Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Scientific names of species referred to in this text
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Status and distribution patterns of European ungulates: genetics, population history and conservation
- 3 A review of the various legal and administrative systems governing management of large herbivores in Europe
- 4 Hunting seasons in relation to biological breeding seasons and the implications for the control or regulation of ungulate populations
- 5 The census and management of populations of ungulates in Europe
- 6 Impacts of wild ungulates on vegetation: costs and benefits
- 7 Wild ungulate diseases and the risk for livestock and public health
- 8 Traffic collisions involving deer and other ungulates in Europe and available measures for mitigation
- 9 Large herbivores as ‘environmental engineers’
- 10 Ungulate–large carnivore relationships in Europe
- 11 The role of pathogens in the population dynamics of European ungulates
- 12 Climate change and implications for the future distribution and management of ungulates in Europe
- 13 Ungulate management in Europe: towards a sustainable future
- Index
- References
2 - Status and distribution patterns of European ungulates: genetics, population history and conservation
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 26 April 2011
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- List of contributors
- Scientific names of species referred to in this text
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Status and distribution patterns of European ungulates: genetics, population history and conservation
- 3 A review of the various legal and administrative systems governing management of large herbivores in Europe
- 4 Hunting seasons in relation to biological breeding seasons and the implications for the control or regulation of ungulate populations
- 5 The census and management of populations of ungulates in Europe
- 6 Impacts of wild ungulates on vegetation: costs and benefits
- 7 Wild ungulate diseases and the risk for livestock and public health
- 8 Traffic collisions involving deer and other ungulates in Europe and available measures for mitigation
- 9 Large herbivores as ‘environmental engineers’
- 10 Ungulate–large carnivore relationships in Europe
- 11 The role of pathogens in the population dynamics of European ungulates
- 12 Climate change and implications for the future distribution and management of ungulates in Europe
- 13 Ungulate management in Europe: towards a sustainable future
- Index
- References
Summary
Introduction
Within Europe as a whole, the distributional range, population size and the status of many species has been greatly influenced by human activity – not simply through the negative influences of humans on land-use patterns and in overexploitation, but also through active attempts to ‘restore’ and ‘augment’ species distributions.
A number of indigenous subspecies have been (or may be currently) threatened whether due to habitat loss, overexploitation or simply by lack of positive management to protect them. In addition, the genetic integrity of such endangered taxa may be compromised by the introduction to those populations of animals of different genetic background in misguided, although well-intentioned, attempts to bolster dwindling populations. Even within well-established populations apparently not under threat, introduction of animals of different genetic types may have been quite commonplace (usually in an attempt to try and improve the ‘trophy quality’ of antlers) – and thus the special genetic status of particular local populations has been greatly altered by the introgression of alien genes. Reintroduction of species to local areas from which they had previously become extinct has also often been undertaken without due regard to the genetic provenance of those individuals released, thus causing other discontinuities in genetic distributions.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Ungulate Management in EuropeProblems and Practices, pp. 12 - 53Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2011
References
(1994) The establishment of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus Cervus). Molecular Ecology 3, 551–562.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998) Sika Deer in Scotland. Deer Commission for Scotland. Edinburgh, UK: The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
, and (2006) The Iberian ibex is under an expansion trend but displaced to suboptimal habitats by the presence of extensive goat livestock in central Spain. Biodiversity and Conservation 16, 3361–3376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2007) Invasive exotic aoudad (Ammotragus lervia) as a major threat to native Iberian ibex (Capra pyrenaica): a habitat suitability model approach. Diversity and Distributions 13, 587–597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2004) Low diversity in the major histocompatibility complex class II DRB1 gene of the Spanish ibex, Capra pyrenaica. Heredity 93, 266–272.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , et al. (2004a) When range expansion rate is faster in marginal habitats. Oikos 107, 210–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2004b) Large carnivores and human communities: a guide to coexistence in the 21st century. Norwegian Institute for Nature Research Temahefte 25, 1–48.Google Scholar
