Achard, F. Eva, H. D. Stibig, H.-J. 2002 Determination of deforestation rates of the world’s humid tropical forests Science 297 999 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Alder, P. S. Brewer, J. McGee, C. 2007 The Ok Tedi negotiations Colorado The Keystone Center Google Scholar

Allee, W. C. Emerson, A. E. Park, O. Park, T. Schmidt, K. P. 1949 Principles of animal ecology Philadelphia Saunders Google Scholar

Allen, P. A. 1997 Earth surface processes Oxford Blackwell Science CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Almany, G. R. Connolly, S. R. Heath, D. D. 2009 Connectivity, biodiversity conservation and the design of marine reserve networks for coral reefs Coral Reefs 28 339 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alongi, D. M. 2006 The mangrove forests of Papua Marshall, A. Beehler, B. The ecology of Papua. The ecology of Indonesia series 5 824 Singapore Periplus Editions Ltd Google Scholar

Alongi, D. M. 2008 Mangrove forests: resilience, protection from tsunamis, and responses to global climate change Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 76 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alongi, D. M. 2009 The energetics of mangrove forests New York Springer Google Scholar

Ambler, J. W. Alcala-Herrera, J. Burke, R. 1994 Trophic roles of particle feeders and detritus in a mangrove island prop root ecosystem Hydrobiologia 292 437 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, J. A. R. 1964 The structure and development of the peat swamps of Sarawak and Brunei Journal of Tropical Geography 18 7 Google Scholar

Anderson, T. M. Demoewolf, J. Metzger, K. L. Reed, D. N. Serneels, S. 2008 Generation and maintenance of heterogeneity in the Serengeti system Sinclair, A. R. E. Packer, C. Mduma, S. A. R. Fryxell, J. M. Serengeti III: human impacts on ecosystem dynamics 135 Chicago University of Chicago Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anstey, M. L. Rogers, S. M. Ott, S. R. Burrows, M. Simpson, S. J. 2009 Serotonin mediates behavioral gregarization underlying swarm formation in desert locusts Science 323 627 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aragão, L. E. O. C. Shimabukuro, Y. E. 2010 The incidence of fire in Amazonian forests with implications for REDD Science 328 1275 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Archibold, O. W. 1995 Ecology of world vegetation London Chapman and Hall CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arreola-Lizárraga, J. A. Flores-Verdugo, F. J. Ortega-Rubio, A. 2004 Structure and litterfall of an arid mangrove stand on the Gulf of California, Mexico Aquatic Botany 79 137 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arsenault, R. Owen-Smith, N. 2002 Facilitation versus competition in grazing herbivore assemblages Oikos 97 313 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ashmole, N. Ashmole, M. 1997 The land fauna of Ascension Island: new data from cave and lava flows, and a reconstruction of the prehistoric ecosystem Journal of Biogeography 24 549 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ashton, P. S. 1964 Ecological studies in the mixed dipterocarp forests of Brunei State Oxford Oxford University Press Google Scholar

Ashton, P. S. 2003 Floristic zonation of tree communities on wet tropical mountains revisited Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 6 87 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Attwell, C. A. M. 1982 Population ecology of the blue wildebeest in Zululand, South Africa African Journal of Ecology 20 147 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Australian Dryland Salinity Assessment 2000 Extent, impacts, processes, monitoring and management options Canberra Commonwealth of Australia Google Scholar

Baker, A. C. Starger, C. J. McClanahan, T. R. Glynn, P. W. 2004 Corals’ adaptive response to climate change Nature 430 741 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ball, E. Glucksman, J. 1978 Limnological studies of Lake Wisdom, a large New Guinea caldera lake with a simple fauna Freshwater Biology 8 455 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barbault, R. 1992 Ecologie des peuplements. Structure, dynamique et évolution Paris Editions Masson Google Scholar

Barbault, R. Sastrapradja, S. 1995 Generation, maintenance and loss of biodiversity Heywood, V. H. Global biodiversity assessment 193 Cambridge Cambridge University Press Google Scholar

Barnes, R. F. W. 1983 The elephant problem in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania Biological Conservation 26 127 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnes, R. S. K. 1974 Estuarine biology London Edward Arnold Google Scholar

Barney, G. O. 1980 The global 2000 report to the President, Volumes 1, 2, and 3 Washington, D C US Government Printing Office Google Scholar

Bayley, P. B. 1995 Understanding large river-floodplain ecosystems BioScience 45 153 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beadle, L. C. 1981 The inland waters of tropical Africa London Longman Google Scholar

Beard, J. S. 1946 The forests of Trinidad, British West Indies Journal of Ecology 33 173 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beaumont, L. J. McAllan, I. A. W. Hughes, L. 2006 A matter of timing: changes in the first date of arrival and last date of departure of Australian migratory birds Global Change Biology 12 1339 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beck, E. Scheibe, R. Senser, M. 1983 The vegetation of the Shira Plateau and the western slopes of Kibo (Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania) Phytocoenologia 11 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Becker, C. G. Fonseca, C. R. Haddad, C. F. B. Batista, R. F. Prado, P. I. 2007 Habitat split and the global decline of amphibians Science 318 1775 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Belk, D. Cole, G. A. 1975 Adaptational biology of desert temporary-pond inhabitants Hadley, N. F. Environmental physiology of desert organisms 207 Stroudsbury Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross Google Scholar

Bellemain, E. Ricklefs, R. E. 2008 Are islands the end of the colonization road? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23 461 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bellwood, D. R. Hughes, T. P. Folke, C. Nyström, M. 2004 Confronting the coral reef crisis Nature 429 827 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Belsky, A. J. 1984 Role of small browsing mammals in preventing woodland regeneration in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania African Journal of Ecology 22 271 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belsky, A. J. Amundson, R. G. Duxbury, J. M. 1989 The effects of trees on their physical, chemical and biological environments in a semi-arid savanna in Kenya Journal of Applied Ecology 26 1005 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belsky, A. J. Canham, C. D. 1994 Forest gaps and isolated savanna trees BioScience 44 77 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belsky, A. J. Mwonga, S. M. Amundson, R. G. Duxbury, J. M. Ali, A. R. 1993 Relative effects of trees on their understorey environments in high-rainfall versus low-rainfall savannas Journal of Applied Ecology 30 143 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bender, M. A. Knutson, T. R. Tuleya, R. E. 2010 Modeled impact of anthropogenic warming on the frequency of intense Atlantic hurricanes Science 327 454 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Benzing, D. H. 1990 Vascular epiphytes: general biology and related biota Cambridge Cambridge University Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bernal, B. Mitsch, W. J. 2008 A comparison of soil carbon pools and profiles in wetlands in Costa Rica and Ohio Ecological Engineering 34 311 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bhima, R. 2006 Subsistence use of waterbirds at Lake Chilwa, Malawi Boere, G. C. Galbraith, C. A. Stroud, D. A. Waterbirds around the world 255 Edinburgh The Stationery Office Google Scholar

Bickford, D. Lohman, D. J. Sodhi, N. S. 2006 Cryptic species as a window on diversity and conservation Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22 148 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Blaber, S. J. M. 1997 Fish and fisheries in tropical estuaries London Chapman and Hall Google Scholar

Blaber, S. J. M. Milton, D. A. Salini, J. P. 2009 The biology of barramundi () in the Fly River system Bolton, B. R. The Fly River, Papua New Guinea, environmental studies in an impacted tropical river system 411 Burlington Elsevier Google Scholar

