Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-c9gpj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-10T23:45:11.403Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 April 2023

Mark P. Khurana
Affiliation:
University of Copenhagen
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Trajectory of Discovery
What Determines the Rate and Direction of Medical Progress?
, pp. 131 - 150
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

Cheshire, T. Coronavirus: How South Korea’s track and trace system has kept death count below 500 [Internet]. Sky News. 2020. https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-how-south-koreas-track-and-trace-system-has-kept-death-count-below–500–12103124Google Scholar
Thapa, SB, Kakar, TS, Mayer, C and Khanal, D. Clinical outcomes of in-hospital cardiac arrest in COVID-19. JAMA Intern Med [Internet]. 2021 Feb 1;181(2):279281. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2771090CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vlasschaert, C, Topf, JM and Hiremath, S. Proliferation of papers and preprints during the Coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic: Progress or problems with peer review?Adv Chronic Kidney Dis [Internet]. 2020 Sep;27(5):418–26. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1548559520301191Google ScholarPubMed
Pai, M. Covidization of research: What are the risks? Nat Med [Internet]. 2020 Aug 27;26(8):1159. www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1015–0Google Scholar
National Bureau of Economic Research. The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity [Internet]. Princeton University Press; 1962. www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9781400879762/htmlGoogle Scholar
Mouzakitis, A. Modernity and the idea of progress. Front Sociol [Internet]. 2017 Mar 20;2:3. http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fsoc.2017.00003/fullGoogle Scholar
Niiniluoto, I. Scientific Progress [Internet]. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2019. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-progress/Google Scholar
Dasgupta, S. The dilemma of “progress” in science [Internet]. OUPblog. 2018. https://blog.oup.com/2018/08/the-dilemma-of-progress-in-science/Google Scholar
Owen, R, Macnaghten, P and Stilgoe, J. Responsible research and innovation:From science in society to science for society, with society. Sci Public Policy [Internet]. 2012 Dec 1;39(6):751–60. https://academic.oup.com/spp/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/scipol/scs093Google Scholar
Clauset, A, Larremore, DB and Sinatra, R. Data-driven predictions in the science of science. Science [Internet]. 2017 Feb 3;355(6324):477–80. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aal4217Google Scholar
Pielke, R. In retrospect: Science – the endless frontier. Nature [Internet]. 2010 Aug 18;466(7309):922–3. www.nature.com/articles/466922aGoogle Scholar
Bush, V. Science – The Endless Frontier. A Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research. National Science Foundation. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office; 1945.Google Scholar
Maboloc, CR. On the scientific methods of Kuhn and Popper: Implications of paradigm-shifts to development models. Philosophia (Mendoza) [Internet]. 2018 Jun 2;46(2):387–99. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11406-017-9891–3Google Scholar
Naughton, J. Thomas Kuhn: The man who changed the way the world looked at science. Guardian. 2012 Aug 19. www.theguardian.com/science/2012/aug/19/thomas-kuhn-structure-scientific-revolutionsGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, T. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press; 1996.Google Scholar
Bird, A. Thomas Kuhn. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2018. plato.stanford.edu/entries/thomas-kuhnGoogle Scholar
Fortunato, S, Bergstrom, CT, Börner, K, et al. Science of science. Science [Internet]. 2018 Mar 2;359(6379). www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao0185Google Scholar
US Investments in Medical and Health Research and Development 2013–2018 [Internet]. Research!America. 2019. www.researchamerica.org/sites/default/files/Publications/InvestmentReport2019_Fnl.pdfGoogle Scholar

Secondary Sources

Buranova, DD. The value of Avicenna’s heritage in development of modern integrative medicine in Uzbekistan. Integr Med Res [Internet]. 2015 Dec;4(4):220–4. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2213422015005296Google Scholar
Colgan, R. Advice to the Young Physician [Internet]. Boston, MA; 2010. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978–1–4419–1034–9Google Scholar
Garfield, E. Citation, Indexes for Science. Science [Internet]. 1955 Jul 15;122(3159):108–11. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.122.3159.108Google Scholar
Wouters, P. Eugene Garfield (1925–2017). Nature [Internet]. 2017 Mar 23;543(7646):492. www.nature.com/articles/543492aGoogle Scholar
Garfield, E. The evolution of the Science Citation Index. Int Microbiol. 2007. 10:6569. doi:10.2436/20.1501.01.10Google Scholar
Wallner, C. Ban impact factor manipulation. Science [Internet]. 2009 Jan 23;323(5913):461. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.323.5913.461aGoogle Scholar
Juyal, D, Thawani, V, Sayana, A and Pal, S. Impact factor: Mutation, manipulation, and distortion. J Fam Med Prim Care [Internet]. 2019;8(11):34753479. https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_515_19Google Scholar
Pan, RK and Fortunato, S. Author impact factor: Tracking the dynamics of individual scientific impact. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2015 May 12;4(1):4880. www.nature.com/articles/srep04880Google Scholar
Spicer, A. Explainer: what is an H-index and how is it calculated? The Conversation. 2015. theconversation.com/explainer-what-is-an-h-index-and-how-is-it-calculated-41162Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, J and Packalen, M. Stagnation and Scientific Incentives [Internet]. NBER:Cambridge, MA; 2020 Feb. www.nber.org/papers/w26752.pdfGoogle Scholar
Foster, JG, Rzhetsky, A and Evans, JA. Tradition and innovation in scientists’ research strategies. Am Sociol Rev [Internet]. 2015 Oct 1;80(5):875908. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0003122415601618Google Scholar
Biagioli, M. Watch out for cheats in citation game. Nature [Internet]. 2016 Jul 12;535(7611):201. www.nature.com/articles/535201aGoogle Scholar
Mallapaty, S. China bans cash rewards for publishing papers. Nature [Internet]. 2020 Mar 5;579(7797):18. www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00574–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baccini, A, De Nicolao, G and Petrovich, E. Citation gaming induced by bibliometric evaluation: A country-level comparative analysis. Bornmann, L, ed. PLoS One [Internet]. 2019 Sep 11;14(9):e0221212. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221212Google Scholar
Tiokhin, L, Yan, M and Morgan, TJH. Competition for priority harms the reliability of science, but reforms can help. Nat Hum Behav [Internet]. 2021 Jul 28;5(7):857–67. www.nature.com/articles/s41562-020-01040–1Google Scholar
Kuruvilla, S, Mays, N, Pleasant, A and Walt, G. Describing the impact of health research: A Research Impact Framework. BMC Health Serv Res [Internet]. 2006 Dec 1;6(1):134. https://bmchealthservres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1472–6963–6–134Google Scholar
Marder, E. Scientific Publishing: Beyond scoops to best practices. Elife [Internet]. 2017 Jul 11;6. https://elifesciences.org/articles/30076Google Scholar
Mejlgaard, N, Bouter, LM, Gaskell, G, et al. Research integrity: Nine ways to move from talk to walk. Nature [Internet]. 2020 Oct 15;586(7829):358–60. www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02847–8Google Scholar
Head, ML, Holman, L, Lanfear, R, et al. The extent and consequences of P-hacking in science. PLOS Biol [Internet]. 2015 Mar 13;13(3):e1002106. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002106CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkes, N. Sixty seconds on … P-hacking. BMJ [Internet]. 2018 Sep 26;k4039. www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.k4039Google Scholar