, and (2006) The future role of large carnivores on terrestrial trophic interactions: the northern temperate view. In , , and (eds.) Large Herbivore Ecology, Ecosystem Dynamics and Conservation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 413–448.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2006) Medieval remains from Lithuania indicate loss of a mitochondrial haplotype in Bison bonasus. Molecular Ecology 15, 3083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2010a) European Ungulates and their Management in the 21st Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 604 pp.Google Scholar
, and (2010b) Present status and future challenges for European ungulate management. In , , and (eds) European Ungulates and their Management in the 21st Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 578–604.Google Scholar
, , and (1998) Variation in skull morphology of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in western and central Europe. Journal of Mammalogy 79, 131–140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2008) Capra ibex. In IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Online: www.iucnredlist.org.Google Scholar
and (2008) Hemiplasy: a new term in the lexicon of phylogenetics. Systematic Biology 57, 503–507.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(2009) An investigation into the population genetic history of the British roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Abstract for 9th European Roe Deer Congress held in Edinburgh, July 2009.Google Scholar
and (2002) The estimation of population differentiation with microsatellite markers. Molecular Ecology 11, 155–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , (2007) Genetic roots of sika deer in the Czech Republic inferred from mitochondrial gene for cytochrome b. In 1st International Conference on GenusCervus, held at Primiero, Trentino, Italy. Abstracts, p. 68.Google Scholar
and (2010) Lack of geographical variation in Y-chromosomal introns of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Journal of Negative Results 7, 1–4.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2002) Genetic evidence for the origin of the agrimi goat (Capra aegagrus cretica). Journal of Zoology, London 256, 369–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2009) Sika deer in Continental Europe. In , and (eds.) Sika Deer: Biology, Conservation and Management of Native and Introduced Populations, Tokyo: Springer, pp. 573–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1981) Hybridisation between red and sika deer. II. Phenotype analysis. Zoologischer Anzeiger, Jena 207, 271–287.Google Scholar
, and (1981) Hybridisation between red and sika deer. I. Craniological analysis. Zoologischer Anzeiger, Jena 207, 260–270.Google Scholar
(1903) Gestaltung und Klassifikation der Geweihe des Edelhirsches, nebst einem Anhange über die Stärke der Karpathenhirsche und die zwei Rassen derselben. Gegenbaurs Morphologisches Jahrbuch 32(1), 104–158.Google Scholar
, and (1999) Phylogeny and genetic variation of the European bison Bison bonasus based on mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences. Acta Theriologica 44, 253–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2004) Range expansion of an exotic ungulate (Ammotragus lervia) in southern Spain: ecological and conservation concerns. Biodiversity and Conservation 13, 851–866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1996) Sika deer in Scotland: density, population size, habitat use and fertility some comparisons with red deer. Scottish Forestry 50, 8–16.Google Scholar
and (1980) The distribution of fallow deer: a world wide review. Mammal Review 10, 61–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1985) Distribution and habitat selection by muntjac and other species of deer in a coniferous forest. Acta Theriologica 30, 287–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994) Colonisation by muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi and their impact on vegetation. In and (eds.) Monks Wood National Nature Reserve. The Experience of 40 Years: 1953–93. Peterborough, UK: Natural England, pp. 45–61.Google Scholar
(1998) Survival and regrowth performance of coppiced ash (Fraxinus excelsior) in relation to browsing damage by muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi). Quarterly Journal of Forestry 92, 286–290.Google Scholar
(2004) Muntjac and conservation woodland. In , and (eds.) Managing Woodlands and their Mammals. Proceedings of a joint Mammal Society/Forestry Commission Symposium. Edinburgh, UK: Forestry Commission, pp. 65–69.Google Scholar
(2005) Muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi in Monks Wood NNR: their management and changing impact. In and (eds.) Ten Years of Change: Woodland Research at Monks Wood NNR, 1993–2003. Research Report 613, Peterborough, UK: English Nature, pp. 65–74.Google Scholar
(2006) Monitoring Muntjac Deer Muntiacus reevesi and their Impacts in Monks Wood National Nature Reserve. Research Report 681. Peterborough, UK: English Nature.Google Scholar
and (2001) Impact of muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi) at Monks Wood National Nature Reserve, Cambridgeshire, Eastern England. Forestry 74, 241–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1996) Damage to coppice regrowth by muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi and protection with electric fencing. Biological Conservation 75, 231–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2004) Landscape connectivity influences gene flow in a roe deer population inhabiting a fragmented landscape: an individual-based approach. Molecular Ecology 13, 2841–2850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2006) Genetic structure is influenced by landscape features: empirical evidence from a roe deer population. Molecular Ecology 15, 1669–1679.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2009) Population viability analysis of European bison populations in Polish and Belarusian parts of Bialowieza Forest with and without gene exchange. Biological Conservation 142, 3068–3075.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2005) Ecological impacts of sika deer on Poole Harbour saltmarshes. In and (eds.) The Ecology of Poole Harbour. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar
, , , and (2006) A genetic study of sika (Cervus nippon) in the New Forest and in the Purbeck region, southern England: is there evidence of recent or past hybridization with red deer (Cervus elaphus)?Journal of Zoology, London 207, 227–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1960) Der Karpatenhirsch, Cervus elaphus montanus Botezat 1903. Zoologischer Anzeiger 165, 481–483.Google Scholar
(1998) Mammal distributions in the western Mediterranean: the role of human intervention. Mammal Review 28, 77–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1988) A deer of many lands: a guide to the subspecies of the red deer Cervus elaphus L. Zoonooz, 62(10), 4–34.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2004) Mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analyses of the genetic status of the presumed subspecies Cervus elaphus montanus (Carpathian red deer). Heredity 93, 299–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2007) Genetic polymorphism in selected gene loci in a sample of Bialowieza population of European bison (Bison bonasus). Animal Science Papers and Reports 25, 221–230.Google Scholar
(1989) Comparative ecology of muntjac Muntiacus reevesi and roe deer Capreolus capreolus in a commercial coniferous forest. PhD thesis, University of Bristol, UK.Google Scholar
, and (2008) Fine-scale genetic structure of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a French temperate forest. European Journal of Wildlife Research 54, 44–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1998): Is there evidence for hybridization between red deer and sika deer in Germany? In (ed.) Advances in Deer Biology. Proceedings of the 4th International Deer Biology Congress. Kaposvár, Hungary: Pannon University of Agriculture, pp. 121–123.Google Scholar
(1998) Deer of the World. Their Evolution, Behavior, and Ecology. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2009) Mitochondrial DNA variation in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from Italy: evidence of admixture in one of the last C. c. italicus pure populations from central-southern Italy. Italian Journal of Zoology 76, 16–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2004) Alpine ibex Capra ibex ibex × domestic goat C. aegagrus domestica hybrids in a restricted area of southern Switzerland. Wildlife Biology 10, 137–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1999) Introgression through rare hybridization: a genetic study of a hybrid zone between red and sika deer (genus Cervus) in Argyll, Scotland. Genetics 152, 355–371.Google ScholarPubMed
, , , et al. (2001) Bottlenecks, drift and differentiation: the population genetic structure and demographic history of sika deer (Cervus nippon) in the Japanese archipelago. Molecular Ecology 10, 1357–1370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , and (2004) Polymorphism of bovine microsatellite DNA sequences in the lowland European bison. Acta Theriologica 49, 449–456.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1996) Ungulate traffic collisions in Europe. Conservation Biology 10, 1059–1067.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (1987) Relationships of living deer. In (ed.) Biology and Management of the Cervidae. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, pp. 21–59.Google Scholar
, , and (2007) Conservation genetics of the imperilled Barbary red deer in Tunisia. Animal Conservation 10, 229–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2008) Phylogeography and founder effect of the endangered Corsican red deer (Cervus elaphus corsicanus). Biodiversity and Conservation 17, 659–673.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1973) Hybridisation among deer and its implications for conservation. Irish Forestry Journal 30, 64–78.Google Scholar
(1982) The hybridisation of red deer (Cervus elaphus L. 1758) and Japanese sika deer (C. nippon Temminck, 1838). International Congress of Game Biologists 14, 559–571.Google Scholar
and (1994) Genetic depletion in the European bison (Bison bonasus) and the significance of electrophoretic heterozygosity for conservation.Conservation Biology 8, 167–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1991a) Relationships between allozymes, heterozygosity and morphological characters in red deer (Cervus elaphus), and the influence of selective hunting on allele frequency distributions. Heredity 66, 343–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1991b) Genetic variability and differentiation in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L) of Central Europe. Genetics, Selection, Evolution 23, 281–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1995a) Genetic determination of cervid antlers in relation to their significance in social interactions. Acta Theriologica, Suppl. 3, 199–205.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1995b) Allozymes and the genetics of antler development in red deer (Cervus elaphus). Journal of Zoology, London 237, 83–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1998) Genetics of European roe deer. In , and (eds.) The European Roe Deer: The Biology of Success. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, pp. 71–90.Google Scholar
