Almost exactly ninety-three years ago, on 15 April 1912, over 2,000 terrified and bewildered people found themselves, with little warning, drifting or drowning in the ice-cold North Atlantic. Only 712 of them survived that night. They were, of course, the passengers, officers and crew of the White Star steamship Titanic, and they were in a sense victims of ‘failures’ of technology.

The Titanic disaster was in the main a result of over-reach, of a gap between the achievements of some technologies and the shortcomings of others; and of managerial failures on the part of those who used the available technology. Although Titanic had a radio communications system – and it was an important factor in directing rescue vessels to her – it was a system still in its infancy. Although the technology of shipbuilding already embraced double skins and water-tight bulkheads, these fell far short of the completeness that we now expect. Those navigating this huge vessel were in some important respects no further advanced than the Vikings who had sailed these same seas ten centuries before: they could locate themselves only by means of stellar observation and dead reckoning, and they had only their eyes to see what lay ahead – and this was less than a hundred years ago.

The managerial failures were perhaps worse. The ship's officers were warned of ice by radio messages, which they ignored. They hadn't carried out safety drills or trained the ship's company.