In order to test for interaction effects between the indicators of sympathy with Chávez's populist discourse and indicators of the other, traditional explanations for the party system breakdown, I ran several new versions of Model 2 from Table 4.5 (the model using Informal rather than Education and Class). Specifically, I interacted Honest, Fight Corruption, and Constitutional Reform separately with (1) each of the retrospective economic evaluations (sociotropic and pocketbook), (2) Informal, and (3) Promote Decentralization, Guarantee Human Rights, and Protect Environment. Because all of these but the retrospective economic evaluations are dummy variables, I created the interaction measure by simply multiplying the two components; hence, a 1 indicates that both effects are present, while a 0 indicates that one or both of them are not. In the case of the retrospective economic evaluations, the resulting scale instead goes from 0 to 3, similar to that of the original economic indicator. In keeping with best practice, I include both the interaction term and the component indicators (Brambor, Clark, and Golder 2006).

Table C.1 presents results from just one of these estimations, using Fight Corruption × Pocketbook Retrospective as the interaction effect.