Blake, J. G. 2007 Neotropical forest bird communities: a comparison of species richness and composition at local and regional scales Condor 109 237 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bollmer, J. L. Kimball, R. T. Whiteman, N. K. Sarasola, J. H. Parker, P. G. 2006 Phylogeography of the Galápagos hawk (): a recent arrival to the Galápagos Islands Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 39 237 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bond, W. J. 1993 Keystone species Schulze, E. D. Mooney, H. A. Biodiversity and ecosystem function 237 Berlin Springer-Verlag Google Scholar

Booth, D. J. Beretta, G. A. 2002 Changes in a fish assemblage after a coral bleaching event Marine Ecology Progress Series 245 205 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bootsma, H. Hecky, R. E. 1993 Conservation of the African Great Lakes: a limnological perspective Conservation Biology 7 644 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Borchert, R. Renner, S. S. Calle, Z. 2005 Photoperiodic induction of synchronous flowering near the equator Nature 433 627 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bormann, F. H. Likens, G. E. 1979 Pattern and process in a forested ecosystem New York Springer-Verlag CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boulton, A. J. Boyero, L. Covich, A. P. 2008 Are tropical streams ecologically different from temperate streams? Dudgeon, D. Tropical stream ecology 257 London Elsevier CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourlière, F. 1973 The comparative ecology of rain forest mammals in Africa and tropical America: some introductory remarks Meggers, B. J. Ayensu, E. S. Duckworth, D. Tropical forest ecosystems in Africa and South America: a comparative review 279 Washington, DC Smithsonian Institution Google Scholar

Bourlière, F. 1983 Tropical savannas. Ecosystems of the world Amsterdam Elsevier Google Scholar

Brander, K. M. 2007 Global fish production and climate change Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 104 19709 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Briand, F. 1983 Environmental control of food web structure Ecology 64 253 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Briand, F. Cohen, J. E. 1987 Environmental correlates of food-chain length Science 238 956 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Brodie, J. Fabricius, K. De’ath, G. Okaji, K. 2005 Are increased nutrient inputs responsible for more outbreaks of crown-of-thorns starfish? An appraisal of the evidence Marine Pollution Bulletin 51 266 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brokaw, N. V. L. 1985 Gap-phase regeneration in a tropical forest Ecology 66 682 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brouns, J. J. W. M. 1986 Seagrasses in Papua New Guinea, with notes on their ecology Science in New Guinea 12 66 Google Scholar

Bruno, J. F. Petes, L. E. Harvell, C. D. Hettinger, A. 2003 Nutrient enrichment can increase the severity of coral diseases Ecology Letters 6 1056 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buddemeier, R. W. Baker, A. C. Fautin, D. G. Jacobs, J. R. 2003 The adaptive hypothesis of bleaching Rosenberg, E. Loya, Y. Coral health and disease 427 Berlin Springer-Verlag Google Scholar

Buddemeier, R. W. Fautin, D. G. 1993 Coral bleaching as an adaptive mechanism: a testable hypothesis BioScience 43 320 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Budowski, G. 1965 Distribution of tropical American rain forest species in the light of successional processes Turrialba 15 40 Google Scholar

Bullock, A. 1993 Perspectives on the hydrology and water resource management of natural freshwater wetlands and lakes in the humid tropics Bonnell, M. Hufschmidt, M. M. Gladwell, J. S. Hydrology and water management in the humid tropics 274 Cambridge Cambridge University Press Google Scholar

Bunt, J. S. 1995 Continental scale patterns in mangrove litter fall Hydrobiologia 295 135 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burgis, M. J. 1978 The Lake George ecosystem Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 20 1139 Google Scholar

Butler, R. A. Laurance, W. F. 2008 New strategies for conserving tropical forests Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23 469 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Butler, R. A. Laurance, W. F. 2008 Is oil palm the next emerging threat to the Amazon? Tropical Conservation Science 2 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Callaway, E. 2010 Modern humans’ Neanderthal origins New Scientist 15 May 2010 8 Google Scholar

Campbell, B. M. Butler, J. R. A. Mapaure, I. Vermeulen, S. J. Mashove, P. 1996 Elephant damage and safari hunting in woodland in northwestern Matabeleland, Zimbabwe African Journal of Ecology 34 380 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cane, M. A. Eshel, G. Buckland, R. W. 1994 Forecasting Zimbabwean maize yield using eastern equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature Nature 370 204 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carlquist, S. 1974 Island life New York American Museum of Natural History Google Scholar

Carmouze, J. P. Durand, J. R. Lévêque, C. 1983 Lake Chad, ecology and productivity of a shallow tropical ecosystem The Hague Dr W. Junk Google Scholar

Carpenter, K. E. Abrar, M. Aeby, G. 2008 One third of reef-building corals face elevated extinction risk from climate change and local impacts Science 231 560 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carpenter, R. C. Edmunds, P. J. 2006 Local and regional scale recovery of promotes recruitment of scleractinian corals Ecology Letters 9 271 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carpenter, S. R. Kitchell, J. F. Hodgson, J. R. 1985 Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity BioScience 35 634 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Casey, J. F. Kahn, J. R. Rivas, A. 2006 Willingness to pay for improved water service in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil Ecological Economics 58 365 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Castro, P. Huber, M. E. 2009 Marine biology New York McGraw-Hill Science Google Scholar

CCSP 2009 Coastal sensitivity to sea-level rise: a focus on the Mid-Atlantic region Washington, DC US Environmental Protection Agency Google Scholar

Ceccarelli, D. M. 2007 Modification of benthic communities by territorial damselfish: a multi-species comparison Coral Reefs 26 853 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chale, F. M. M. 1996 Litter production in an (L.) Stearn forest in Guyana, South America Hydrobiologia 330 47 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chambers, J. Q. Higuchi, N. Tribuzy, E. S. Trumbore, S. E. 2001 Intact rainforests have a long-term storage capacity Nature 410 429 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chan, E. K. W. Zhang, Y. Dudgeon, D. 2008 Arthropod ‘rain’ into tropical streams: the importance of intact riparian forest and influences on fish diets Marine and Freshwater Research 59 653 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chan, H. T. Appanah, S. 1980 Reproductive biology of some Malaysian dipterocarps. I. Flowering biology The Malaysian Forester 43 132 Google Scholar

Chapman, C. A. Chapman, L. J. Struhsaker, T. T. 2005 A long-term evaluation of fruiting phenology: importance of climate change Journal of Tropical Ecology 21 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chapman, L. J. Chapman, C. A. Kaufman, L. Witte, F. Balirwa, J. 2008 Biodiversity conservation in African inland waters: lessons of the Lake Victoria region Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 30 16 Google Scholar

Chapman, S. B. 1976 Methods in plant ecology Oxford Blackwell Google Scholar

Chase, J. M. 2005 Towards a really unified theory for metacommunities Functional Ecology 19 182 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chase, J. M. Liebold, M. A. 2003 Ecological niches: linking classical and contemporary approaches Chicago University of Chicago Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chazdon, R. L. 2008 Beyond deforestation: restoring forests and ecosystem services on degraded lands Science 320 1458 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chesson, P. L. Warner, R. R. 1981 Environmental variability promotes coexistence in lottery competitive systems American Naturalist 117 923 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clark, D. A. 2007 Detecting tropical forests’ responses to global climatic and atmospheric change: current challenges and a way forward Biotropica 39 4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clark, D. A. Brown, S. Kicklighter, D. 2001 Measuring net primary production in forests: concepts and field methods Ecological Applications 11 356 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clark, D. A. Clark, D. B. 1984 Spacing dynamics of a tropical rain forest tree: evaluation of the Janzen-Connell model American Naturalist 124 769 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clark, D. B. Clark, D. A. Oberbauer, S. F. 2010 Annual wood production in a tropical rain forest in NE Costa Rica linked to climatic variation but not to increasing CO2 Global Change Biology 16 747 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clarke, A. Crame, J. A. 2003 The importance of historical processes in global patterns of diversity Blackburn, T. M. Gaston, K. J. Macroecology: concepts and consequences 130 Oxford Blackwell Google Scholar