, and (2003) Genetic diversity in European red deer (Cervus elaphus L.): anthropogenic influences on natural populations. Comptes Rendus Biologies 326, S37–S42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2005) Population densities and habitat associations of introduced muntjac Muntiacus reevesi and native roe deer Capreolus capreolus in a lowland pine forest. Forest Ecology and Management 215, 224–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2008) Capra pyrenaica. In IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Online: www.iucnredlist.org
(1995) Isozyme variation in roe deer in relation to their population history in Britain. Journal of Zoology, London 235, 279–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1997) Evidence for a genetic component of female fecundity in British roe deer from studies of cranial morphometrics. Functional Ecology 11, 508–517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2008) Roe deer. In and (eds.) Mammals of the British Isles: Handbook, 4th edn. London: Mammal Society, pp. 605–617.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2006a) Conservation genetics of the endangered red deer from Sardinia and Mesola with further remarks on the phylogeography of Cervus elaphus corsicanus. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 88, 691–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2006b) Genetic variability and differentiation in red deer (Cervus elaphus) from Scotland and England. Journal of Zoology, London 270, 479–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2006) Reconciling Nature and Human Interest. Report to the Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality; The Hague ISBN 9032703528.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2007) Extirpation and reintroduction of the Corsican red deer Cervus elaphus corsicanus in Corsica. Oryx 41, 488–494.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2009) European wild forest reindeer and wolves: endangered prey and predators. Annales Zoologica Fennici 46, 416–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003) Genetic diversity, gene flow and drift in Bavarian red deer populations (Cervus elaphus). Conservation Genetics 4, 157–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2004) Genetic roots of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) population in eastern Switzerland. Journal of Heredity 95, 136–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2007) Genetic effect of transportation infrastructure on roe deer populations (Capreolus capreolus). Journal of Heredity 98, 13–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2010) Ungulate management in Sweden. In , , and (eds.) European Ungulates and their Management in the 21st Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 37–70.Google Scholar
, and (1998) The European roe deer: a portrait of a successful species. In , and (eds.) European Roe Deer: The Biology of Success. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press, pp. 1–22.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2005) The linkage between conservation strategies for large carnivores and biodiversity: the view from the ‘half-full' forests of Europe. In , , and (eds.) Carnivorous Animals and Biodiversity: Does Conserving One Save the Other?Washington, DC: Island Press, pp. 381–398.Google Scholar
, , , and (2009) Recovery of Eurasian lynx in Europe: what part has reintroduction played? In and (eds.) Reintroduction of Top-order Predators. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, pp. 72–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2006) Genetic diversity and phylogeography of the European roe deer: the refuge area theory revisited. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 88, 85–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1998): Allozyme variation in native red deer Cervus elaphus of Mesola Wood, northern Italy: implications for conservation. Acta Theriologica, Suppl. 5, 63–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2002) The rediscovery of the Italian roe deer: genetic differentiation and management implications. Italian Journal of Zoology 69, 367–379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003) Genetic differentiation and phylogeography of roe deer in Spain, as suggested by mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite analysis. Italian Journal of Zoology 70, 89–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2007) Space use, habitat selection and browsing effects of red deer in Sardinia. Italian Journal of Zoology 74, 179–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994) Deer management: developing the requirements for the establishment of diverse coniferous and broadleaf forests. Unpublished report, Coillte (Irish Forestry Board), Bray, Ireland.Google Scholar
(1979) Wild and feral deer in Great Britain. Unpublished NERC contract report HF3/05/43, Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Merlewood Research Station, 77 pp.Google Scholar
and (1975) Hybridisation between red deer and sika deer, with reference to stocks in north-west England. Journal of Zoology, London 177, 553–566.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2004) Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution 31, 1064–1083.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2005) Low level of genetic variability in European bisons (Bison bonasus) from the Bialowieza National Park in Poland. European Journal of Wildlife Research 51, 84–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1999) Identification of evolutionary significant units in the Spanish wild goat, Capra pyrenaica (Mammalia, Artiodactyla). Animal Conservation 2, 33–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1990) Red deer in the Italian peninsula with particular reference to the Po delta population. Deer 8, 95–98.Google Scholar