Fisher, RA. Statistical Methods and Scientific Inference. Edinburgh: Oliver & Boyd; 1956.Google Scholar
Ioannidis, JPA. What have we (not) learnt from millions of scientific papers with P values? Am Stat [Internet]. 2019 Mar 29;73(sup1):20–5. www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00031305.2018.1447512Google Scholar
Brender, J. Handbook of Evaluation Methods for Health Informatics [Internet]. Elsevier; 2006. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780123704641X5000XGoogle Scholar
Adda, J, Decker, C and Ottaviani, M. P-hacking in clinical trials and how incentives shape the distribution of results across phases. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2020 Jun 16;117(24):13386–92. www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1919906117Google Scholar
The Anturane Reinfarction Trial: Reevaluation of outcome. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 1982 Apr 22;306(16):1005–8. www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM198204223061640Google Scholar
McCloskey, A and Michaillat, P. Critical values robust to P-hacking. arXiv. 2022;doi:10.48550/arXiv.2005.04141Google Scholar
Nobel Prize facts. NobelPrize.org. 2021.Google Scholar
Petersen, AM, Fortunato, S, Pan, RK, et al. Reputation and impact in academic careers. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2014 Oct 28;111(43):15316–21. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1323111111Google Scholar
Petersen, AM, Jung, W-S, Yang, J-S, et al. Quantitative and empirical demonstration of the Matthew effect in a study of career longevity. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2011 Jan 4;108(1):1823. www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1016733108Google Scholar
Perc, M. The Matthew effect in empirical data. J R Soc Interface [Internet]. 2014 Sep 6;11(98):20140378. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2014.0378Google Scholar
Ma, Y and Uzzi, B. Scientific prize network predicts who pushes the boundaries of science. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2018 Dec 11;115(50):12608–15. www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1800485115Google Scholar
Mazloumian, A, Eom, Y-H, Helbing, D, et al. How citation boosts promote scientific paradigm shifts and Nobel Prizes. Moreno, Y, ed. PLoS One [Internet]. 2011 May 4;6(5):e18975. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0018975Google Scholar
Fortunato, S, Bergstrom, CT, Börner, K, et al. Science of science. Science [Internet]. 2018 Mar 2;359(6379). www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao0185Google Scholar
Li, J, Yin, Y, Fortunato, S, et al. Scientific elite revisited: Patterns of productivity, collaboration, authorship and impact. J R Soc Interface [Internet]. 2020 Apr 22;17(165):20200135. https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2020.0135Google Scholar
Jin, C, Ma, Y and Uzzi, B. Scientific prizes and the extraordinary growth of scientific topics. Nat Commun [Internet]. 2021 Dec 5;12(1):5619. www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-25712–2Google Scholar
Clancy, M. Building a New Research Field. New Things Under the Sun. 2022.Google Scholar
Howes, A. Why innovation prizes fail. Works in progress. 2022.Google Scholar
Krauss, L. Do the new, big-money science prizes work? [Internet]. The New Yorker. 2016. www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/do-the-new-big-money-science-prizes-workGoogle Scholar
Henrich, J, Heine, SJ and Norenzayan, A. Most people are not WEIRD. Nature [Internet]. 2010 Jul 30;466(7302):29–29. www.nature.com/articles/466029aGoogle Scholar
Arnett, JJ. The neglected 95%: Why American psychology needs to become less American. Am Psychol [Internet]. 2008;63(7):602–14. http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0003-066X.63.7.602Google Scholar
Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Policymaking Insights from Behavioral Economics. Foote, CL, Goette, L, Meier, S, eds. Boston, MA; 2009.Google Scholar
Lernmark, Å. The streetlight effect – Is there light at the end of the tunnel?: Figure 1. Diabetes [Internet]. 2015 Apr 24;64(4):1105–7. http://diabetes.diabetesjournals.org/lookup/doi/10.2337/db15–0011Google Scholar
Bewley, MA, Budd, RC, Ryan, E, et al. Opsonic phagocytosis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is enhanced by Nrf2 agonists. Am J Respir Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2018 Sep 15;198(6):739–50. www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/rccm.201705-0903OCGoogle Scholar
Sidhaye, VK and Biswal, S. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Abandoning the “streetlight effect.Am J Respir Crit Care Med [Internet]. 2018 Sep 15;198(6):697–8. www.atsjournals.org/doi/10.1164/rccm.201803-0531EDGoogle Scholar
Khamsi, R. Scientists may be using the wrong cells to study Covid-19. WIRED. 2020.Google Scholar
Waldinger, F. Bombs, brains, and science: The role of human and physical capital for the creation of scientific knowledge. Rev Econ Stat [Internet]. 2016 Dec;98(5):811–31. https://direct.mit.edu/rest/article/98/5/811-831/58619Google Scholar
Baruffaldi, S and Gaessler, F. The returns to physical capital in knowledge production: Evidence from lab disasters. SSRN Electron J [Internet]. 2021; www.ssrn.com/abstract=3912401Google Scholar
Mgbeoji, I. The juridical origins of the international patent system: Towards a historiography of the role of patents in industrialization. J Hist Int Law/Rev d’histoire du droit Int [Internet]. 2003;5(2):403–22. https://brill.com/view/journals/jhil/5/2/article-p403_7.xmlGoogle Scholar
Moser, P. How do patent laws influence innovation? Evidence from nineteenth-century world’s fairs. Am Econ Rev [Internet]. 2005 Aug 1;95(4):1214–36. https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/0002828054825501Google Scholar
Azoulay, P, Ding, W and Stuart, T. The impact of academic patenting on the rate, quality and direction of (public) research output. J Ind Econ [Internet]. 2009 Dec;57(4):637–76. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-6451.2009.00395.xGoogle Scholar
Bentwich, M. Changing the rules of the game: Addressing the conflict between free access to scientific discovery and intellectual property rights. Nat Biotechnol [Internet]. 2010 Feb;28(2):137–40. www.nature.com/articles/nbt0210–137Google Scholar
Heller, MA and Eisenberg, RS. Can patents deter innovation? The Anticommons in biomedical research. Science (80-) [Internet]. 1998 May;280(5364):698701. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.280.5364.698Google Scholar
Patents and Innovation: Trends and Policy Challenges [Internet]. OECD; 2004. www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/patents-and-innovation_9789264026728-enGoogle Scholar
Mazzucato, M and Li, HL. A market shaping approach for the biopharmaceutical industry: Governing innovation towards the public interest. J Law, Med Ethics [Internet]. 2021 Apr 21;49(1):3949. www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S1073110521000085/type/journal_articleGoogle Scholar
Williams, H. Intellectual Property Rights and Innovation: Evidence from the Human Genome [Internet]. Cambridge, MA; 2010 Jul. www.nber.org/papers/w16213.pdfGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murray, F, Aghion, P, Dewatripont, M, et al. Of Mice and Academics: Examining the Effect of Openness on Innovation [Internet]. Cambridge, MA; 2009 Mar. www.nber.org/papers/w14819.pdfGoogle Scholar
History.com Editors. MDMA. History 2017.www.history.com/topics/crime/history-of-mdmaGoogle Scholar
Andreae, MH, Rhodes, E, Bourgoise, T, et al. An ethical exploration of barriers to research on controlled drugs. Am J Bioeth [Internet]. 2016 Apr 2;16(4):3647. www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/15265161.2016.1145282Google Scholar
Nutt, DJ, King, LA and Nichols, DE. New victims of current drug laws. Nat Rev Neurosci [Internet]. 2013 Dec 23;14(12):877 www.nature.com/articles/nrn3530–c2Google Scholar
Mitchell, JM, Bogenschutz, M, Lilienstein, A, et al. MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Nat Med [Internet]. 2021 Jun 10;27(6):1025–33. www.nature.com/articles/s41591-021-01336–3Google Scholar