Cleaveland, S. Packer, C. Hampson, K. 2008 The multiple roles of infectious diseases in the Serengeti ecosystem Sinclair, A. R. E. Packer, C. Mduma, S. A. R. Fryxell, J. M. Serengeti III: human impacts on ecosystem dynamics 209 Chicago University of Chicago Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clements, F. E. 1916 Plant succession: analysis of the development of vegetation Washington, DC Carnegie Institute of Washington CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. 1977 Man and the biology of arid zones London Edward Arnold Google Scholar

Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. 1991 Ecophysiology of desert arthropods and reptiles Berlin Springer-Verlag CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. 1994 The Sahara Desert – life without water Biologist 41 72 Google Scholar

Cloudsley-Thompson, J. L. Chadwick, M. J. 1964 Life in deserts London G.T. Foulis Google Scholar

Coates, D. 1983 Notes on the miscellaneous fish species from the Sepik River, roundwaters and floodplain Port Moresby Department of Primary Industry Google Scholar

Coche, A. G. 1968 Description of physico-chemical aspects of Lake Kariba, an impoundment in Zambia-Rhodesia Fisheries Research Bulletin of Zambia 5 200 Google Scholar

Coe, M. J. 1967 The ecology of the alpine zone of Mount Kenya The Hague Dr W. Junk CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coe, M. J. 1969 Microclimate and animal life in the equatorial mountains Zoologica Africana 4 101 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coe, M. J. Cumming, D. H. Phillipson, J. 1976 Biomass and production of large African herbivores in relation to rainfall and primary production Oecologia 22 341 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cohen, J. E. Newman, C. M. 1991 Community area and food-chain length: theoretical consideration American Naturalist 113 1542 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cole, M. M. 1963 Vegetation nomenclature and classification with particular reference to the savannas South African Geographical Journal 55 3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cole, M. M. 1986 The savannas: biogeography and geobotany London Academic Press Google Scholar

Colinvaux, P. 1986 Ecology New York John Wiley and Sons Google Scholar

Colwell, R. K. Brehm, G. Cardelús, C. L. Gilman, A. C. Longinos, J. T. 2008 Global warming, elevational range shifts, and lowland biotic attrition in the wet tropics Science 322 258 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Colwell, R. K. Hurtt, G. C. 1994 Nonbiological gradients in species richness and a spurious Rapoport effect American Naturalist 144 570 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Comita, L. S. Hubbell, S. P. 2009 Local neighborhood and species’ shade tolerance influence survival in a diverse seedling bank Ecology 90 328 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Commonwealth Science Council 1986 Coral island hydrology: a training guide for field practice London Commonwealth Science Council Google Scholar

Connell, J. H. 1971 On the role of natural enemies in preventing competitive exclusion in some marine animals and rain forest trees den Boer, P. Gradwell, G. Dynamics of populations 298 Wageningen Center for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation Google Scholar

Connell, J. H. 1978 Diversity of tropical rain forests and coral reefs Science 199 1302 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Connell, J. H. Hughes, T. P. Wallace, C. C. 2004 A long-term study of competition and diversity of corals Ecological Monographs 74 179 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Connell, J. H. Lowman, M. D. 1989 Low-diversity tropical rain forests: some possible mechanisms for their existence American Naturalist 134 88 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cook, J. M. Rasplus, J.-Y. 2003 Mutualists with attitude: coevolving fig wasps and figs Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18 241 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Corfield, T. F. 1973 Elephant mortality in Tsavo National Park, Kenya East African Wildlife Journal 11 339 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Corlett, R. T. Primack, R. B. 2006 Tropical rainforests and the need for cross-continental comparisons Trends in Ecology and Evolution 21 104 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cotton, P. A. 2003 Avian migration phenology and global climate change Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 100 12219 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Coupland, R. T. 1979 Grassland ecosystems of the world: analysis of grasslands and their uses Cambridge Cambridge University Press Google Scholar

Cox, C. B. Moore, P. B. 2010 Biogeography, an ecological and evolutionary approach Hoboken John Wiley and Sons Google Scholar

Cox, G. W. Ricklefs, R. E. 1977 Species diversity, ecological release, and community structuring in Caribbean land bird faunas Oikos 29 60 Google Scholar

Craigie, I. D. Baillie, J. E. M. Balmford, A. 2010 Large mammal population declines in Africa’s protected areas Biological Conservation 143 2221 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crawford, A. J. Lips, K. R. Bermingham, E. 2010 Epidemic disease decimates amphibian abundance, species diversity, and evolutionary history in the highlands of central Panama Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 107 13777 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cruz, F. Carrion, V. Campbell, K. J. Lavoie, C. Donlan, C. J. 2009 Bio-economics of large-scale eradication of feral goats from Santiago Island, Galápagos Journal of Wildlife Management 73 109 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cummins, K. W. 1992 Catchment characteristics and river ecosystems Boon, P. J. Calow, P. Petts, G. E. River conservation and management 125 Chichester John Wiley and Sons Google Scholar

Curran, L. M. Caniago, I. Paoli, G. D. 1999 Impact of el Niño and logging on canopy tree recruitment in Borneo Science 286 2184 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Currie, D. J. Kerr, J. T. 2008 Tests of the mid-domain effect: is there any evidence? Ecological Monographs 78 3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Currie, D. J. Mittelbach, G. G. Cornell, H. V. 2004 Predictions and tests of climate-based hypotheses of broad scale variation in taxonomic richness Ecology Letters 7 1121 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dalling, J. W. Hubbell, S. P. 2002 Seed size, growth rate and gap microsite conditions as determinants of recruitment success for pioneer species Journal of Ecology 90 557 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Danielsen, F. Sørensen, M. K. Olwig, M. F. 2005 The Asian tsunami: a protective role for coastal vegetation Science 310 643 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Darwin, C. 1859 On the origin of species by means of natural selection London John Murray Google Scholar

Davies, B. R. Walker, K. F. 1986 River systems as ecological units. An introduction to the ecology of large river systems Davies, B. R. Walker, K. F. The ecology of river systems 1 Dordrecht Dr W. Junk CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, L. C. 1964 The Amazon’s rate of flow Natural History 73 14 Google Scholar

Day, J. W. Coronado, M. C. Vera, H. F. R. 1996 A 7-year record of above-ground net primary production in a southeastern Mexican mangrove forest Aquatic Botany 55 39 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Day, T. A. Detling, J. K. 1990 Grassland patch dynamics and herbivore grazing preference following urine deposition Ecology 71 180 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

De’ath, G. Lough, J. M. Fabricius, K. E. 2009 Declining coral calcification on the Great Barrier Reef Science 323 116 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Delany, M. J. Happold, D. C. D. 1979 Ecology of African mammals London Longman Google Scholar

Denny, P. 1985 Emergent plants of permanent and seasonally-flooded wetlands Denny, P. The ecology and management of African wetland vegetation 43 Dordrecht Dr W. Junk CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diamond, J. 1975 The island dilemma: lessons of modern biogeographic studies for the design of nature preserves Biological Conservation 7 129 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diamond, J. 1975 Assembly of species communities Cody, M. L. Diamond, J. Ecology and evolution of communities 343 Cambridge Harvard University Press Google Scholar

Diamond, J. Bishop, K. D. Van Balen, S. 1987 Bird survival in an isolated Javan woodland: island or mirror? Conservation Biology 1 132 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diaz-Pulido, G. McCook, L. J. Dove, S. 2009 Doom and boom on a resilient reef: climate change, algal overgrowth and coral recovery Public Library of Science One 4 e5239 Google ScholarPubMed