, , and (2003) Mesola red deer: physical characteristics, population dynamics and conservation perspectives. Hystrix, Italian Journal of Mammalogy 14, 87–94.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2002) Microsatellite DNA and recent statistical methods in wildlife conservation management: applications in Alpine ibex Capra ibex (ibex). Molecular Ecology 11, 421–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2009) Genetic structure of, and hybridisation between, red (Cervus elaphus) and sika (Cervus nippon) deer in Ireland. Mammalian Biology 74, 263–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2009) Predation has a greater impact in less productive environments: variation in roe deer, Capreolus capreolus, population density across Europe. Global Ecology and Biogeography 18, 724–734.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2010) Ungulates and their management in Romania. In , and (eds.) European Ungulates and their Management in the 21st Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 319–337.Google Scholar
, and (2007) Demographic side effects of selective hunting in ungulates and carnivores. Conservation Biology 21, 36–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , et al. (2006) The ibex Capra pyrenaica returns to its former Portugese range. Oryx 40, 351–354.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1963) Die Einbürgerung von Säugetieren und Vögeln in Europa. Hamburg, Germany: Paul Parey.Google Scholar
, , , and (2006) The giant liver fluke Fascioloides magna (Bassi 1875) in cervids in the Czech Republic and potential of its spreading to Germany. Parasitological Research 100, 549–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , et al. (2005) Rapidly declining fine-scale spatial genetic structure in female red deer. Molecular Ecology 14, 3395–3405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , and (2006) Genetic consequences of human management in an introduced island population of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Heredity 97, 56–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1987) Analysis of inbreeding in European bison. Acta Theriologica 32, 373–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2008) Bison bonasus. In IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Online: www.iucnredlist.org
and (2002): A genetic background for reintroduction program of the European bison (Bison bonasus) in the Carpathians. Biological Conservation 108, 221–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (1988) Genetic variation and juvenile survival in red deer. Evolution 42, 921–934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, , , et al. (2002) Distribution, status and conservation problems of the Spanish ibex, Capra pyrenaica (Mammalia: Artiodactyla). Mammal Review 32, 26–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2008) Landscape features affect gene flow of Scottish Highland red deer (Cervus elaphus). Molecular Ecology 17, 981–996.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2009) Red and sika deer in the British Isles, current management issues and management policy. Mammalian Biology 74, 247–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2007) A future for European bison Bison bonasus in the Carpathian ecoregion?Wildlife Biology 13, 108–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2004) Constraints for re-establishing a meta-population of the European bison in Ukraine. Biological Conservation 120, 345–353.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2004) Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 33, 880–895.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (2005) Tracing the genetic roots of the sika deer Cervus nippon naturalized in Germany and Austria. European Journal of Wildlife Research 51, 237–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2007) Evolutionary responses to harvesting in ungulates. Journal of Animal Ecology 76, 669–678.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(ed) (2004) European Bison. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN/SSC Bison Specialist Group, IUCN.Google Scholar
, , , and (2009) Spatial-explicit assessment of current and future conservation options for the endangered Corsican red deer (Cervus elaphus corsicanus) in Sardinia. Biodiversity and Conservation 18, 2001–2016.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(2010) Ungulates and their management in Great Britain and Ireland. In , and (eds.) European Ungulates and their Management in the 21st Century. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 129–164.Google Scholar
, , and (2007) MHC-DRB3 variation in a free-living population of the European bison, Bison bonasus. Molecular Ecology 16, 531–540.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2004) Phylogeography of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) populations: the effects of historical genetic subdivisions and recent nonequilibrium dynamics. Molecular Ecology 13, 3071–3083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1989) The control of red and sika deer populations in commercial forests. In (ed.) Mammals as Pests. London: Chapman and Hall, pp. 98–115.Google Scholar
