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5093 results in Neurosciences

Page 56 of 255

The Neuroscience of Expertise
  • Merim Bilalić
  • Published online:
    13 July 2017
    Print publication:
    16 February 2017
  • The Neuroscience of Expertise examines the ways in which the brain accommodates the incredible feats of experts. It builds on a tradition of cognitive research to explain how the processes of perception, attention, and memory come together to enable experts' outstanding performance. The text explains how the brain adapts to enable the complex cognitive machinery behind expertise, and provides a unifying framework to illuminate the seemingly unconnected performance of experts in different domains. Whether it is a radiologist who must spot a pathology in a split second, a chess grandmaster who finds the right path in a jungle of possible continuations, or a tennis professional who reacts impossibly quickly to return a serve, The Neuroscience of Expertise offers insight into the universal cognitive and neural mechanisms behind these achievements.

  • 2 - The Tools of Cognitive Neuroscience

  • Scott D. Slotnick, Boston College, Massachusetts
  • Book:
    Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory
    Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    13 February 2017, pp 24-45

  • Summary

    Learning Objectives

  • • To describe how fMRI measures brain activity and characterize this method's spatial resolution and temporal resolution.

  • • To describe how ERPs measure brain activity and characterize this method's spatial resolution and temporal resolution.

  • • To list one problem with patient lesion evidence.

  • • To describe how TMS works and characterize this method's spatial resolution and temporal resolution.

  • • To name two methods that could be combined to measure brain activity with excellent spatial resolution and excellent temporal resolution.

    • Cognitive neuroscientists employ tools to look inside the brain of participants while they are actively engaged in a mental process. This is no simple feat, and the field of cognitive neuroscience has grown with the advent of techniques that can measure activity in the functioning human brain. These methods vary in popularity, cost, complexity, spatial resolution, and temporal resolution. Each technique has advantages and disadvantages and takes years to master. This chapter briefly describes the most widely used techniques in cognitive neuroscience that will be referred to throughout this book. Section 2.1 briefly reviews the behavioral measures that allow for the interpretation of brain activation results. Section 2.2 discusses techniques with high spatial resolution, such as fMRI, which is the most popular method. fMRI measures the increases in blood flow that occur in active brain regions. This technique has excellent spatial resolution but has poor temporal resolution because the blood flow response is slow. Section 2.3 focuses on techniques with high temporal resolution, such as event-related potentials (ERPs). ERPs measure voltages (i.e., potentials) on the scalp that directly reflect the underlying brain activity. This technique has excellent temporal resolution and limited spatial resolution. In section 2.4, techniques with excellent spatial resolution and excellent temporal resolution are described. These include combined fMRI and ERPs as well as depth electrode recording from patients who have electrodes implanted in their brains for clinical reasons. Section 2.5 considers evidence from patients with brain lesions and cortical deactivation methods such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). Both of these methods have limited spatial resolution and poor temporal resolution; however, they can assess whether a brain region is necessary for a given cognitive process.

Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory
  • Scott D. Slotnick
  • Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    13 February 2017
  • Within the last two decades, the field of cognitive neuroscience has begun to thrive, with technological advances that non-invasively measure human brain activity. This is the first book to provide a comprehensive and up-to-date treatment on the cognitive neuroscience of memory. Topics include cognitive neuroscience techniques and human brain mechanisms underlying long-term memory success, long-term memory failure, working memory, implicit memory, and memory and disease. Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory highlights both spatial and temporal aspects of the functioning human brain during memory. Each chapter is written in an accessible style and includes background information and many figures. In his analysis, Scott D. Slotnick questions popular views, rather than simply assuming they are correct. In this way, science is depicted as open to question, evolving, and exciting.

  • 7 - Implicit Memory

  • Scott D. Slotnick, Boston College, Massachusetts
  • Book:
    Cognitive Neuroscience of Memory
    Published online:
    28 May 2018
    Print publication:
    13 February 2017, pp 129-149

  • Summary

    Learning Objectives

  • • To describe the behavioral effects and brain effects that typically occur during implicit memory.

  • • To identify the brain regions associated with implicit memory.

  • • To characterize the brain activity frequency bands associated with implicit memory.

  • • To detail the different neural models of implicit memory.

  • • To determine whether there is convincing evidence that implicit memory is associated with the hippocampus.

  • • To describe two different patterns of brain activity that occur during skill learning.

    • In everyday life, the term memory is used to refer to the conscious experience of a previous event. However, when an event is repeated, there can also be behavioral effects and brain effects that occur outside of conscious experience. Implicit memory refers to a lack of conscious experience or awareness of previously learned information. This includes more efficient or fluent processing of an item when it is repeated (i.e., repetition priming) and skill learning (see Chapter 1). Section 7.1 of this chapter considers the brain regions that have been associated with implicit memory, which include the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and sensory processing regions (a subset of the regions associated with long-term memory; see Chapters 1 and 3). In section 7.2, the frequency bands of activity associated with implicit memory are discussed, which include gamma activity and alpha activity (a subset of the frequency bands of activity associated with long-term memory; see Chapter 4). Although there is some overlap between implicit memory and long-term memory with regard to the associated regions and frequency bands of activity, there are many notable differences that will be highlighted in this chapter. For instance, in direct opposition to the increases in cortical activity associated with long-term memory, implicit memory is typically associated with decreases in cortical activity. Section 7.3 details theoretical models of neural activity that underlie implicit memory effects and discusses ways in which these models can be distinguished from one another. In the fourth section, 7.4, evidence is considered that has claimed to link the hippocampus to implicit memory, which if true would contradict the evidence that this region is associated with only long-term memory.

Page 56 of 255