Dirzo, R. Raven, P. H. 2003 Global state of biodiversity and loss Annual Review of Environment and Resources 28 137 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dobson, A. P. Carper, E. R. 1996 Infectious diseases and human population history BioScience 46 115 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Donlan, C. J. Campbell, K. Cabrera, W. 2007 Recovery of the Galápagos rail () following the removal of invasive mammals Biological Conservation 138 520 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Douglas-Hamilton, I. Krink, T. Vollrath, F. 2005 Movements and corridors of African elephants in relation to protected areas Naturwissenschaften 92 158 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Drake, C. 1997 Water resource conflicts in the Middle East Journal of Geography 96 4 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dublin, H. T. 1986 Decline of the Mara woodlands: the role of fire and elephants Vancouver University of British Columbia Google Scholar

Dublin, H. T. 1995 Vegetation dynamics in the Serengeti-Mara ecosystem: the role of elephants, fire, and other factors Sinclair, A. R. E. Arcese, P. Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem 71 Chicago University of Chicago Press Google Scholar

Dublin, H. T. Sinclair, A. R. E. Boutin, S. 1990 Does competition regulate ungulate populations? Further evidence from Serengeti, Tanzania Oecologia 82 283 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dudgeon, D. 1984 Longitudinal and temporal changes in functional organization of macroinvertebrate communities in the Lam Tsuen River, Hong Kong Hydrobiologia 111 207 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dudgeon, D. 1994 The influence of riparian vegetation on macroinvertebrate community structure and functional organization in six New Guinea streams Hydrobiologia 294 65 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dudgeon, D. 2008 Tropical stream ecology London Elsevier Google Scholar

Dudgeon, D. Bretschko, G. 1996 Allochthonous inputs and land-water interactions in seasonal streams: tropical Asia and temperate Europe Schiemer, F. Boland, K. T. Perspectives in tropical limnology 161 Amsterdam SPB Academic Publishing Google Scholar

Duffy, J. E. 2006 Biodiversity and the functioning of seagrass ecosystems Marine Ecology Progress Series 311 233 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Duke, N. C. Meynecke, J.-O. Dittmann, S. 2007 A world without mangroves? Science 317 41 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dumont, H. J. 2009 A description of the Nile Basin, and a synopsis of its history, ecology, biogeography, hydrology, and natural resources Dumont, H. J. The Nile: origin, environments, limnology and human use 1 New York Springer Science CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Du Toit, J. T. Rogers, K. H. Biggs, H. C. 2003 The Kruger experience: ecology and management of savanna heterogeneity Washington, DC Island Press Google Scholar

Dyer, L. A. Singer, M. S. Lill, J. T. 2007 Host specificity of Lepidoptera in tropical and temperate forests Nature 448 696 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Edwards, E. J. Osborne, C. P. Strömberg, C. A. E. Smith, S. A. C4 Grasses Consortium 2010 The origins of C4 grasslands: integrating evolutionary and ecosystem science Science 328 587 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ehrlich, P. R. Ehrlich, A. H. 1991 The population bomb New York Ballantine Books Google ScholarPubMed

Ellery, W. N. McCarthy, T. S. 1998 Environmental change over two decades since dredging and excavation of the lower Boro River, Okavango Delta, Botswana Journal of Biogeography 25 361 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elton, C. S. 1927 Animal ecology London Sidgwick and Jackson Google Scholar

Emerson, B. C. Gillespie, R. G. 2008 Phylogenetic analysis of community assembly and structure over space and time Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23 619 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ennos, A. R. 1993 The function and formation of buttresses Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8 350 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Erwin, T. L. 1982 Tropical forests: their richness in and other arthropod species Coleopterist’s Bulletin 36 74 Google Scholar

Ewer, D. W. Hall, J. B. 1972 Ecological biology 1 London Longman Google Scholar

Ewer, D. W. Hall, J. B. 1978 Ecological biology 2 London Longman Google Scholar

Fearnside, P. M. Barbosa, K. I. 2004 Accelerating deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: towards answering open questions Environmental Conservation 31 7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feeley, K. J. Terborgh, J. W. 2008 Direct versus indirect effects of habitat reduction on the loss of avian species from tropical forest fragments Animal Conservation 11 353 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fine, P. V. A. Ree, R. H. 2006 Evidence for a time-integrated species-area effect on the latitudinal gradient in tree diversity American Naturalist 168 796 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fitzherbert, E. B. Struebig, M. J. Morel, A. 2008 How will oil palm expansion affect biodiversity? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23 538 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Flohn, H. 1969 Climate and weather New York McGraw-Hill Google Scholar

Foden, W. Midgley, G. F. Hughes, G. 2007 A changing climate is eroding the geographical range of the Namib Desert tree through population declines and dispersal lags Diversity and Distributions 13 645 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foster, R. B. 1977 is a suicidal Neotropical tree Nature 268 624 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fox, H. E. Mous, P. J. Pet, J. S. Muljadi, A. H. Caldwell, R. L. 2005 Experimental assessment of coral reef rehabilitation following blast fishing Conservation Biology 19 98 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frahm, J.-P. Gradstein, S. R. 1991 An altitudinal zonation of tropical rain forests using byrophytes Journal of Biogeography 18 669 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frank, D. A. McNaughton, S. J. Tracy, B. F. 1998 The ecology of the earth’s grazing ecosystems: comparing the Serengeti and Yellowstone BioScience 48 513 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frankie, G. W. Baker, H. G. Opler, P. A. 1974 Comparative phenological studies of trees in tropical wet and dry forests in the lowlands of Costa Rica Journal of Ecology 62 881 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fraser, R. H. Currie, D. J. 1996 The species richness-energy hypothesis in a system where historical factors are thought to prevail: coral reefs American Naturalist 148 138 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Freeth, S. 1992 The deadly cloud hanging over Cameroon New Scientist 15 August 1992 23 Google Scholar

Frost, P. G. H. Robertson, F. 1987 The ecological effects of fire in savannas Walker, B. H. Determinants of tropical savannas 93 Oxford IRL Press Google Scholar

Fryer, G. 1960 Concerning the proposed introduction of Nile perch into Lake Victoria East African Journal of Agriculture 25 267 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fryer, G. Iles, T. D. 1972 The cichlid fishes of the Great Lakes of Africa Edinburgh Oliver and Boyd Google Scholar

Ganf, G. G. 1975 Photosynthetic production and irradiance-photosynthesis relationships of the phytoplankton from a shallow equatorial lake (Lake George, Uganda) Oecologia 18 165 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ganf, G. G. Blazka, P. 1974 Oxygen uptake, ammonia and phosphate excretion by zooplankton of a shallow equatorial lake (Lake George, Uganda) Limnology and Oceanography 19 313 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gaudet, J. J. 1977 Natural drawdown of Lake Naivasha, Kenya, and the formation of papyrus swamps Aquatic Botany 3 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geheb, K. Kalloch, S. Medard, M. 2008 Nile perch and the hungry of Lake Victoria: gender, status and food in an East African fishery Food Policy 33 85 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Genner, M. J. Turner, G. F. 2005 The mbuna cichlids of Lake Malawi: a model for rapid speciation and adaptive radiation Fish and Fisheries 6 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gentry, A. H. 1988 Tree species richness of upper Amazonian forests Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 85 156 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ghalambor, C. K. Huey, R. B. Martin, P. R. Tewksbury, J. J. Wang, G. 2006 Are mountain passes higher in the tropics? Janzen’s hypothesis revisited Integrative and Comparative Biology 46 5 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gibson, A. C. 1998 Photosynthetic organs of desert plants BioScience 48 911 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gibson, D. J. 2009 Grasses and grassland ecology Oxford Oxford University Press Google Scholar