End the ban on psychoactive drug research [Internet]. Scientific American. 2014. www.scientificamerican.com/article/end-the-ban-on-psychoactive-drug-research/Google Scholar
Joint evaluation of Regulation (EC) No 1901/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2006 on medicinal products for paediatric use and Regulation (EC) No 141/2000 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 1999 o [Internet]. Brussels; 2020. https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/default/files/files/paediatrics/docs/orphan-regulation_eval_swd_2020-163_part-1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Sakushima, K, Takeda, H and Aoi, Y. Orphan drug designation and development in Japan: 25 years of experience and assessment. Nat Rev Drug Discov [Internet]. 2021 Dec 15;20(12):893–4. www.nature.com/articles/d41573-021-00045–3Google Scholar
Marselis, D and Hordijk, L. From blockbuster to “nichebuster”: How a flawed legislation helped create a new profit model for the drug industry. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 Jul 28;m2983. www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.m2983Google Scholar
Scannell, JW, Blanckley, A, Boldon, H, et al. Diagnosing the decline in pharmaceutical R&D efficiency. Nat Rev Drug Discov [Internet]. 2012 Mar 1;11(3):191200. www.nature.com/articles/nrd3681Google Scholar
Wuchty, S, Jones, BF and Uzzi, B. The increasing dominance of teams in production of knowledge. Science (80-) [Internet]. 2007 May 18;316(5827):1036–9. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1136099Google Scholar
Fortunato, S, Bergstrom, CT, Börner, K, et al. Science of science. Science (80-) [Internet]. 2018 Mar 2;359(6379). www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aao0185Google Scholar
Azoulay, P, Zivin, JSG and Wang, J. Superstar extinction. Q J Econ [Internet]. 2010 May;125(2):549–89. https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-lookup/doi/10.1162/qjec.2010.125.2.549Google Scholar
Wu, L, Wang, D and Evans, JA. Large teams develop and small teams disrupt science and technology. Nature [Internet]. 2019 Feb 13;566(7744):378–82. www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-0941–9Google Scholar
Azoulay, P. Small research teams “disrupt” science more radically than large ones. Nature [Internet]. 2019 Feb 13;566(7744):330–2. www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-00350–3Google Scholar
Girotra, K, Terwiesch, C and Ulrich, KT. Idea generation and the quality of the best idea. Manage Sci [Internet]. 2010 Apr;56(4):591605. http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/abs/10.1287/mnsc.1090.1144Google Scholar
Xu, F, Wu, L and Evans, J. Flat teams drive scientific innovation. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2022 Jun 7;119(23). https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2200927119Google Scholar
Thomas, EG, Jayabalasingham, B, Collins, T, et al. Gender disparities in invited comm-entary authorship in 2459 medical journals. JAMA Netw Open [Internet]. 2019 Oct 23;2(10):e1913682. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2753395Google Scholar
Morgan, AC, Way, SF, Hoefer, MJD, et al. The unequal impact of parenthood in academia. Sci Adv [Internet]. 2021 Feb 24;7(9). www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abd1996Google Scholar
Witteman, HO, Hendricks, M, Straus, S, et al. Are gender gaps due to evaluations of the applicant or the science? A natural experiment at a national funding agency. Lancet [Internet]. 2019 Feb;393(10171):531–40. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618326114Google Scholar
Sugimoto, CR, Ahn, Y-Y, Smith, E, et al. Factors affecting sex-related reporting in medical research: A cross-disciplinary bibliometric analysis. Lancet [Internet]. 2019 Feb;393(10171):550–9. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673618329957Google Scholar
Koning, R, Samila, S and Ferguson, J-P. Female inventors and inventions. SSRN Electron J [Internet]. 2019; www.ssrn.com/abstract=3401889Google Scholar
Yang, Y, Tian, TY, Woodruff, TK, et al. Gender-diverse teams produce more novel and higher-impact scientific ideas. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2022 Sep 6;119(36). https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2200841119Google Scholar
Cheng, W and Weinberg, B. Marginalized and Overlooked? Minoritized Groups and the Adoption of New Scientific Ideas [Internet]. Cambridge, MA; 2021 Aug. www.nber.org/papers/w29179.pdfGoogle Scholar
Kitcher, P. Science in a Democratic Society. Prometheus Books; 2011.Google Scholar
Bhakuni, H and Abimbola, S. Epistemic injustice in academic global health. Lancet Glob Heal [Internet]. 2021 Oct;9(10):e1465–70. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2214109X21003016Google Scholar
Harris, M, Marti, J, Watt, H, et al. Explicit bias toward high-income-country research: A randomized, blinded, crossover experiment of English clinicians. Health Aff [Internet]. 2017 Nov;36(11):19972004. www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2017.0773Google Scholar
Wahls, WP. Biases in grant proposal success rates, funding rates and award sizes affect the geographical distribution of funding for biomedical research. PeerJ [Internet]. 2016 Apr 11;4:e1917. https://peerj.com/articles/1917Google Scholar
Azoulay, P, Graff Zivin, JS and Sampat, BN. The Diffusion of Scientific Knowledge across Time and Space. In: The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity Revisited [Internet]. University of Chicago Press; 107–55. http://chicago.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7208/chicago/9780226473062.001.0001/upso-9780226473031-chapter–6Google Scholar
Gruber, J, Johnson, S and Moretti, E. Place-based productivity and costs in science. NBER. 2022. Report No.: 30416.Google Scholar
Banal-Estañol, A, Macho-Stadler, I and Pérez-Castrillo, D. Evaluation in research funding agencies: Are structurally diverse teams biased against? Res Policy [Internet]. 2019 Sep;48(7):1823–40. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S004873331930099XGoogle Scholar
Myers, K. The Direction of Biomedical Science. 2016. (Value of Medical Research).www.nber.org/sites/default/files/2022-09/WhitePaper-Myers11.28.2016.pdfGoogle Scholar
Romer, P. Should the Government Subsidize Supply or Demand in the Market for Scientists and Engineers? [Internet]. Cambridge, MA; 2000 Jun. www.nber.org/papers/w7723.pdfGoogle Scholar
Arrow, KJ and Capron, WM. Dynamic shortages and price rises: The engineer-scientist case. Q J Econ [Internet]. 1959 May;73(2):292. https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/1883726Google Scholar
Goolsbee, A. Does Government R&D Policy Mainly Benefit Scientists and Engineers? [Internet]. Cambridge, MA; 1998 Apr. www.nber.org/papers/w6532.pdfGoogle Scholar
Jones, BF. The burden of knowledge and the “death of the renaissance man”: Is innovation getting harder? Rev Econ Stud [Internet]. 2009 Jan;76(1):283317. https://academic.oup.com/restud/article-lookup/doi/10.1111/j.1467-937X.2008.00531.xGoogle Scholar
Alberts, B, Kirschner, MW, Tilghman, S, et al. Rescuing US biomedical research from its systemic flaws. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2014 Apr 22;111(16):5773–7. https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1404402111Google Scholar
Freeman, R and Van Reenen, J. What if congress doubled R&D spending on the physical sciences? Innov Policy Econ [Internet]. 2009 Jan;9:138. www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/592419Google Scholar
Mason, JL, Johnston, E, Berndt, S, et al. Labor and skills gap analysis of the biomedical research workforce. FASEB J [Internet]. 2016 Aug 13;30(8):2673–83. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fj.201500067 RGoogle Scholar
Simoneschi, D. We need to improve the welfare of life science trainees. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2021 Jan 5;118(1). https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.2024143118Google Scholar
Gewin, V. Has the “great resignation” hit academia? Nature [Internet]. 2022 Jun 2;606(7912):211–3. www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-01512–6Google Scholar
