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Chapter 7 - Volcanism and mass extinctions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 November 2009

By
Paul B. Wignall
Edited by
Joan Marti  and
Gerald G. J. Ernst
Paul B. Wignall
Affiliation:
School of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
Joan Marti
Affiliation:
Institut de Ciències de la Terra 'Jaume Almera', Barcelona
Gerald G. J. Ernst
Affiliation:
Universiteit Gent, Belgium
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Summary

Mass extinctions

Mass extinction events are brief intervals of geological time marked by the loss of numerous species from diverse environments around the globe. Around a dozen such events have been identified and the biggest, known as the “big five,” mark some of the main boundaries of the geological column. The most famous mass extinction is that which brought the 160 Ma reign of the dinosaurs to a close at the Cretaceous–Tertiary boundary: an event that is universally abbreviated to the K–T event (not C–T because this is an abbrevation for Cenomanian–Turonian, a stage boundary in the Upper Cretaceous which, incidentally, is also an extinction horizon). The other four major extinction events happened at the end of the Ordovician, within the Late Devonian, at the end of the Permian (this was the greatest of them all), and at the end of the Triassic (Hallam and Wignall, 1997).

Mass extinctions are of fundamental importance in the history of life because they often eliminate dominant groups from an environment thereby clearing the way for the radiation of previously minor groups. The best-known such changeover concerns the replacement of dinosaurs by mammals as the dominant terrestrial vertebrates in the aftermath of the K–T event. Both mammals and dinosaurs enjoyed a long evolutionary history prior to the end-Cretaceous calamity, but only the dinosaurs occupied the large terrestrial vertebrate niches. The complete extinction of dinosaurs allowed the mammals to evolve to the larger body sizes we see today.

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Volcanoes and the Environment , pp. 207 - 226
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

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  • Volcanism and mass extinctions
    • By Paul B. Wignall, School of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
  • Edited by Joan Marti, Institut de Ciències de la Terra 'Jaume Almera', Barcelona, Gerald G. J. Ernst, Universiteit Gent, Belgium
  • Book: Volcanoes and the Environment
  • Online publication: 14 November 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614767.008
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  • Volcanism and mass extinctions
    • By Paul B. Wignall, School of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
  • Edited by Joan Marti, Institut de Ciències de la Terra 'Jaume Almera', Barcelona, Gerald G. J. Ernst, Universiteit Gent, Belgium
  • Book: Volcanoes and the Environment
  • Online publication: 14 November 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614767.008
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  • Volcanism and mass extinctions
    • By Paul B. Wignall, School of Earth Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
  • Edited by Joan Marti, Institut de Ciències de la Terra 'Jaume Almera', Barcelona, Gerald G. J. Ernst, Universiteit Gent, Belgium
  • Book: Volcanoes and the Environment
  • Online publication: 14 November 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511614767.008
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