Gill, F. B. Wolf, L. L. 1979 Nectar loss by golden-winged sunbirds to competitors The Auk 96 448 Google Scholar

Gillespie, R. 2004 Community assembly through adaptive radiation in Hawaiian spiders Science 303 356 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gillooly, J. F. Allen, A. P. West, G. B. Brown, J. H. 2005 The rate of DNA evolution: effects of body size and temperature on the molecular clock Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102 140 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Givnish, T. J. Millam, K. C. Mast, A. R. 2009 Origin, adaptive radiation and diversification of the Hawaiian lobeliads (Asterales: Campanulaceae) Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276 407 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gleason, H. A. 1926 The individualistic concept of the plant association Torrey Botanical Club Bulletin 53 7 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldschmidt, T. Witte, F. Wanink, J. H. 1993 Cascading effects of the introduced Nile perch on the detritivorous/planktivorous species in the sublittoral areas of Lake Victoria Conservation Biology 7 686 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Golterman, H. L. 1969 Methods for chemical analysis of fresh waters Oxford Blackwell Scientific Publications Google Scholar

Goss, H. 1995 Meltdown warning as tropical glaciers trickle away New Scientist 24 June 1995 18 Google Scholar

Goudswaard, P. C. Witte, F. Katunzi, E. F. B. 2008 The invasion of an introduced predator, Nile perch (, L.) in Lake Victoria (East Africa): chronology and causes Environmental Biology of Fishes 81 127 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goulding, M. 1980 The fishes of the forest. Explorations in Amazonian natural history Berkeley University of California Press Google Scholar

Goulet, T. L. 2006 Most corals may not change their symbionts Marine Ecology Progress Series 321 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grace, J. San José, J. Meir, P. Miranda, H. S. Montes, R. A. 2006 Productivity and carbon fluxes of tropical savannas Journal of Biogeography 33 387 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grant, B. R. 2003 Evolution in Darwin’s finches: a review of a study on Isla Daphne Major in the Galápagos Archipelago Zoology 106 255 Google ScholarPubMed

Grant, P. R. Grant, B. R. 2009 The secondary contact phase of allopatric speciation in Darwin’s finches Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 106 20141 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grant, P. R. Grant, B. R. 2010 Sympatric speciation, immigration, and hybridization in island birds Losos, J. B. Ricklefs, R. E. The theory of island biogeography revisited 326 Princeton Princeton University Press Google Scholar

Gray, A. 2004 The parable of Green Mountain: massaging the message Journal of Biogeography 31 1549 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greathouse, E. A Pringle, C. M. 2006 Does the river continuum concept apply on a tropical island? Longitudinal variation in a Puerto Rican stream Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Science 63 134 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greathouse, E. A. Pringle, C. M. McDowell, W. H. Holmquist, J. 2006 Indirect upstream effects of dams: consequences of migratory consumer extirpation in Puerto Rico Ecological Applications 16 339 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Green, G. M. Sussman, R. W. 1990 Deforestation history of the eastern rain forests of Madagascar from satellite images Science 248 212 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Green, J. Corbet, S. A. Watts, E. Lan, O. B. 1976 Ecological studies on Indonesian lakes. Overturn and restratification of Ranu Lamongan Journal of Zoology (London) 180 315 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greenway, P. 1984 Survival strategies in desert crabs Cogger, H. G. Cameron, E. E. Arid Australia 145 Sydney Australian Museum Google Scholar

Griffiths, J. F. 1972 World survey of climatology, volume 10. Climates of Africa Landsberg, H. E Amsterdam Elsevier Google Scholar

Grime, J. P. 1979 Plant strategies and vegetation processes Chichester Wiley Google Scholar

Grime, J. P. 1979 Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory American Naturalist 111 1169 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gross, N. D. Torti, S. D. Feener, D. H. Coley, P. D. 2000 Monodominance in an African rain forest: is reduced herbivory important? Biotropica 32 430 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grubb, P. J. 1977 Control of forest growth and distribution on wet tropical mountains: with specific reference to mineral nutrition Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 8 83 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guest, J. 2008 How reefs respond to mass coral spawning Science 320 621 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gumbricht, T. McCarthy, J. McCarthy, T. S. 2004 Channels, wetlands and islands in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and their relation to hydrological and sedimentological processes Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 29 15 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gunkel, G. Casallas, J. 2002 Limnology of an equatorial high mountain lake – Lago San Pablo, Ecuador: the significance of deep diurnal mixing for lake productivity Limnologica 32 33 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guschanski, K. Vigilant, L. McNeilage, A. 2009 Counting elusive animals: comparing field and genetic census of the entire mountain gorilla population of Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda Biological Conservation 142 290 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haines, A. K. 1983 Fish fauna and ecology Petr, T. The Purari, tropical environment of a high rainfall river basin 367 The Hague Dr W. Junk CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hairston, N. G. Hairston, J. G. 1993 Cause-effect relationships in energy flow, trophic structure and interspecific interactions American Naturalist 142 379 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hairston, N. G. Smith, F. E. Slobodkin, L. B. 1960 Community structure, population control, and competition American Naturalist 94 421 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hall, D. O. Whatley, F. R. 1967 The chloroplasts Roodyn, D. B Enzyme cytology London Academic Press Google Scholar

Hamilton, A. J. Basset, Y. Benke, K. K. 2010 Quantifying uncertainty in estimation of tropical arthropod species richness American Naturalist 176 90 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hanby, J. P. Bygott, J. D. Packer, C. 1995 Ecology, demography, and behavior of lions in two contrasting habitats: Ngorongoro Crater and the Serengeti plains Sinclair, A. R. E. Arcese, P. Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem 315 Chicago University of Chicago Press Google Scholar

Harborne, A. R. Renaud, P. G. Tyler, E. H. M. Mumby, P. J. 2009 Reduced density of the herbivorous urchin inside a Caribbean marine reserve linked to increased predation pressure by fishes Coral Reefs 28 783 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hardin, G. 1960 The competitive exclusion principle Science 131 1292 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harms, K. E. Wright, S. J. Calderón, O. Hernández, A. Herre, E. A. 2000 Pervasive density-dependent recruitment enhances seedling diversity in a tropical forest Nature 404 493 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harper, D. Mavuti, K. 1996 Freshwater wetlands and marshes McClanahan, T. R. Young, T. P. East African ecosystems and their conservation 217 Oxford Oxford University Press Google Scholar

Harrison, P. L. Babcock, R. C. Bull, G. D. 1984 Mass spawning in tropical reef corals Science 223 1186 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harrison, R. D. 2000 Repercussions of El Niño: drought causes extinction and the breakdown of mutualism in Borneo Proceedings of the Royal Society B 267 911 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Harrison, R. D. 2003 Fig wasp dispersal and the stability of a keystone plant resource in Borneo Proceedings of the Royal Society B 270 S76 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hassell, M. P. May, R. M. 1989 The population biology of host-parasite and host-parasitoid associations Roughgarden, J. May, R. M. Levin, S. A. Perspectives in ecological theory 319 Princeton Princeton University Press Google Scholar

Hastenrath, S. Kruss, P. D. 1992 The dramatic retreat of Mount Kenya’s glaciers between 1963 and 1987: greenhouse forcing Annals of Glaciology 16 127 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hawkins, B. A. Porter, E. E. 2001 Area and the latitudinal diversity gradient for terrestrial birds Ecology Letters 4 595 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

He, B. Lai, T. Fan, H. Wang, W. Zheng, H. 2007 Comparison of flooding tolerance in four mangrove species in a diurnal tidal zone in the Beibu Gulf Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science 74 254 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hecky, R. E. 1984 African lakes and their trophic efficiencies: a temporal perspective Meyers, D. G. Strickler, J. R. Trophic interactions within aquatic ecosystems 405 Rome American Association for the Advancement of Science Google Scholar

