
  • Nadine Pelling, University of South Australia, Lorelle Burton, University of Southern Queensland
  • Book:
    Abnormal Psychology in Context
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    01 February 2017, pp 202-215

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) contains 10 sleep-wake disorders: insomnia; hypersomnolence; narcolepsy; breathing related; circadian rhythm; non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep arousal; nightmare; rapid eye movement (REM) sleep behaviour; restless legs syndrome; and substance/medication-induced sleep difficulties. The DSM-5 nosology incorporates recent advances in our understanding of the physiological and genetic factors underpinning disordered sleep, the impact of lifespan development on sleep and pathology, and findings from treatment studies. Diagnostic formulations incorporate validated polysomnographic and neurobiologic biomarkers, which distinguish the diagnosis of sleep from most other psychiatric disorders. Unfortunately, it is not possible to review all 10 DSM-5 sleep-wake disorders in one summary chapter. As a result, this chapter will focus on those most often addressed via psychological interventions. Readers interested in a review of the full range of sleeping disorders are referred to the companion academic supplementary materials available for the current textbook.

    Common to all the DSM-5 sleep-wake disorders is dissatisfaction with the quality, timing, and amount of sleep, together with evidence of impact or distress in everyday functioning. Diagnosis also depends on the sleep problem being primary in origin and not secondary to a known medical condition, disease, or health impairment. However, identifying the primary disorder can be complicated by the bidirectional and often mutually exacerbating relationship that exists between disordered sleep (e.g., insomnia, excessive sleepiness, early morning wakefulness) and many psychiatric and medical conditions. Sleep problems typically do not occur in isolation, but there is good evidence that treating sleep disorders can lead to gains, even when secondary to other medical problems.

    Two distinguishing features of the sleep disorders field are: 1. the diversity of disorders; and 2. the degree to which psychological treatments play a role in therapy. Some sleep disorders are more properly addressed via medical and pharmaceutical interventions, such as narcolepsy with stimulant medication and obstructive sleep apnoea hypopnea disorder with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) apparatus, although cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) has been shown to increase CPAP adherence (Agudelo et al., 2014; Richards et al., 2007).

  • 17 - Elimination disorders

  • from Section III - Disorders and psychological practice related items
  • Nadine Pelling, University of South Australia, Lorelle Burton, University of Southern Queensland
  • Book:
    Abnormal Psychology in Context
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    01 February 2017, pp 189-201

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Children normally develop bladder and bowel control by the age of 5. Controlled toileting is a developmental milestone that happens step by step. Babies are born incontinent. They slowly develop control of their bowels at night and during the day, then gradually acquire daytime and night-time bladder continence. Most children can control their bladder and bowel by age 4–5, but some take longer to do so. Five years old is considered the cut-off age for diagnosing encopresis (faecal soiling) and enuresis (wetting).

    Encopresis and enuresis are the primary toileting difficulties in childhood. These issues can affect the social and educational development of children, who can be isolated at school, excluded from peers, and face conflict with parents and teachers. They can lead the child to experience low self-esteem, poor academic achievement, and secondary social, emotional, or behavioural issues.

    According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013) children who do not achieve toilet training by age 5 and have repeated bed or clothes wetting twice per week for 3 consecutive months, meet the criteria for enuresis (307.6); specified if: 1. nocturnal only; 2. diurnal only; and 3. nocturnal and diurnal. If the child involuntarily and repeatedly passes faeces in inappropriate places (usually undergarments) the criteria for encopresis (307.7) is met; specified if: 1. with constipation and overflow incontinence; 2. without constipation and overflow incontinence.

    According to the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems 2010 Edition (ICD-10; WHO, 2011), children can experience involuntary rejecting of urine, day and night, which is usually not expected considering the child's mental age, and is not a result of a lack of bladder control due to neurological disorder, epilepsy, or unusual abnormality of the urinary tract. This type of toileting issue is known as nonorganic enuresis (F98.0). The child's enuresis may be present from birth or it may have developed after bladder control. The enuresis could be associated with emotional or behavioural difficulties.

    The child may experience repeated, voluntary, or involuntary passing of faeces, usually of normal consistency, in places that are not deemed appropriate in the child's sociocultural setting. In the ICD-10 this is known as nonorganic encopresis (F98.1).

  • 13 - Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders

  • from Section III - Disorders and psychological practice related items
  • Nadine Pelling, University of South Australia, Lorelle Burton, University of Southern Queensland
  • Book:
    Abnormal Psychology in Context
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    01 February 2017, pp 129-142

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The obsessive-compulsive and related disorders span a range of conditions marked by perseverative thinking and the urge to engage in repetitive behaviours. These disorders include obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), hoarding disorder, trichotillomania (hair pulling), and excoriation (skin picking). While often comorbid, and having similar maintaining factors and treatment approaches, the underlying distinctions between these disorders include different cognitive distortions, foci of the urges, emotional experiences, and types of behaviour. OCD is the most common of these disorders and is more frequently represented in psychological research studies. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychological Association, 2013) defines these disorders as follows.

