Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Abbreviations
- Foreword
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Wartime Washington
- 3 The Freedmen's Bureau in the District of Columbia
- 4 Congressional Reconstruction in the District of Columbia
- 5 Reconstructing the City Government
- 6 Race, Radicalism, and Reconstruction
- 7 A City and a State
- 8 From Biracial Democracy to Direct Rule
- 9 Reconstruction in the Nation's Capital
- Index
- References
3 - The Freedmen's Bureau in the District of Columbia
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 February 2012
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Abbreviations
- Foreword
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Wartime Washington
- 3 The Freedmen's Bureau in the District of Columbia
- 4 Congressional Reconstruction in the District of Columbia
- 5 Reconstructing the City Government
- 6 Race, Radicalism, and Reconstruction
- 7 A City and a State
- 8 From Biracial Democracy to Direct Rule
- 9 Reconstruction in the Nation's Capital
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
On a summer's day in 1866, the citizens of New York were witnesses to an unfamiliar sight: a party of about sixty African Americans, whose garb and manner betrayed that they had not long been out of slavery, making their way across the city to the New Haven Railroad terminal.
Filing through the streets, the anxious wandering women dressed partly in neat garments given them, with others of their own selection in less good taste; while on the men an occasional damaged silk hat topped off a coat that would have made old Joseph's of old look plain; with iron-clad army shoes; or a half-worn wedding swallow-tail eked out by a plantation broad-brim, and boots too much worn for either comfort or beauty. This motley band, led by a gentle and spiritual-faced woman, will not soon be forgotten by those who saw it depart.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Washington during Civil War and ReconstructionRace and Radicalism, pp. 60 - 108Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2011
References
1866
Imperfect Equality: African Americans and the Confines of White Racial Attitudes in Post-Emancipation MarylandNew YorkFordham University Press 1999 23Google Scholar
1871
Dimensions of Regional Change in Washington, D.CAmerican Historical Review 95 1990 1375CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Secret City: A History of Race Relations in the Nation's CapitalPrinceton, NJPrinceton University Press 1967 58Google Scholar
Urban Odyssey: A Multicultural History of Washington, D.CWashington, DCSmithsonian Institution Press 1996 65
Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861–1867. Series I, Vol. I: The Destruction of SlaveryCambridgeCambridge University Press 1985 159
The Wartime Genesis of Free Labor: The Upper SouthCambridgeCambridge University Press 1993 243
Alley Life in Washington: Family, Community, Religion, and Folklore in the City, 1850–1970UrbanaUniversity of Illinois Press 1980Google Scholar
South of the Avenue: From Murder Bay to the Federal TriangleRecords of the Columbia Historical Society 51 1984 51Google Scholar
1865
1867
The Freedmen's Bureau and Reconstruction: ReconsiderationsNew YorkFordham University Press 1999
Under the Guardianship of the Nation: The Freedmen's Bureau and the Reconstruction of Georgia, 1865–1870AthensUniversity of Georgia Press 1997Google Scholar
From Slavery to Uncertain Freedom: The Freedom's Bureau in Arkansas, 1865–1869FayettevilleUniversity of Arkansas Press 1996Google Scholar
To Set the Law in Motion: The Freedmen's Bureau and the Legal Rights of Blacks, 1865–1868Millwood, NYKTO Press 1979Google Scholar
The Work It Did Not Do Because It Could Not’: Georgia and the ‘New’ Freedmen's Bureau HistoriographyGeorgia Historical Quarterly 82 1998 331Google ScholarPubMed
Yankee Stepfather: General O.O. Howard and the FreedmenNew Haven, CTYale University Press 1968 1Google Scholar
From Contraband to Freedman: Federal Policy toward Southern Blacks, 1861–1865Westport, CTGreenwood 1973 183Google Scholar
Interpreting Southern History: Essays in Honor of Sanford W. HigginbothamBaton RougeLouisiana State University Press 1987 224Google Scholar
A History of the Freedmen's BureauPhiladelphiaUniversity of Pennsylvania Press 1955CrossRefGoogle Scholar
The Freedmen's Bureau: Reconstructing the American South after the Civil WarMalabar, FLKrieger 2005Google Scholar
Urban Emancipation: Popular Politics in Reconstruction Mobile, 1860–1890Baton RougeLouisiana State University Press 2002 43Google Scholar
Yankee Town, Southern City: Race and Class Relations in Civil War LynchburgNew YorkNew York University Press 1997Google Scholar
Seizing the New Day: African Americans in Post-Civil War CharlestonBloomingtonUniversity of Indiana Press 1998Google Scholar
Life behind a Veil: Blacks in Louisville, Kentucky, 1865–1930Baton RougeLouisiana State University Press 1985Google Scholar
Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil WarNew YorkOxford University Press 1970 11Google Scholar
Concepts of Free Labor in Antebellum AmericaNew Haven, CTYale University Press 1991CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Women's Radical Reconstruction: The Freedmen's Aid MovementPhiladelphiaUniversity of Pennsylvania Press 2004Google Scholar
2000
The Struggle for Equality: Abolitionists and the Negro in the Civil War and ReconstructionPrinceton, NJPrinceton University Press 1964 160Google Scholar
Christian Reconstruction: The American Missionary Association and Southern Blacks, 1861–1890AthensUniversity of Georgia Press 1986Google Scholar
Soldiers of Light and Love: Northern Teachers and Georgia Blacks, 1865–1873Chapel HillUniversity of North Carolina Press 1980 14Google Scholar