Hecky, R. E. 1991 The pelagic ecosystem Coulter, G. W. Lake Tanganyika and its life 90 Oxford Oxford University Press Google Scholar

Hecky, R. E. 1993 The eutrophication of Lake Victoria Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 25 39 Google Scholar

Hecky, R. E. Bootsma, H. A. Odada, E. 2006 African lake management initiatives: the global connection Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management 11 203 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hecky, R. E. Bugenyi, F. W. B. Ochumba, P. 1994 Deoxygenation of the deep water of Lake Victoria, East Africa Limnology and Oceanography 39 1476 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hecky, R. E. Spigel, R. H. Coulter, G. W. 1991 The nutrient regime Coulter, G. W. Lake Tanganyika and its life 76 Oxford Oxford University Press Google Scholar

Hedberg, O. 1964 Features of Afroalpine plant ecology Acta Phytogeographica Suecica 49 1 Google Scholar

Hellden, U. 1984 Drought impact monitoring Lund Lund University Naturrgeografiska Institute Google Scholar

Hemp, A. 2009 Climate change and its impact on the forests of Kilimanjaro African Journal of Ecology 47 3 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Henty, E. 1969 A manual of the grasses of New Guinea Botany Bull. No. 1. Lae: Department of Forest Division of Botany Google Scholar

Hesketh, T. Lu, L. Xing, Z. W. 2005 The effect of China’s one-child family policy after 25 years New England Journal of Medicine 353 1171 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hey, J. 2001 The mind of the species problem Trends in Ecology and Evolution 16 326 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hickley, P. Muchiri, S. M. Boar, R. R. 2004 Habitat degradation and subsequent fishery collapse in Lakes Naivasha and Baringo, Kenya Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology 4 503 Google Scholar

Hilborn, R. Arcese, P. Borner, M. 2006 Effective enforcement in a conservation area Science 314 1266 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hillebrand, H. 2004 On the generality of the latitudinal diversity gradient American Naturalist 163 192 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hoegh-Guldberg, O. Mumby, P. J. Hooten, A. J. 2007 Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification Science 318 1737 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hogarth, P. J. 2007 The biology of mangroves and seagrasses Oxford Oxford University Press CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holdo, R. M. Holt, R. D. Coughenour, M. B. Ritchie, M. E. 2007 Plant productivity and soil nitrogen as a function of grazing, migration, and fire in an African savanna Journal of Ecology 95 115 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holdo, R. M. Holt, R. D. Fryxell, J. M. 2009 Opposing rainfall and plant nutritional gradients best explain the wildebeest migration in the Serengeti American Naturalist 173 431 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Holdo, R. M. Holt, R. D. Fryxell, J. M. 2009 Grazers, browsers, and fire influence the extent and spatial pattern of tree cover in the Serengeti Ecological Applications 19 95 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Holdo, R. M. Sinclair, A. R. E. Dobson, A. P. 2009

Homeier, J. 2008 The influence of topography on forest structure and regeneration dynamics in an Ecuadorian montane forest Gradstein, S. R. Homeier, J. Gansert, D. The tropical mountain forest – patterns and processes in a biodiversity hotspot 97 Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Google Scholar

Homewood, K. Lambin, E. F. Coast, E. 2001 Long-term changes in Serengeti-Mara wildebeest and land cover: pastoralism, population, or policies? Proceedings of the National Academy of Science USA 98 12544 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Horn, H. S. 1971 The adaptive geometry of trees Princeton Princeton University Press Google Scholar

Howard-Williams, C. 1977 Swamp ecosystems The Malayan Nature Journal 31 113 Google Scholar

Howard-Williams, C. 1979 The distribution of aquatic macrophytes in Lake Chilwa: annual and long-term environmental fluctuations Kalk, M. McLachlan, A. J. Howard-Williams, C. Lake Chilwa – studies on change in a tropical ecosystem 105 The Hague Dr W. Junk Google Scholar

Howard-Williams, C. Gaudet, J. J. 1985 The structure and functioning of African swamps Denny, P. The ecology and management of African wetland vegetation 152 The Hague Dr W. Junk Google Scholar

Hubbell, S. P. 2005 Neutral theory in community ecology and the hypothesis of functional equivalence Functional Ecology 19 166 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hubbell, S. P. 2010 Neutral theory and the theory of island biogeography Losos, J. B. Ricklefs, R. E. The theory of island biogeography revisited 264 Princeton Princeton University Press Google Scholar

Hubbell, S. P. Foster, R. B. O’Brien, S. T. 1999 Light-gap disturbances, recruitment limitation, and tree diversity in a Neotropical forest Science 283 554 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hughes, T. P. Baird, A. H. Bellwood, D. R. 2003 Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs Science 301 929 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hughes, T. P. Bellwood, D. R. Folke, C. S. McCook, L. J. Pandolfi, J. M. 2006 No-take areas, herbivory and coral reef resilience Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22 1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hughes, T. P. Rodrigues, M. J. Bellwood, D. R. 2007 Phase shifts, herbivory, and the resilience of coral reefs to climate change Current Biology 17 360 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Humphreys, W. F. 1979 Production and respiration in animal populations Journal of Animal Ecology 48 427 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hunter, J. Durant, S. Caro, T. 2007 To flee or not to flee: predator avoidance by cheetahs at kills Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 61 1033 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huntley, B. J. Walker, B. H. 1982 Ecology of tropical savannas Berlin Springer-Verlag CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huntzinger, P. M. Karban, R. Young, T. P. Palmer, T. M. 2004 Relaxation of induced indirect defenses of acacias following removal of mammalian herbivores Ecology 85 609 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hurtt, G. C. Pacala, S. W. 1995 The consequences of recruitment limitation: reconciling chance, history and competitive differences between plants Journal of Theoretical Biology 176 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huszar, V. L. M. Caraco, N. F. Roland, F. Cole, J. 2006 Nutrient-chlorophyll relationships in tropical-subtropical lakes: do temperate models fit? Biogeochemistry 79 239 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hutchings, P. Saenger, P. 1987 Ecology of mangroves St Lucia University of Queensland Press Google Scholar

Hutchinson, G. E. 1957 Concluding remarks Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology 22 415 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hutchinson, G. E. 1959 Homage to Santa Rosalia, or why are there so many kinds of animals? American Naturalist 93 145 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hutchinson, G. E. 1961 The paradox of the plankton American Naturalist 95 137 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hutchinson, G. E. 1965 The ecological theatre and the evolutionary play New Haven Yale University Press Google Scholar

Hutchinson, G. E. Löffler, H. 1956 The thermal classification of lakes Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 42 84 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hyatt, L. A. Rosenberg, M. S. Howard, T. G. 2003 The distance dependence prediction of the Janzen-Connell hypothesis: a meta-analysis Oikos 103 590 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Idjadi, J. A. Lee, S. C. Bruno, J. F. 2006 Rapid phase-shift reversal on a Jamaican coral reef Coral Reefs 25 209 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Imhoff, M. L. Bounoua, L. Ricketts, T. 2004 Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production Nature 429 870 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

IPCC 2007 Summary for policymakers Solomon, S. Qin, D. Manning, M. Chen, Z. et al. (eds), Climate change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Cambridge Cambridge University Press Google Scholar