Langin, K. As professors struggle to recruit postdocs, calls for structural change in academia intensify. Science. 2022; Vol 376, Issue 6600.Google Scholar
Cyranoski, D, Gilbert, N, Ledford, H, et al. Education: The PhD factory. Nature [Internet]. 2011 Apr 20;472(7343):276–9. www.nature.com/articles/472276aGoogle Scholar
Lambert, WM, Wells, MT, Cipriano, MF, et al. Career choices of underrepresented and female postdocs in the biomedical sciences. Elife [Internet]. 2020 Jan 3;9. https://elifesciences.org/articles/48774Google Scholar
Gibbs, KD, McGready, J, Bennett, JC, et al. Biomedical science Ph.D. Career interest patterns by race/ethnicity and gender. Launois, P, ed. PLoS One [Internet]. 2014 Dec 10;9(12):e114736. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0114736Google Scholar
Budget [Internet]. National Institutes of Health. 2020. www.nih.gov/about-nih/what-we-do/budgetGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y, Jones, BF and Wang, D. Early-career setback and future career impact. Nat Commun [Internet]. 2019 Dec 1;10(1):4331. www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-12189–3Google Scholar
Ray, D. “Red and expert” and China’s Cultural Revolution. Pac Aff [Internet]. 1970;43(1):22. www.jstor.org/stable/2753832?origin=crossrefGoogle Scholar
Kshetri, N. Forces shaping the development of the Chinese technology workforce. In: The Rapidly Transforming Chinese High-Technology Industry and Market [Internet]. Elsevier; 2008. 89106. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9781843344643500064Google Scholar
Freeman, R and Huang, W. China’s “Great Leap Forward” in Science and Engineering [Internet]. Cambridge, MA; 2015 Apr. www.nber.org/papers/w21081.pdfGoogle Scholar
Tollefson, J. China declared world’s largest producer of scientific articles. Nature [Internet]. 2018 Jan 18;553(7689):390. www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-00927–4Google Scholar
Xie, Y, Zhang, C and Lai, Q. China’s rise as a major contributor to science and technology. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2014 Jul 1;111(26):9437–42. www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1407709111Google Scholar
Shi, Y and Rao, Y. China’s research culture. Science (80-) [Internet]. 2010 Sep 3;329(5996):1128. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1196916Google Scholar
Xin, H. Defying Critics, China’s Science Ministry defends research culture. Science. 2010.Google Scholar
Ministry of Science and Technology. Ministry of Science and Technology responds to Shi Yigong and Rao Yi’s “Science” editorial [Internet]. Science Network. 2010. https://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2010/11/239907.shtmGoogle Scholar
Kaiser, J. NIH uncovers racial disparity in grant awards. Science (80-) [Internet]. 2011 Aug 19;333(6045):925–6. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.333.6045.925Google Scholar
Cole, S, Cole, JR and Simon, GA. Chance and consensus in peer review. Science (80-) [Internet]. 1981 Nov 20;214(4523):881–6. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.7302566Google Scholar
Bromham, L, Dinnage, R and Hua, X. Interdisciplinary research has consistently lower funding success. Nature [Internet]. 2016 Jun 30;534(7609):684–7. www.nature.com/articles/nature18315Google Scholar
Boudreau, KJ, Guinan, EC, Lakhani, KR, et al. Looking across and looking beyond the knowledge frontier: Intellectual distance, novelty, and resource allocation in science. Manage Sci [Internet]. 2016 Sep;62(10):2765–83. http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2285Google Scholar
Lane, JN, Teplitskiy, M, Gray, G, et al. Conservatism gets funded? A field experiment on the role of negative information in novel project evaluation. Manage Sci [Internet]. 2021 Oct 28; http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2021.4107Google Scholar
Day, TE. The big consequences of small biases: A simulation of peer review. Res Policy [Internet]. 2015 Jul;44(6):1266–70. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733315000086Google Scholar
Callier, V. A little bias in peer review scores can translate into big money, simulation finds [Internet]. Science Magazine. 2015. www.science.org/content/article/little-bias-peer-review-scores-can-translate-big-money-simulation-findsGoogle Scholar
Allison, PD, Long, JS and Krauze, TK. Cumulative advantage and inequality in science. Am Sociol Rev [Internet]. 1982 Oct;47(5):615. www.jstor.org/stable/2095162?origin=crossrefGoogle Scholar
Bol, T, de Vaan, M and van de Rijt, A. The Matthew effect in science funding. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2018 May 8;115(19):4887–90. www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1719557115Google Scholar
Madsen, EB and Aagaard, K. Concentration of Danish research funding on individual researchers and research topics: Patterns and potential drivers. Quant Sci Stud [Internet]. 2020 Aug;1(3):1159–81. https://direct.mit.edu/qss/article/1/3/1159-1181/96125Google Scholar
Nimgaonkar, A, Mughal, AY, Heimer, H, et al. Exploring static and dynamic relationships between burden of disease and research funding in the United States. Heal Res Policy Syst [Internet]. 2022 Dec 3;20(1):60. https://health-policy-systems.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12961-022-00837–yGoogle Scholar
Aagaard, K, Kladakis, A and Nielsen, MW. Concentration or dispersal of research funding? Quant Sci Stud [Internet]. 2019 Aug 29;133. https://direct.mit.edu/qss/article/1/1/117-149/15557Google Scholar
Chu, JSG and Evans, JA. Slowed canonical progress in large fields of science. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2021 Oct 12;118(41):e2021636118. www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2021636118Google Scholar
Katz, Y and Matter, U. Metrics of inequality: The concentration of resources in the US biomedical elite. Sci Cult (Lond) [Internet]. 2020 Oct 1;29(4):475502. www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09505431.2019.1694882Google Scholar
Hu, AGZ. Public funding and the ascent of Chinese science: Evidence from the National Natural Science Foundation of China. Res Policy [Internet]. 2020 Jun;49(5):103983. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733320300639Google Scholar
Mongeon, P, Brodeur, C, Beaudry, C, et al. Concentration of research funding leads to decreasing marginal returns. Res Eval [Internet]. 2016 Mar 25;rvw007. https://academic.oup.com/rev/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/reseval/rvw007Google Scholar
Fang, FC and Casadevall, A. Research funding: The case for a modified lottery. MBio [Internet]. 2016 May 4;7(2). https://journals.asm.org/doi/10.1128/mBio.00422–16Google Scholar
Liu, M, Choy, V, Clarke, P, et al. The acceptability of using a lottery to allocate research funding: a survey of applicants. Res Integr Peer Rev [Internet]. 2020 Dec 3;5(1):3. https://researchintegrityjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s41073-019-0089–zGoogle Scholar
Edgerton, D. Lessons from the Past – Why Our Current Understanding of UK Research Policy Is Wrong. LSE BLogs. 2019.Google Scholar
Azoulay, P, Graff Zivin, JS, Li, D, et al. Public R&D investments and private-sector patenting: Evidence from NIH funding rules. Rev Econ Stud [Internet]. 2019 Jan 1;86(1):117–52. https://academic.oup.com/restud/article/86/1/117/5038510Google Scholar
Azoulay, P and Li, D. Scientific Grant Funding [Internet]. Cambridge, MA; 2020 Mar. www.nber.org/papers/w26889.pdfGoogle Scholar
Mazzucato, M. Rethinking value in health innovation: From mystifications towards prescriptions. 2017. Report No.: IIPP WP 2017–04.Google Scholar
Sampat, BN and Lichtenberg, FR. What are the respective roles of the public and private sectors in pharmaceutical innovation?Health Aff [Internet]. 2011 Feb;30(2):332–9. www.healthaffairs.org/doi/10.1377/hlthaff.2009.0917Google Scholar
Galkina Cleary, E, Beierlein, JM, Khanuja, NS, et al. Contribution of NIH funding to new drug approvals 2010–2016. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2018 Mar 6;115(10):2329–34. https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1715368115Google Scholar