Northern Schools, Southern Blacks and Reconstruction: Freedmen's Education, 1862–1875Westport, CTGreenwood 1980Google Scholar
Free to Work: Labor Law, Emancipation, and Reconstruction, 1815–1880AthensUniversity of Georgia Press 1998 6
1971
1980
1977
2001
From Bondage to Contract: Wage Labor, Marriage, and the Market in the Age of Slave EmancipationCambridgeCambridge University Press 1998 36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1975
Overreached on All Sides: The Freedmen's Bureau Administration in Texas, 1865–1868College StationTexas A & M University Press 1991 33Google Scholar
‘There Are Many Sick, Feeble, and Suffering Freedmen’: The Freedmen's Bureau's Health-Care Activities during Reconstruction in North Carolina, 1865–1868North Carolina Historical Review 79 2002 153Google Scholar
‘Coming from the Shadow of the Past’: The Transition from Slavery to Freedom at Freedmen's Village, 1863–1900Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 95 1987 414Google Scholar
Sword and Olive Branch: Oliver Otis HowardPittsburghUniversity of Pittsburgh Press 1964 185Google Scholar
The Freedmen's Bureau in South Carolina, 1865–1872Chapel HillUniversity of North Carolina Press 1967 37Google Scholar
The Freedmen's Bureau: A Nineteenth-Century Federal Welfare AgencySocial Casework 44 1963 247CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1966
1865
Angel of Mercy in Washington: Josephine Griffing and the Freedmen, 1864–1872Records of the Columbia Historical Society, 1963–65Washington, DC 1967 255Google Scholar
Women and the Work of Benevolence: Morality, Politics and Class in the Nineteenth-Century United StatesNew Haven, CTYale University Press 1990 133Google Scholar
Urban Masses and Moral Order in America, 1820–1920Cambridge, MAHarvard University Press 1978 85Google Scholar
In the Shadow of the Poorhouse: A Social History of Welfare in AmericaNew YorkBasic Books 1986 58Google Scholar
Religion and the Rise of the City: The New York City Mission Movement, 1812–1870Ithaca, NYCornell University Press 1971 245Google Scholar
The Inner Civil War: Northern Intellectuals, and the Crisis of the UnionNew YorkHarper 1965 211Google Scholar
A Hard Fight for We: Women's Transition from Slavery to Freedom in South CarolinaUrbanaUniversity of Illinois Press 1997 249Google Scholar
Labor of Love, Labor of Sorrow: Black Women, Work, and the Family from Slavery to the PresentNew YorkBasic Books 1985 45Google Scholar
At Freedom's Edge: Black Mobility and the Southern White Quest for Racial Control, 1861–1915Baton RougeLouisiana State University Press 1991 78Google Scholar
Report of the Commissioner of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned LandsSerial 1255, Washington, DC 1865 14
Slavery and Freedom on the Middle Ground: Maryland during the Nineteenth CenturyNew Haven, CTYale University Press 1985 137Google Scholar
New Masters: Northern Planters during the Civil War and ReconstructionNew Haven, CTYale University Press 1980Google Scholar
Narrative of Sojourner Truth, a Bondswoman of Olden TimeNew YorkOxford University Press 1991 191
Sojourner Truth Fights Dependence on Government: Moves Freed Slaves Off Welfare in Washington to Jobs in Upstate New YorkAfro-Americans in New York Life and History 1990 7Google Scholar
Old South, New South: Revolutions in the Southern Economy since the Civil WarNew YorkBasic Books 1986Google Scholar
Looking for Work, Searching for Workers: American Labor Markets during IndustrializationNew YorkCambridge University Press 2002 33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
A Rejected Alternative: Union Policy and the Relocation of Southern ‘Contrabands’ at the Dawn of EmancipationJournal of Southern History 69 2003 776Google Scholar
‘Overrun with Free Negroes’: Emancipation and Wartime Migration in the Upper MidwestCivil War History 50 2004 145CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freedom's First Generation: Black Hampton, Virginia, 1861–1890PhiladelphiaUniversity of Pennsylvania Press 1979 27Google Scholar
Philadelphia: Work, Space, Family and Group Experience in the Nineteenth CenturyNew YorkOxford University Press 1981 368
Before the Ghetto: Black Detroit in the Nineteenth CenturyUrbanaUniversity of Illinois Press 1973 104Google Scholar
A Ghetto Takes Shape: Black Cleveland, 1970–1930UrbanaUniversity of Illinois Press 1976 19Google Scholar
‘Are They Not in Some Sorts Vagrants?’: Gender and the Efforts of the Freedmen's Bureau to Combat Vagrancy in the Reconstruction SouthGeorgia Historical Quarterly 88 2004 25Google Scholar
‘Full-Fledged Government of Men’”; Stanley, From Bondage to ContractThe Death of Reconstruction: Race, Labor, and Politics in the Post-Civil War North, 1865–1901Cambridge, MAHarvard University Press 2001Google Scholar
Yankee Leviathan: The Origins of Central State Authority, 1859–1877CambridgeCambridge University Press 1990 14Google Scholar
Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century AmericaCambridge, MAHarvard University Press 1977 85CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Affairs of State; Stephen Skowronek, Building a New American State: The Expansion of National Administrative Capacities, 1877–1920CambridgeCambridge University Press 1982Google Scholar
Protecting Soldiers and Mothers: The Political Origins of Social Policy in the United StatesCambridge, MAHarvard University Press 1992Google Scholar
Reading, ’Riting, and Reconstruction: The Education of Freedmen in the South, 1861–1870ChicagoUniversity of Chicago Press 1981Google Scholar
The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935Chapel HillUniversity of North Carolina Press 1988CrossRefGoogle Scholar