Isagi, Y. Shimada, K Kushima, H. 2004 Clonal structure and flowering traits of a bamboo [ (Mazel) Ohwi] stand grown from a simultaneous flowering as revealed by AFLP analysis Molecular Ecology 13 2017 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jacobs, M. 1988 The tropical rain forest. A first encounter Berlin Springer-Verlag CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jansson, R. Nilsson, C. Malmqvist, B. 2007 Restoring freshwater ecosystems in riverine landscapes: the roles of connectivity and recovery processes Freshwater Biology 52 589 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Janzen, D. H. 1967 Interaction of the bull’s horn acacia ( L.) with an ant inhabitant ( F. Smith) in Eastern Mexico University of Kansas Science Bulletin 47 315 Google Scholar

Janzen, D. H. 1967 Why mountain passes are higher in the tropics? American Naturalist 101 233 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Janzen, D. H. 1970 Herbivores and the number of tree species in tropical forests American Naturalist 104 501 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Janzen, D. H. 1976 Why do bamboos wait so long to flower? Burley, J. Styles, B. T. Tropical trees: variation in breeding and conservation 135 London Academic Press Google Scholar

Janzen, D. H. 1981 Digestive seed predation by a Costa Rican Baird’s tapir Biotropica 13 59 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Janzen, D. H. 1983 Food webs: who eats what, why, how, and with what effects in a tropical forest Golley, F. B. Tropical rain forests: structure and function 167 New York Elsevier Google Scholar

Janzen, D. H. 1985 On ecological fitting Oikos 45 308 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jarman, P. J. 1974 The social organization of antelope in relation to their ecology Behaviour 48 215 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jauhiainen, J. Takahashi, H. Heikkinen, J. E. P Martikainen, P. J. Vasander, H. 2005 Carbon fluxes from a tropical peat swamp forest floor Global Change Biology 11 1788 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johns, R. J. 1982 Plant zonation Gressitt, J. L. Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea 309 Dordrecht Dr W. Junk CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnston, B. L. Richardson, W. B. Naimo, T. J. 1995 Past present and future concepts in large river ecology BioScience 45 134 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, A. M. Berkelmans, R. van Oppen, M. J. H. Mieog, J. C. Sinclair, W. 2008 A community change in the algal endosymbionts of a scleractinian coral following a natural bleaching event: field evidence of acclimatization Proceedings of the Royal Society B 275 1359 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jones, G. P. Almany, G. R. Russ, G. R. 2009 Larval retention and connectivity among populations of corals and reef fishes: history, advances and challenges Coral Reefs 28 307 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, G. P. Planes, S. Thorrold, S. R. 2005 Coral reef fish larvae settle close to home Current Biology 15 1314 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jørgensen, P. León-Yánez, S. 1999 Results Jørgensen, P. León-Yánez, S. Catalogue of the vascular plants of Ecuador 42 St Louis Missouri Botanical Garden Press Google Scholar

Joubert, D. 2006 Hunting behaviour of lions () on elephants () in the Chobe National Park, Botswana African Journal of Ecology 44 279 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Junk, W. J. 1984 Ecology of the varzea, floodplain of Amazonian white-water rivers Sioli, H. The Amazon: limnology and landscape ecology of a mighty tropical river and its basin 215 Dordrecht Dr W. Junk CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Junk, W. J. 2002 Long-term environmental trends and the future of tropical wetlands Environmental Conservation 29 414 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Junk, W. J. Bayley, P. B. Sparks, R. E. 1989 Dodge, D. P. 110

Junk, W. J. Howard-Williams, C. 1984 Ecology of aquatic macrophytes in Amazonia Sioli, H. The Amazon: limnology and landscape ecology of a mighty tropical river and its basin 269 Dordrecht Dr W. Junk CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Junk, W. J. Soares, M. G. M. Bayley, P. B. 2007 Freshwater fishes of the Amazon River Basin: their biodiversity, fisheries, and habitats Aquatic Ecosystem Health and Management 10 153 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Junk, W. J. Wantzen, K. M. 2004 The flood pulse concept: new aspects, approaches, and applications - an update Welcomme, R. L. Petr, T. Proceedings of the second international symposium on the management of large rivers for fisheries 117 Bangkok Food and Agriculture Organization and Mekong River Commission Google Scholar

Kalk, M. McLachlan, A. J. Howard-Williams, C. 1979 Lake Chilwa – studies of change in a tropical ecosystem The Hague Dr W. Junk Google Scholar

Katunzi, E. F. B. Zoutendijk, J. Goldschmidt, T. Wanink, J. H. Witte, F. 2003 Lost zooplanktivorous cichlid from Lake Victoria reappears with a new trade Ecology of Freshwater Fish 12 237 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keddy, P. A. 1989 Competition New York Chapman and Hall CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Keeley, J. E. 1988 Photosynthesis in quillworts, or why are some aquatic plants similar to cacti? Plants Today 1 127 Google Scholar

Kehrwald, N. M. Thompson, L. G. Yao, T. D. 2008 Mass loss on Himalayan glaciers endangers water resources Geophysics Research Letters 35 L22503 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kendall, H. W. Pimentel, D. 1994 Constraints on the expansion of the global food supply Ambio 23 198 Google Scholar

Kerr, J. T. Perring, M. Currie, D. J. 2006 The missing Madagascan mid-domain effect Ecology Letters 9 149 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kerr, R. A. 2008 Mother Nature cools the greenhouse, but hotter times still lie ahead Science 320 595 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kessler, M. Kluge, J. 2008 Diversity and endemism in tropical montane forests – from pattern to processes Gradstein, S. R. Homeier, J. Gansert, D. The tropical mountain forest – patterns and processes in a biodiversity hotspot 35 Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Google Scholar

Kira, T. 1978 Community architecture and organic matter dynamics in tropical lowland rain forests of Southeast Asia with special reference to Pasoh forest, West Malaysia Tomlinson, P. B. Zimmermann, M. H. Tropical trees as living systems 561 Cambridge Cambridge University Press Google Scholar

Kiwango, Y. Wolanski, E. J. 2008 Papyrus wetlands, nutrients balance, fisheries collapse, food security, and Lake Victoria level decline in 2000–2006 Wetlands Ecology and Management 16 89 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klein, A. G. Kincaid, J. L. 2006 Retreat of glaciers on Mt. Jaya, Irian Jaya determined from 2000 and 2002 IKONOS satellite images Journal of Glaciology 52 65 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klink, C. A. Machado, R. B. 2005 Conservation of the Brazilian cerrado Conservation Biology 19 707 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Knight, T. M. McCoy, M. W. Chase, J. M. McCoy, K. A. Holt, R. D. 2005 Trophic cascades across ecosystems Nature 437 880 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kondoh, M. Ninomiya, K. 2009 Food-chain length and adaptive foraging Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276 3113 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Köppen, W. 1884 Die Warmezonen der Erde, nach der Dauer der Heissen, Gemassigten und Kalten Zeit, und nach der Wirkung der Warme auf die Organische Welt betrachter Meteorologische Zeitschrift 1 215 Google Scholar

Köppen, W. 1931 Grundrisse der klimatunde Berlin Borntraager Google Scholar

Körner, C. Paulsen, J. 2004 A world-wide study of high altitude treeline temperatures Journal of Biogeography 31 713 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kozak, K. H. Wiens, J. J. 2007 Climatic zonation drives latitudinal variation in speciation mechanisms Proceedings of the Royal Society B 274 2995 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Krebs, C. J. 1985 Ecology: the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance New York HarperCollins Google Scholar

Krebs, C. J. 2001 Ecology: the experimental analysis of distribution and abundance San Francisco Benjamin Cummings Google Scholar

Krog, J. O. Zachariassen, K. E. Larsen, B. Smidsrod, O. 1979 Thermal buffering in Afro-alpine plants due to nucleating agent-induced water freezing Nature 282 300 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krohne, D. T. 1998 General ecology Albany Wadsworth Publishing Google Scholar