Myers, K. The Direction of Biomedical Science. 2016. (Value of Medical Research).Google Scholar
Sussex, J, Feng, Y, Mestre-Ferrandiz, J, et al. Quantifying the economic impact of government and charity funding of medical research on private research and development funding in the United Kingdom. BMC Med [Internet]. 2016 Dec 24;14(1):32. www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/14/32Google Scholar
Research, Innovation, and Science Policy Experts (RISE). Value of Research [Internet]. Brussels; 2015. https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/60_-_rise-value_of_research-june15_1.pdfGoogle Scholar
Science funding: Championing research in tough times. Nat Cell Biol [Internet]. 2012 May 2;14(5):439–439. www.nature.com/articles/ncb2499Google Scholar
Eisenstein, M. Assessment: Academic return. Nature [Internet]. 2016 May 5;533(7601):S20–1. www.nature.com/articles/533S20aGoogle Scholar
Caulfield, T and Ogbogu, U. The commercialization of university-based research: Balancing risks and benefits. BMC Med Ethics [Internet]. 2015 Dec 14;16(1):70. http://bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12910-015-0064–2Google Scholar
Blumenthal, D, Campbell, EG, Causino, N, et al. Participation of life-science faculty in research relationships with industry. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 1996 Dec 5;335(23):1734–9. www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM199612053352305Google Scholar
So, AD, Sampat, BN, Rai, AK, et al. Is Bayh-Dole good for developing countries? Lessons from the US experience. PLoS Biol [Internet]. 2008 Oct 28;6(10):e262. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0060262Google Scholar
Mazzucato, M and Li, HL. The Entrepreneurial State and public options: Socialising risks and rewards [Internet]. 2020. (IIPP WP 2020–20). www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/wp2020–20Google Scholar
Murray, F. Evaluating the Role of Science Philanthropy in American Research Universities [Internet]. Cambridge, MA; 2012 Jun. www.nber.org/papers/w18146.pdfGoogle Scholar
Feldman, M, Kongsted, H and Tartari, V. The Demand for Science Funding. In: DRUID19. Copenhagen; 2019.Google Scholar
Shekhtman, LM, Gates, AJ and Barabási, A-L. Mapping philanthropic support of science. 2022 Jun 9; https://arxiv.org/abs/2206.10661Google Scholar
Kundu, O and Matthews, NE. The role of charitable funding in university research. Sci Public Policy [Internet]. 2019 Aug 1;46(4):611–9. https://academic.oup.com/spp/article/46/4/611/5418575Google Scholar
Michael, J. Fox Takes the Stage as the Foundation’s Annual #FoxGala Celebrates $1.5 Billion in Research Funded [Internet]. The Michael J. Fox Foundation. 2021. www.michaeljfox.org/news/michael-j-fox-takes-stage-foundations-annual-foxgala-celebrates-15-billion-research-fundedGoogle Scholar
Merton, RK. The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations. Storer, N, ed. University of Chicago Press; 1973.Google Scholar
Eisenstadter, I. Foundations could allocate money more productively. Nature [Internet]. 2010 Mar 3;464(7285):31–31. www.nature.com/articles/464031cGoogle Scholar
Madsen, EB and Aagaard, K. Concentration of Danish research funding on individual researchers and research topics: Patterns and potential drivers. Quant Sci Stud [Internet]. 2020 Aug;1(3):1159–81. https://direct.mit.edu/qss/article/1/3/1159-1181/96125Google Scholar
Bourne, HR. Opinion: Expansion fever and soft money plague the biomedical research enterprise. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2018 Aug 28;115(35):8647–51. www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1813115115Google Scholar
Korn, D, Rich, RR, Garrison, HH, et al. The NIH budget in the “postdoubling” era. Science (80-) [Internet]. 2002 May 24;296(5572):1401–2. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1072486Google Scholar
Ottaviani, M. Grantmaking [Internet]. Milano; 2020. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3723581Google Scholar
Levitt, M and Levitt, JM. Future of fundamental discovery in US biomedical research. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2017 Jun 20;114(25):6498–503. www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1609996114Google Scholar
Nosengo, N. Can you teach old drugs new tricks? Nature [Internet]. 2016 Jun 14;534(7607):314–6. www.nature.com/articles/534314aGoogle Scholar
Angell, M. Big Pharma, Bad Medicine. Boston Review. 2009.Google Scholar
Loise, V and Stevens, AJ. The Bayh-Dole Act turns 30. Sci Transl Med [Internet]. 2010 Oct 6;2(52). www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.3001481Google Scholar
Ku, MS. Recent trends in specialty pharma business model. J Food Drug Anal [Internet]. 2015 Dec;23(4):595608. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1021949815000575Google Scholar
Arora, A, Belenzon, S, Patacconi, A, et al. The changing structure of American innovation: Some cautionary remarks for economic growth. Innov Policy Econ [Internet]. 2020 Dec;20:3993. www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/705638Google Scholar
Naci, H, Carter, AW, Mossialos, E. Why the drug development pipeline is not delivering better medicines. BMJ [Internet]. 2015 Oct 23;h5542. www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.h5542Google Scholar
Krieger, J, Li, D and Papanikolaou, D. Missing Novelty in Drug Development [Internet]. Cambridge, MA; 2018 May. www.nber.org/papers/w24595.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bryan, KA, Lemus, J and Marshall, G. R&D competition and the direction of innovation. Int J Ind Organ [Internet]. 2022 May;82:102841. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167718722000170Google Scholar
Wellcome Trust. Why is it so hard to develop new antibiotics? [Internet]. 2020. https://wellcome.org/news/why-is-it-so-hard-develop-new-antibioticsGoogle Scholar
Dall, C. Achaogen bankruptcy raises worry over antibiotic pipeline. CIDRAP News. 2019.Google Scholar
Dall, C. Antibiotic developer Melinta files for bankruptcy [Internet]. CIDRAP News. 2019. www.cidrap.umn.edu/news-perspective/2019/12/antibiotic-developer-melinta-files-bankruptcyGoogle Scholar
Rotman, D. We’re not prepared for the end of Moore’s Law. MIT Technology Review. 2020.Google Scholar
Rea, PA, Pauly, MV and Burns, LR. Managing Discovery in the Life Sciences [Internet]. Cambridge University Press; 2018. www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9781316459263/type/bookGoogle Scholar
Scannell, JW, Blanckley, A, Boldon, H, et al. Diagnosing the decline in pharmaceutical R&D efficiency. Nat Rev Drug Discov [Internet]. 2012 Mar 1;11(3):191200. http://www.nature.com/articles/nrd3681Google Scholar
Ringel, MS, Scannell, JW, Baedeker, M, et al. Breaking Eroom’s Law. Nat Rev Drug Discov [Internet]. 2020 Dec 16;19(12):833–4. www.nature.com/articles/d41573-020-00059–3Google Scholar
Wu, Q, Liu, J, Wang, X, et al. Organ-on-a-chip: Recent breakthroughs and future prospects. Biomed Eng Online [Internet]. 2020 Dec 12;19(1):9. https://biomedical-engineering-online.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12938-020-0752–0Google Scholar
Morgan, P, Brown, DG, Lennard, S, et al. Impact of a five-dimensional framework on R&D productivity at AstraZeneca. Nat Rev Drug Discov [Internet]. 2018 Mar 19;17(3):167–81. www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2017.244Google Scholar
Nguyen, PA, Born, DA, Deaton, AM, et al. Phenotypes associated with genes encoding drug targets are predictive of clinical trial side effects. Nat Commun [Internet]. 2019 Dec 5;10(1):1579. www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09407–3Google Scholar
King, EA, Davis, JW and Degner, JF. Are drug targets with genetic support twice as likely to be approved? Revised estimates of the impact of genetic support for drug mechanisms on the probability of drug approval. Marchini, J, ed. PLOS Genet [Internet]. 2019 Dec 12;15(12):e1008489. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1008489Google Scholar
Dewey, FE, Gusarova, V, Dunbar, RL, et al. Genetic and Pharmacologic Inactivation of ANGPTL3 and Cardiovascular Disease. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2017 Jul 20;377(3):211–21. www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1612790Google Scholar