    OCD is characterised by the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions. Obsessions are defined as recurrent and persistent thoughts, urges, or images that a person experiences as intrusive, unwanted, and distressing. Once experienced, a person will often avoid known triggers of obsessional thinking. However, if triggered, compulsive attempts will be made to ignore, supress, or neutralise such thoughts and urges, and to restore a sense of safety. Compulsions may include overt repetitive behaviours (e.g., cleaning, checking) or covert mental acts (e.g., praying, counting) performed to reduce anxiety or prevent some dreaded outcome, often according to rigid rules. Examples of common obsessions and compulsions are presented in Table 13.1. Many people experience intrusive, unwanted thoughts and engage in the types of behaviours observed in OCD. A diagnosis of OCD requires that the obsessions and/or compulsions are time consuming (e.g., take over 1 hour per day), cause considerable distress, and significantly interfere with an individual's functioning.

    BDD, trichotillomania, and excoriation all involve repetitive behaviours about some aspect of the body. BDD involves the preoccupation with a perceived defect or physical flaw that may be unnoticeable or only minimally noticeable to others. Common concerns include imperfect skin, thinning or excessive hair, or that facial features or body parts are too large, too small, or asymmetrical. Individuals with BDD perform repetitive behaviours such as mirror checking, excessive grooming, camouflaging with make-up or clothing, picking at perceived skin defects, and mentally comparing their appearance with others. Trichotillomania and excoriation (respectively) involve compulsive hair pulling and skin picking involving any area of the body.

  • 5 - Diversity in New Zealand

  • from Section II - Cultural diversity and resources
  • Nadine Pelling, University of South Australia, Lorelle Burton, University of Southern Queensland
  • Book:
    Abnormal Psychology in Context
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    01 February 2017, pp 34-53

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Mirroring Chapter 4 on Australia, this chapter outlines the equally diverse nature of New Zealand's population. As will be shown, different historical issues have led to diversity being measured somewhat differently in New Zealand (NZ) – such as a focus on ethnicity as opposed to country of birth − while paradoxically, in NZ the description of people defined by particular countries of birth as “ethnics,” as is often the case in Australia, is never heard. Reflecting a host of underlying definitional problems, the chapter also covers related measurement issues and their methodological implications. Where important to further analysis, these issues are briefly explained. As in the chapter on Australia, this chapter provides background demographic and socio-economic data for use by students, rather than substantive analysis of diversity.

    New Zealand – what is diversity?

    Interest in diversity differs by country. In NZ, diversity typically makes people think of “ethnic group,” that is, whether people are (broadly) Māori, European, Pacific Island, or Asian in origin, while in Australia diversity tends to be thought of in terms of country of birth and generation of migrant. Like age and sex, these are examples of “inherent diversity” (traits people are born with).

    By contrast, diversity gained from experience, such as one's personal, social, and economic characteristics, is termed “acquired diversity.” Acquired characteristics also tend to differ at group level, such as by ethnic group or spatially (e.g., by region), and require methodological consideration when making sub-population comparisons.

    Spatial distribution

    With over 85% of its population living in an urban area NZ, like Australia, has one of the developed world's most urbanised populations. In 2013, two-thirds of NZ's population lived in its 13 cities (one-third in Auckland alone), up from 62% in 1996. Between 1996 and 2013, 90% of population growth was accounted for by just five cities and eight urban districts, while one-third of the overall 67 territorial authority areas declined in size, primarily because of net migration loss at young adult ages. NZ's urbanisation is, however, now slowing – plausibly because the proportion living in an urban area is approaching its maximum.

The Cambridge Handbook of Service Learning and Community Engagement
  • Edited by Corey Dolgon, Tania D. Mitchell, Timothy K. Eatman
  • Published online:
    23 February 2017
    Print publication:
    01 February 2017
  • With contributions from leading experts across disciplinary fields, this book explores best practices from the field's most notable researchers, as well as important historically based and politically focused challenges to a field whose impact has reached an important crossroads. The comprehensive and powerfully critical analysis considers the history of community engagement and service learning, best teaching practices and pedagogies, engagement across disciplines, and current research and policies - and contemplates the future of the field. The book will not only inform faculty, staff, and students on ways to improve their work, but also suggest a bigger social and political focus for programs intended to seriously establish democracy and social justice in their communities and campuses.