Krug, C. B. 2007 Reproduction of in the Namib Desert: pattern and possible control Basic and Applied Dryland Research 1 67 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kruuk, H. 1972 The spotted hyena: a study of predation and social behavior Chicago University of Chicago Press Google Scholar

Kusakabe, M. Ohba, T. Issa, Y. Y. 2008 Evolution of CO2 in Lakes Monoun and Nyos, Cameroon, before and during controlled degassing Geochemical Journal 42 93 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lack, D. 1947 Darwin’s finches Cambridge Cambridge University Press Google ScholarPubMed

Lamprey, H. F. 1963 Ecological separation of the large mammal species in the Tarangire Game Reserve, Tanganyika East African Wildlife Journal 1 63 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lamprey, H. F. 1988 Report on the desert encroachment reconnaissance in Northern Sudan Desertification Control Bulletin 41 1 Google Scholar

Lamprey, H. F. Glover, P. E. Turner, M. I. M. Bell, R. H. V. 1967 Invasion of the Serengeti National Park by elephants East African Wildlife Journal 5 151 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Langer, R. H. M. 1979 How grasses grow London Edward Arnold Google Scholar

Latham, R. E. Ricklefs, R. E. 1993 Global patterns of tree species richness in moist forests: energy-diversity theory does not account for variation in species richness Oikos 67 325 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laurance, W. F. 2007 Have we overstated the tropical biodiversity crisis? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 22 65 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Laurance, W. F. 2008 Theory meets reality: how habitat fragmentation research has transcended island biogeographic theory Biological Conservation 141 1731 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laurance, W. F. 2010 Beyond island biogeography theory: understanding habitat fragmentation in the real world Losos, J. B. Ricklefs, R. E. The theory of island biogeography revisited 214 Princeton Princeton University Press Google Scholar

Laurance, W. F. Lovejoy, T. E. Vasconcelos, H. 2002 Ecosystem decay of Amazonian forest fragments: a 22-year investigation Conservation Biology 16 605 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laurance, W. F. Luizão, R. C. C. 2007 Driving a wedge into the Amazon Nature 448 409 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Laurance, W. F. Oliveira, A. A. Laurance, S. G. 2004 Pervasive alteration of tree communities in undisturbed Amazonian forests Nature 428 171 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Laurenson, M. K. 1995 Implications of high offspring mortality for cheetah population dynamics Sinclair, A. R. E. Arcese, P. Serengeti II: dynamics, management, and conservation of an ecosystem 385 Chicago University of Chicago Press Google Scholar

Laws, R. M. 1970 Elephants as agents of habitat and landscape change in East Africa Oikos 21 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Laws, R. M. Parker, I. S. C. Johnstone, R. C. B. 1975 Elephants and their habitats: the ecology of elephants in North Bunyoro, Uganda Oxford Clarendon Press Google Scholar

Leach, G. J. Osborne, P. L. 1985 Freshwater plants of Papua New Guinea Port Moresby University of Papua New Guinea Press Google Scholar

Leakey, A. D. B. 2009 Rising atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration and the future of C4 crops for food and fuel Proceedings of the Royal Society B 276 2333 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lee, S. Y. 2008 Mangrove macrobenthos: assemblages, services, and linkages Journal of Sea Research 59 16 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lees, D. C. Colwell, R. K. 2007 A strong Madagascan rainforest MDE and no equatorward increase in species richness: re-analysis of ‘The missing Madagascan mid-domain effect’, by Kerr J.T., Perring, M. and Currie, D.J. (Ecology Letters 9, 149–159, 2006) Ecology Letters 10 E4 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lehman, J. T. 2009 Lake Victoria Dumont, H. J. The Nile: origin, environments, limnology and human use 215 New York Springer Science CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Le Houérou, H. N. 1986 The desert and arid zones of northern Africa Evenari, M. Noy-Meir, I. Goodall, D. W. Hot deserts and arid shrublands. Ecosystems of the world 101 Amsterdam Elsevier Google Scholar

Leigh, E. G. Wright, S. J. Putz, F. E. Herre, A. E. 1993 The decline of tree diversity on newly isolated tropical islands: a test of a null hypothesis and some implications Evolutionary Ecology 7 76 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lessios, H. A. Garrido, M. Kessing, B. D. 2001 Demographic history of , a keystone herbivore on Caribbean reefs Proceedings of the Royal Society B 268 1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Leuschner, C. Moser, G. 2008 Carbon allocation and productivity in tropical mountain forests Gradstein, S. R. Homeier, J. Gansert, D. The tropical mountain forest – patterns and processes in a biodiversity hotspot 109 Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Google Scholar

Levin, I. I. Outlaw, D. C. Vargas, F. H. Parker, P. G. 2009 blood parasite found in endangered Galápagos penguins () Biological Conservation 142 3191 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levy, O. Appelbaum, L. Leggat, W. 2007 Light-responsive cryptochromes from a simple multicellular animal, the coral Science 318 467 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lewis, D. M. 1986 Disturbance effects on elephant feeding: evidence for compression in Luangwa Valley, Zambia African Journal of Ecology 24 227 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, S. L. Lopez-Gonzalez, G. Sonké, B. 2009 Increasing carbon storage in intact African tropical forests Nature 457 1003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lewis, S. L Malhi, Y. Phillips, O. L. 2004 Fingerprinting the impacts of global change on tropical forests Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 359 437 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lewis, S. M. 1985 Herbivory on coral reefs: algal susceptibility to herbivorous fishes Oecologia 65 370 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lewis, W. M. 1973 The thermal regime of Lake Lanao (Philippines) and its theoretical implications for tropical lakes Limnology and Oceanography 18 200 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, W. M. 1974 Primary production in the plankton community of a tropical lake Ecological Monographs 44 377 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, W. M. 1978 Dynamics and succession of the phytoplankton in a tropical lake: Lake Lanao, Philippines Journal of Ecology 66 849 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, W. M. 1986 Phytoplankton succession in Lake Valencia, Venezuela Hydrobiologia 138 189 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, W. M. 1996 Tropical lakes: how latitude makes a difference Schiemer, F. Boland, K. T. Perspectives in tropical limnology 43 Amsterdam SPB Academic Publishing Google Scholar

Lewis, W. M. 2000 Basis for the protection and management of tropical lakes Lakes and Reservoirs: Research and Management 5 35 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, W. M. 2002 Causes for the high frequency of nitrogen limitation in tropical lakes Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 28 210 Google Scholar

Lewis, W. M. 2008 Physical and chemical features of tropical flowing waters Dudgeon, D. Tropical stream ecology 1 London Elsevier Google Scholar

Lewis, W. M. 2010 Biogeochemistry of tropical lakes Verhandlungen Internationale Vereinigung für Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie 30 1595 Google Scholar

Liebig, J. 1940 Chemistry in its application to agriculture and physiology London Taylor and Walton Google Scholar

Lindeman, R. L. 1942 The trophic dynamic aspects of ecology Ecology 23 137 CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lindsay, R. W. Zhang, J. Schweiger, A. Steele, M. Stern, H. 2009 Arctic sea ice retreat in 2007 follows thinning trend American Meteorological Society 22 165 Google Scholar

Lips, K. R. Diffendorfer, J. Mendelson, J. R. Sears, M. W. 2008 Riding the wave: reconciling the roles of disease and climate change in amphibian declines Public Library of Science Biology 6 e72 Google ScholarPubMed

List, R. J. 1971 Smithsonian meteorological tables Washington, DC Smithsonian Institution Press Google Scholar

Lloyd, J. Farquhar, G. D. 2008 Effects of rising temperatures and [CO2] on the physiology of tropical forest trees Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 363 1811 CrossRefGoogle Scholar