Agarwal, R and Gaule, P. What drives innovation? Lessons from COVID-19 R&D. J Health Econ [Internet]. 2022 Mar;82:102591. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016762962200011XGoogle Scholar
Lo, AW. Can financial economics cure cancer? Atl Econ J [Internet]. 2021 Mar 1;49(1):321. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11293-021-09704–7Google Scholar
Pushpakom, S, Iorio, F, Eyers, PA et al. Drug repurposing: Progress, challenges and recommendations. Nat Rev Drug Discov [Internet]. 2019 Jan 12;18(1):4158. www.nature.com/articles/nrd.2018.168Google Scholar
Azoulay, P, Li, D. Scientific Grant Funding [Internet]. Cambridge, MA; 2020 Mar. www.nber.org/papers/w26889.pdfGoogle Scholar
UCL Institute for Innovation and Public Purpose. The people’s prescription: Re-imagining health innovation to deliver public value [Internet]. 2018. www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/public-purpose/sites/public-purpose/files/peoples_prescription_report_final_online.pdfGoogle Scholar
Yoshinori Ohsumi Nobel Lecture [Internet]. The Nobel Prize; 2016. www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2016/ohsumi/lecture/Google Scholar
Aitkenhead, D. Peter Higgs: I wouldn’t be productive enough for today’s academic system. The Guardian. 2013.Google Scholar
Burns, LR and Rea, PA. Organizing Discovery: Wild Ducks Nested in Multilevel Ecosystems. In: Managing Discovery in the Life Sciences [Internet]. Cambridge University Press; 449–89. www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781316459263A036/type/book_partGoogle Scholar
Csikszentmihalyi, M. Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention. Harper Perennial; 2013.Google Scholar
Is it true that creativity resides in the right hemisphere of the brain? Scientific American. 1998.Google Scholar
Amabile, TM. The social psychology of creativity: A componential conceptualization. J Pers Soc Psychol [Internet]. 1983;45(2):357–76. http://content.apa.org/journals/psp/45/2/357Google Scholar
Manso, G. Motivating innovation. J Finance [Internet]. 2011 Oct;66(5):1823–60. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2011.01688.xGoogle Scholar
Packalen, M and Bhattacharya, J. NIH funding and the pursuit of edge science. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2020 Jun 2;117(22):12011–6. www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1910160117Google Scholar
Packalen, M. Edge factors: Scientific frontier positions of nations. Scientometrics [Internet]. 2019 Mar 4;118(3):787808. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11192-018-2991–4Google Scholar
Antonoyiannakis, M, Hemmelskamp, J and Kafatos, FC. The European Research Council takes flight. Cell [Internet]. 2009 Mar;136(5):805–9. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0092867409002074Google Scholar
Veugelers, R, Wang, J and Stephan, P. Do Funding Agencies Select and Enable Risky Research: Evidence from ERC Using Novelty as a Proxy of Risk Taking [Internet]. Cambridge, MA; 2022 Aug. www.nber.org/papers/w30320.pdfGoogle Scholar
Boudreau, KJ, Guinan, EC, Lakhani, KR, et al. Looking across and looking beyond the knowledge frontier: Intellectual distance, novelty, and resource allocation in science. Manage Sci [Internet]. 2016 Sep;62(10):2765–83. http://pubsonline.informs.org/doi/10.1287/mnsc.2015.2285Google Scholar
Ohniwa, RL and Hibino, A. Generating process of emerging topics in the life sciences. Scientometrics [Internet]. 2019 Dec 12;121(3):1549–61. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11192-019-03248–zGoogle Scholar
Azoulay, P, Graff Zivin, JS and Manso, G. Incentives and creativity: Evidence from the academic life sciences. RAND J Econ [Internet]. 2011 Sep;42(3):527–54. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1756-2171.2011.00140.xGoogle Scholar
Azoulay, P, Graff Zivin, JS and Manso, G. National Institutes of Health Peer Review: Challenges and avenues for reform. Innov Policy Econ [Internet]. 2013 Jan;13:122. www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/668237Google Scholar
Wilhelm, M. Truly Legendary Freedom: Funding, Incentives, and the Productivity of Scientists. NBER; 2019.conference.nber.org/conf_papers/f121384.pdfGoogle Scholar
Sinkjær, T. Fund ideas, not pedigree, to find fresh insight. Nature [Internet]. 2018 Mar 6;555(7695):143. www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-02743–2Google Scholar
Ronai, I and Griffiths, PE. The case for basic biological research. Trends Mol Med [Internet]. 2019 Feb;25(2):65–9. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1471491418302272Google Scholar
Dijkgraaf, R. Curiosity-Driven Knowledge Is a Vital Form of Infrastructure [Internet]. Scientific American. 2017. www.scientificamerican.com/article/curiosity-driven-knowledge-is-a-vital-form-of-infrastructure/Google Scholar
Altman, L. Rare cancer seen in 41 homosexuals. The New York Times [Internet]. 1981 Jul 3; www.nytimes.com/1981/07/03/us/rare-cancer-seen-in-41-homosexuals.htmlGoogle Scholar
Sienkiewicz, D and Lingen C van. The added value of patient organizations [Internet]. 2017. www.eu-patient.eu/globalassets/library/publications/epf_added_value_report_final.pdfGoogle Scholar
Roehr, B. Larry Kramer: Author and founding father of AIDS activism. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 Jun 12;m2300. www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.m2300Google Scholar
Woubshet, D. Let the Record Show Is an Essential Story of the AIDS Movement [Internet]. The Atlantic. 2021. www.theatlantic.com/books/archive/2021/11/sarah-schulman-let-record-show-aids-activism/620753/Google Scholar
Bix, AS. Diseases chasing money and power: Breast cancer and AIDS activism challenging authority. J Policy Hist [Internet]. 1997 Jan 14;9(1):532. www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0898030600005807/type/journal_articleGoogle Scholar
Visco, F. Breast cancer advocacy and public policy. Washingt Univ J Law Policy [Internet]. 2005;19. https://openscholarship.wustl.edu/law_journal_law_policy/vol19/iss1/7Google Scholar
Best, RK. Disease politics and medical research funding. Am Sociol Rev [Internet]. 2012 Oct 30;77(5):780803. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0003122412458509Google Scholar
Armstrong, EM, Carpenter, DP and Hojnacki, M. Whose deaths matter? Mortality, advocacy, and attention to disease in the mass media. J Health Polit Policy Law [Internet]. 2006 Aug;31(4):729–72. https://read.dukeupress.edu/jhppl/article/31/4/729-772/77240Google Scholar
Rose, SL, Highland, J, Karafa, MT, et al. Patient advocacy organizations, industry funding, and conflicts of interest. JAMA Intern Med [Internet]. 2017 Mar 1;177(3):344. http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamainternmed.2016.8443Google Scholar
Fabbri, A, Parker, L, Colombo, C, et al. Industry funding of patient and health consumer organisations: Systematic review with meta-analysis. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 Jan 22;l6925. www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.l6925Google Scholar
Bruno, B and Rose, S. Corporate sponsorship of patient groups. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 Jan 22;m168. www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.m168Google Scholar
McCoy, MS, Carniol, M, Chockley, K, et al. Conflicts of interest for patient-advocacy organizations. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2017 Mar 2;376(9):880–5. www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMsr1610625Google Scholar
Moynihan, R, Albarqouni, L, Nangla, C, et al. Financial ties between leaders of influential US professional medical associations and industry: Cross sectional study. BMJ [Internet]. 2020 May 27;m1505. www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.m1505Google Scholar
Nissen, SE and Wolski, K. Effect of Rosiglitazone on the Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Death from Cardiovascular Causes. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 2007 Jun 14;356(24):2457–71. www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/nejmoa072761Google Scholar