, , , and (1992) The origins and characterization of Japanese sika deer populations in Great Britain. In , , , et al. (eds.) International Symposium on Wildlife Conservation: Present Trends and Perspectives for the 21st Century. Tokyo: Japan Wildlife Research Center, pp. 185–190.Google Scholar
, , , and (2007) Genetic variability and differentiation in Spanish roe deer (Capreolus capreolus): a phylogeographic reassessment within the European framework. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 42, 47–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
, and (1996) Capreolus capreolus. In Mammalian Species No. 538. American Society of Mammalogists. Online: www.mammalsociety.org.Google Scholar
and (2009) Variable extent of hybridisation between invasive sika (Cervus nippon) and native red deer (Cervus elaphus) in a small geographic area. Molecular Ecology 18, 862–876.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(ed.) (1997) Wild Sheep and Goats and their Relatives. Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan for Caprinae. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN/SSC Caprinae Specialist Group, IUCN.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2009) Phylogeography of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Europe. Journal of Biogeography 36(1), 66–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2000) Inbreeding depression influences lifetime breeding success in a wild population of red deer (Cervus elaphus). Proceedings of the Royal Society B–Biological Sciences 267, 1657–1662.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2008) Late Quaternary distribution dynamics and phylogeography of the red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Europe. Quaternary Science Reviews 27, 714–733.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2009) Quaternary history of the European roe deer Capreolus capreolus. Mammal Review 39, 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
and (2009) Non-indigenous ungulates as a threat to biodiversity. Journal of Zoology 279, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2004) Pleistocene to Holocene extinction dynamics in giant deer and woolly mammoth. Nature 431, 684–690.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (compilers) (2007) The Status and Distribution of European Mammals. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.Google Scholar
(2006) Microsatellite investigation of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) in Scandinavia reveals genetic differentiation of a Baltic Sea Island population. European Journal of Wildlife Research 52, 228–235.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1998) Mitochondrial DNA: RFLP analysis reveals low levels of genetic variation in European bison Bison bonasus. Acta Theriologica, Suppl. 5, 83–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2009) Selective culling of Iberian red deer stags (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) by selective montería in Spain. European Journal of Wildlife Research 55, 117–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2002) The genetic structure of natural and reintroduced roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) populations in the Alps and central Italy, with reference to the mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of Europe. Molecular Ecology 11, 1285–1297.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
and (2001) The impact of habitat fragmentation and social structure on the population genetics of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus L.) in Central Europe. Heredity 86, 703–715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (1999) Identification of domestic cattle hybrids in wild cattle and bison species: a general approach using mtDNA markers and the parametric bootstrap. Animal Conservation 2, 51–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1998) Deer: Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN/SSC Deer Specialist Group, IUCN.Google Scholar
, , , et al. (2009) Post-bottleneck mtDNA diversity in a free-living population of European bison: implications for conservation. Journal of Zoology, London 277, 81–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(1994) Competition between muntjac and other herbivores in a commercial coniferous forest. Deer 9, 237–245.Google Scholar
. (2009) Gene trees and species trees: mutual influences and interdependences of population genetics and systematics. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 47, 209–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , and (2003) On the phylogeographic origin of the Corsican red deer (Cervus elaphus corsicanus): evidence from microsatellites and mitochondrial DNA. Mammalian Biology 68, 284–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (2006) Biochemical and DNA markers yield strikingly different results regarding variability and differentiation of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus, Artiodactyla: Cervidae) populations from northern Germany. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research 44, 167–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , and (2007) Genetic analysis of an isolated red deer (Cervus elaphus) population showing signs of inbreeding depression. European Journal of Wildlife Research 53, 61–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, , , et al. (2009) Population viability analysis and genetic diversity of the endangered red deer population from Mesola, Italy. Wildlife Biology 15, 175–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
, and (1990) Non-metrical cranial divergence between Cervus elaphus, C. nippon nippon and C. nippon hortulorum. Acta Scientarum Naturalium, Brno 24, 1–41.Google Scholar
- 39
- Cited by