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Chapter Twelve - A Study of Language in Primates

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2021

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Summary

1. I will begin with two extracts from the book Kanzi's Primal Language, a discussion of a famous study of the language abilities of bonobo:

The film illustrates how Kanzi's language emerged in activities that are normal to apes, such as travelling in the woods and finding food, but these activities were enriched with linguistic interaction […] Sue asks Kanzi to break some sticks for the fire they are making and he immediately does so. In another scene Kanzi suggests, on the keyboard, that he wants to go to a particular place in the forest but Sue is not sure what he means, so she makes guesses in English to which Kanzi listens attentively. When she finally guesses correctly, Kanzi nods and begins to walk.

Caregivers continually ask Kanzi what he wants to eat or do, they inform him what is about to happen, they ask him for help to collect and return bowls and toothbrushes, and if occasionally a caregiver tries to organize these matters without coordinating linguistically with Kanzi or Panbanisha, she soon has to deal with a group of very obstinate bonobos.

I found such descriptions striking. I want to highlight the form of the behaviour here considered relevant to the claim that Kanzi might have language. What I have in mind comes out most clearly by contrast with examples from the more ‘scientific’ approach adopted in earlier work with Kanzi. Typical tests here were of this form:

Kanzi wears headphones and responds to word recognition tasks formulated by a researcher in an adjacent room. In other tests, Kanzi responds to novel sentences formulated by Savage-Rumbaugh, who hides her face behind a welder's mask. The purpose of the test design was to eliminate the gestures, glances and other contextual features that also characterize normal communication between humans, but that are seen by many linguists and ape language critics as ‘extra-linguistic assists’. (14)

The crucial contrasts highlighted by Segerdahl et al. might be summarised in terms of two features of the later research. First, the research involves giving a central place to the idea of a ‘culture’: ‘First-language acquisition focuses on doing things together, on living together while communicating’ (22).

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Publisher: Anthem Press
Print publication year: 2021

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