Wang, AT, McCoy, CP, Murad, MH, et al. Association between industry affiliation and position on cardiovascular risk with rosiglitazone: Cross sectional systematic review. BMJ [Internet]. 2010 Mar 18;340(mar18 1):c1344–c1344. www.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/bmj.c1344Google Scholar
Big Pharma lobby group spent record amount as reform push grows [Internet]. Bloomberg. 2019. www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-22/big-pharma-lobby-group-spent-record-amount-as-reform-push-growsGoogle Scholar
European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) [Internet]. LobbyFacts.eu. 2021. https://lobbyfacts.eu/representative/0e0020135cfc4775bb5a4bd0313b120d/european-federation-of-pharmaceutical-industries-and-associationsGoogle Scholar
Sekerka, L and Benishek, L. Thick as thieves? Big Pharma wields its power with the help of government regulation. Emory Corp Gov Account Rev [Internet]. 2018;113. https://scholarlycommons.law.emory.edu/ecgar/vol5/iss2/4/Google Scholar
Strategic Research Agenda [Internet]. Innovative Medicines Initiative. 2021. www.imi.europa.eu/about-imi/strategic-research-agendaGoogle Scholar
Corporate Europe Observatory. Agrofuels and the EU research budget: Public funding for private interests [Internet]. 2009. https://corporateeurope.org/sites/default/files/sites/default/files/files/article/agrofuel_eu_research_2009.pdfGoogle Scholar
IMI Research Diverges from WHO Goals [Internet]. Spiegel International. 2015. www.spiegel.de/international/business/imi-research-diverges-from-who-goals-a-1025572.htmlGoogle Scholar
European Partnership on Innovative Health. Proposal for a Council Regulation establishing the Joint Undertakings under Horizon Europe [Internet]. Brussels; 2021. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/resource.html?uri=cellar:9f0e350e-75de-11eb-9ac9-01aa75ed71a1.0001.02/DOC_5&format=PDFGoogle Scholar
Hegde, D and Mowery, DC. Politics and funding in the US public biomedical R&D system. Science [Internet]. 2008 Dec 19;322(5909):1797–8. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1158562Google Scholar
Pedersen, DB and Hendricks, VF. Science bubbles. Philos Technol [Internet]. 2014 Dec 18;27(4):503–18. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s13347-013-0142–7Google Scholar
Banks, M. The one billion euro brain. Horizon: The EU Research & Innovation Magazine. 2013.Google Scholar
Rzhetsky, A, Foster, JG, Foster, IT, et al. Choosing experiments to accelerate collective discovery. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2015 Nov 24;112(47):14569–74. https://pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1509757112Google Scholar
Foster, JG, Rzhetsky, A and Evans, JA. Tradition and innovation in scientists’ research strategies. Am Sociol Rev [Internet]. 2015 Oct 1;80(5):875908. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0003122415601618Google Scholar
Miyajima, T and Yamaguchi, H. I want to but I won’t: Pluralistic ignorance inhibits intentions to take paternity leave in Japan. Front Psychol [Internet]. 2017 Sep 20;8. http://journal.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01508/fullGoogle Scholar
Flack, HD. Louis Pasteur’s discovery of molecular chirality and spontaneous resolution in 1848, together with a complete review of his crystallographic and chemical work. Acta Crystallogr Sect A Found Crystallogr [Internet]. 2009 Sep 1;65(5):371–89. http://scripts.iucr.org/cgi-bin/paper?S0108767309024088Google Scholar
Our History [Internet]. The Institut Pasteur. www.pasteur.fr/en/institut-pasteur/historyGoogle Scholar
Pasteur, Louis. Science History Institute. 2021.Google Scholar
Jia, T, Wang, D and Szymanski, BK. Quantifying patterns of research-interest evolution. Nat Hum Behav [Internet]. 2017 Apr 20;1(4):0078. www.nature.com/articles/s41562-017–0078Google Scholar
Motz, L and Weaver, JH. The Newtonian Era. In: The Story of Astronomy [Internet]. Boston, MA: Springer US; 1995. 107–28. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-1-4899-6309-3_8Google Scholar
The, Myers K. Elasticity of Science. SSRN Electron J [Internet]. 2018; www.ssrn.com/abstract=3176991Google Scholar
Hill, R, Yin, Y, Stein, C, et al. Adaptability and the pivot penalty in science. arXiv [Internet]. 2021; https://arxiv.org/abs/2107.06476Google Scholar
Kelchtermans, S, Neicu, D and Veugelers, R. Off the beaten path: what drives scientists’ entry into new fields? Ind Corp Chang [Internet]. 2021 Sep 11; https://academic.oup.com/icc/advance-article/doi/10.1093/icc/dtab054/6368419Google Scholar
Acemoglu, D and Linn, J. Market size in innovation: Theory and evidence from the pharmaceutical industry. Q J Econ [Internet]. 2004 Aug 1;119(3):1049–90. https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-lookup/doi/10.1162/0033553041502144Google Scholar
Finkelstein, A. Static and dynamic effects of health policy: Evidence from the vaccine industry. Q J Econ [Internet]. 2004 May 1;119(2):527–64. https://academic.oup.com/qje/article-lookup/doi/10.1162/0033553041382166Google Scholar
Clancy, M. Medicine and the limits of market driven innovation. New Things Under the Sun. 2021.Google Scholar
Dubois, P, de Mouzon, O, Scott‐Morton, F, et al. Market size and pharmaceutical innovation. RAND J Econ [Internet]. 2015 Oct 26;46(4):844–71. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1756–2171.12113Google Scholar
Dranove, D, Garthwaite, C and Hermosilla, M. Expected Profits and The Scientific Novelty of Innovation [Internet]. Cambridge, MA; 2020 May. www.nber.org/papers/w27093.pdfGoogle Scholar
Byrski, D, Gaessler, F and Higgins, M. Market Size and Research: Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry [Internet]. Cambridge, MA; 2021 May. www.nber.org/papers/w28858.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bryan, KA, Lemus, J and Marshall, G. R&D competition and the direction of innovation. Int J Ind Organ [Internet]. 2022 May;82:102841. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167718722000170Google Scholar
Agarwal, R and Gaule, P. What drives innovation? Lessons from COVID-19 R&D. J Health Econ [Internet]. 2022 Mar;82:102591. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S016762962200011XGoogle Scholar
Li, Y, Yu, S and Zhang, Y. The Successor’s Dilemma in Authoritarian Regimes: Theory and Evidence. 2015.Google Scholar
Ciampa, D and Watkins, MD. The Successor’s Dilemma. Harvard Business Review. 1999.Google Scholar
Azoulay, P, Fons-Rosen, C and Zivin, JSG. Does science advance one funeral at a time? Am Econ Rev [Internet]. 2019 Aug 1;109(8):2889–920. https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/10.1257/aer.20161574Google Scholar
Agrawal, A, McHale, J and Oettl, A. Why Stars Matter [Internet]. Cambridge, MA; 2014 Mar. www.nber.org/papers/w20012.pdfGoogle Scholar
Levitt, M and Levitt, JM. Future of fundamental discovery in US biomedical research. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2017 Jun 20;114(25):6498–503.www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1609996114Google Scholar
Azoulay, P, Graff Zivin, JS and Manso, G. National Institutes of Health peer review: Challenges and avenues for reform. Innov Policy Econ [Internet]. 2013 Jan;13:122. www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/668237Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press; 1996.Google Scholar
Patsali, S, Pezzoni, M and Visentin, F. The impact of research independence on PhD students’ careers: Large-scale evidence from France [Internet]. 2021. (Investments in Early Career Scientists: Data and Research Gaps, Fall 2021). https://conference.nber.org/conf_papers/f159357.pdfGoogle Scholar
Malmgren, RD, Ottino, JM and Nunes Amaral, LA. The role of mentorship in protégé performance. Nature [Internet]. 2010 Jun;465(7298):622–6. www.nature.com/articles/nature09040Google Scholar
Ma, Y, Mukherjee, S and Uzzi, B. Mentorship and protégé success in STEM fields. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2020 Jun 23;117(25):14077–83. www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1915516117Google Scholar