  • 20 - Substance-related and addictive disorders

  • from Section III - Disorders and psychological practice related items
  • Nadine Pelling, University of South Australia, Lorelle Burton, University of Southern Queensland
  • Book:
    Abnormal Psychology in Context
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    01 February 2017, pp 229-242

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Substance-related disorders

    There are two groups of substance-related disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013): substance-induced disorders and substance use disorders (SUDs). Substance-induced disorders include intoxication, withdrawal, and substance-induced mental disorders. SUDs are problematic symptoms that occur when individuals continue to use substances, despite experiencing impairment or distress. Substance-related disorders are listed separately for each of the 11 substance groups (alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, phencyclidine, other hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedatives, hypnotics and anxiolytics, stimulants, tobacco, and other substances). The DSM-5 combines the categories of abuse and dependence into the single disorder of SUD with mild, moderate, and severe subclassifications based on the number of criteria met. Anyone meeting any two of the 11 criteria during the same 12-month period receives a SUD diagnosis. The criteria also include a remission specifier (in early remission, in sustained remission, on maintenance therapy, in a controlled environment).

    Behavioural addictions

    Behavioural addictions, which are characterised by impairment of control rather than physiological dependence, may involve gambling, internet use, video games, shopping, exercise, work, eating, and sex. Behavioural addiction is not included as a diagnostic category in the DSM-5 due to insufficient evidence to establish diagnostic criteria and course descriptions. However, gambling disorder, which was formerly an impulse control disorder known as pathological gambling, is now included as a substance-related and addictive disorder. Gambling disorder is defined as persistent and recurrent problematic gambling behaviour leading to clinically significant impairment or distress. The diagnosis requires endorsement of five of nine criteria within the previous 12 months and includes specifiers for course (episodic, persistent), remission (early, sustained) and current severity (mild, moderate, severe). Moreover, internet gaming disorder (IGD) is included as a condition for further study. IGD is defined as repetitive use of internet-based games, often with other players, which leads to significant issues with functioning. The DSM-5 requires endorsement of five of nine criteria within the previous 12 months and includes current severity specifiers (mild, moderate, and severe).

    Australia

    Substance-related disorders

    A national survey by the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW, 2014) indicates tobacco use in Australia has steadily declined since 1993; by 2013, 60% of individuals reported they had never smoked. Nearly 80% (78.3%) reported having consumed alcohol in the previous 12 months, with men (82%) reporting higher rates of alcohol consumption than women (76%).

  • 16 - Feeding and eating disorders

  • from Section III - Disorders and psychological practice related items
  • Nadine Pelling, University of South Australia, Lorelle Burton, University of Southern Queensland
  • Book:
    Abnormal Psychology in Context
    Published online:
    06 August 2018
    Print publication:
    01 February 2017, pp 175-188

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Feeding and eating disorders involve disturbed eating and eating-related behaviour, altered food consumption and absorption, and impaired physical and psychosocial health and wellbeing. Feeding and eating disorders include pica, rumination disorder, avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), anorexia nervosa (AN); bulimia nervosa (BN), binge eating disorder (BED), other specified feeding or eating disorder (OSFED), and unspecified feeding or eating disorders (USFED).

    Specific changes to eating disorder diagnoses from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5 include revised diagnostic criteria for AN and BN, recognition of BED, and inclusion of descriptors of OSFEDs and USFEDs. The other major change is the inclusion of ARFID (previously feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood), pica, and rumination disorder; diagnoses that were previously listed under “disorders usually first diagnosed in infancy, childhood, or adolescence” not retained in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013).

  • • AN is characterised by persistent energy restriction, fear of weight gain or persistent behaviours that interfere with weight gain, and disturbed self-perceived weight and shape. Specifiers include restricting type (weight loss achieved via dieting, fasting, and excessive exercise, without recurrent binging or purging) or binge eating/purging type (recurrent episodes of binge eating or purging), in partial or full remission, and severity based on body mass index (BMI) criteria. The DSM-5 changes to diagnostic criteria include removing the term “refusal” in relation to maintaining normal body weight (Criteria A) and requiring amenorrhea (Criteria D).

  • • BN is characterised by recurrent binge eating episodes, inappropriate compensatory behaviours, and overvaluation of weight and shape. Specifiers include in partial or full remission and severity is based on frequency of compensatory behaviours.

  • • BED is characterised by recurrent binge eating episodes which involve eating a large amount of food and experiencing lack of control. Specifiers include in partial or full remission and severity is based on frequency of binge eating.

  • • ARFID is characterised by avoidance or restriction of food intake resulting in failure to meet nutritional and/or energy requirements. There has been refinement of diagnostic criteria from the previous name of feeding disorder of infancy or early childhood. Rumination is characterised by the repeated regurgitation of food after eating, the re-chewed food may be spat out or re-swallowed. Only one of the above diagnoses can be made during a single episode.

Page 256 of 549