Vanneste, SF. Medical progress and the influenza pandemic of 1918. Mich Acad [Internet]. 2012 Jan 1;41(1):6891. https://meridian.allenpress.com/michigan-academician/article/41/1/68/82460/Medical-Progress-and-the-Influenza-Pandemic-ofGoogle Scholar
Geist, ES. Some of the things that orthopedic surgery has done for the war. J Am Med Assoc [Internet]. 1919 Sep 20;73(12):875. http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jama.1919.02610380001001Google Scholar
Stansbury, LG and Hess, JR. Blood transfusion in World War I: The roles of Lawrence Bruce Robertson and Oswald Hope Robertson in the “most important medical advance of the War.Transfus Med Rev [Internet]. 2009 Jul;23(3):232–6. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0887796309000339Google Scholar
Center for the History of Medicine. The Harvard Surgical Unit [Internet]. Countway Library of Medicine. https://collections.countway.harvard.edu/onview/exhibits/show/noble-work-for-a-worthy-end/harvard-surgical-unitGoogle Scholar
Hoyt, K. Vaccine innovation: Lessons from World War II. J Public Health Policy [Internet]. 2006 Apr 23;27(1):3857. http://link.springer.com/10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200064Google Scholar
Gaynes, R. The discovery of penicillin – New insights after more than 75 years of clinical use. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2017 May;23(5):849–53. wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/5/16-1556_article.htmGoogle Scholar
Hoyt, K. How World War II spurred vaccine innovation. The Conversation. 2015.Google Scholar
Whiting, K. A science journalist explains how the Spanish flu changed the world [Internet]. World Economic Forum. 2020. www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/04/covid-19-how-spanish-flu-changed-world/Google Scholar
Weindling, P. Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe, 1890–1945. Oxford University Press; 2000.Google Scholar
Else, H. How a torrent of COVID science changed research publishing – in seven charts. Nature [Internet]. 2020 Dec 24;588(7839):553. www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03564–yGoogle Scholar
Callaway, E, Ledford, H, Viglione, G, et al. COVID and 2020: An extraordinary year for science. Nature. 2020.Google Scholar
Gibney, E. The pandemic mixed up what scientists study – and some won’t go back. Nature [Internet]. 2020 Jun 11;582(7811):173–4.www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-01525–zGoogle Scholar
Adam, D. Scientists fear that “covidization” is distorting research. Nature [Internet]. 2020 Dec 17;588(7838):381–2.www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03388–wGoogle Scholar
Pai, M. Covidization of research: What are the risks? Nat Med [Internet]. 2020 Aug 1;26(8):1159–1159. www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1015–0Google Scholar
Eichengreen, B, Aksoy, CG and Saka, O. Revenge of the experts: Will COVID-19 renew or diminish public trust in science? J Public Econ [Internet]. 2021 Jan;193:104343. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0047272720302073Google Scholar
Matsuyama, W, Mitsuyama, H, Watanabe, M, et al. RETRACTED: Effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on inflammatory markers in COPD. Chest [Internet]. 2005 Dec;128(6):3817–27. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012369215496230Google Scholar
George, SL and Buyse, M. Data fraud in clinical trials. Clin Investig (Lond) [Internet]. 2015 Feb;5(2):161–73. www.future-science.com/doi/abs/10.4155/cli.14.116Google Scholar
Michalek, AM, Hutson, AD, Wicher, CP, et al. The costs and underappreciated consequences of research misconduct: A case study. PLoS Med [Internet]. 2010 Aug 17;7(8):e1000318. https://dx.plos.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000318Google Scholar
Reich, ES. The Specter of Fraud. Sci Am [Internet]. 2009 Jul;301(1):24–5. www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-specter-of-fraudGoogle Scholar
Steen, RG. Retractions in the scientific literature: Is the incidence of research fraud increasing? J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2011 Apr 1;37(4):249–53. https://jme.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/jme.2010.040923Google Scholar
Katz, TJ. Propagation of errors in review articles. Science (80-) [Internet]. 2006 Sep;313(5791):1236–1236. www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.313.5791.1236aGoogle Scholar
Schneider, J, Ye, D, Hill, AM, et al. Continued post-retraction citation of a fraudulent clinical trial report, 11 years after it was retracted for falsifying data. Scientometrics [Internet]. 2020 Dec 14;125(3):2877–913. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11192-020-03631–1Google Scholar
True Costs of Research Misconduct [Internet]. 2012. www.rcr.ucf.edu/rcr_True_Costs_Of_Research_Misconduct.pdfGoogle Scholar
Stern, AM, Casadevall, A, Steen, RG, et al. Financial costs and personal consequences of research misconduct resulting in retracted publications. Elife [Internet]. 2014 Aug 14;3. https://elifesciences.org/articles/02956Google Scholar
Jones, R, Wilsdon, J. The Biomedical Bubble: Why UK research and innovation needs a greater diversity of priorities, politics, places and people [Internet]. 2018. https://media.nesta.org.uk/documents/The_Biomedical_Bubble_v6.pdfGoogle Scholar
Müller, MJ, Landsberg, B, Ried, J. Fraud in science: A plea for a new culture in research. Eur J Clin Nutr [Internet]. 2014 Apr 2;68(4):411–5. www.nature.com/articles/ejcn201417Google Scholar
Boetto, E, Golinelli, D, Carullo, G et al. Frauds in scientific research and how to possibly overcome them. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2021 Dec;47(12):e19–e19. https://jme.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/medethics–2020–106639Google Scholar
The great chain of being sure about things. The Economist [Internet]. 2015; www.economist.com/briefing/2015/10/31/the-great-chain-of-being-sure-about-thingsGoogle Scholar
Charisius, H. When scientists experiment on themselves: H. pylori and ulcers. Scientific American. 2014.Google Scholar
Thagard, P. Ulcers and bacteria I: Discovery and acceptance. Stud Hist Philos Sci Part C Stud Hist Philos Biol Biomed Sci [Internet]. 1998 Mar;29(1):107–36. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1369848698000065Google Scholar
Marshall, B and Adams, PC. Helicobacter Pylori: A Nobel pursuit? Can J Gastroenterol [Internet]. 2008;22(11):895–6. www.hindawi.com/journals/cjgh/2008/459810/Google Scholar
Kauffman, GB. Science by accident. Chem Eng News Arch [Internet]. 1989 Dec 4;67(49):35–8. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v067n049.p035Google Scholar
Yaqub, O. Serendipity: Towards a taxonomy and a theory. Res Policy [Internet]. 2018 Feb;47(1):169–79. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048733317301774Google Scholar
Copeland, S. On serendipity in science: Discovery at the intersection of chance and wisdom. Synthese [Internet]. 2019 Jun 16;196(6):2385–406. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11229-017-1544–3Google Scholar
Pina e Cunha, M, Rego, A, Clegg, S, et al. The dialectics of serendipity. Eur Manag J [Internet]. 2015 Feb;33(1):918. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0263237314001236Google Scholar
Burns, LR and Rea, PA. Organizing Discovery: Wild Ducks Nested in Multilevel Ecosystems. In: Managing Discovery in the Life Sciences [Internet]. Cambridge University Press; 449–89. www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9781316459263A036/type/book_partGoogle Scholar
Lane, JN, Ganguli, I, Gaule, P, et al. Engineering serendipity: When does knowledge sharing lead to knowledge production? Strateg Manag J [Internet]. 2021 Jun 24;42(6):1215–44. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/smj.3256Google Scholar
Patra, JK, Das, G, Fraceto, LF et al. Nano based drug delivery systems: Recent developments and future prospects. J Nanobiotechnology [Internet]. 2018 Dec 19;16(1):71. https://jnanobiotechnology.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12951-018-0392–8Google Scholar
Sharp, P, Cooney, C, Kastner, M et al. The Third Revolution: The Convergence of the Life Sciences, Physical Sciences, and Engineering [Internet]. Washington, DC; 2011. www.aplu.org/projects-and-initiatives/research-science-and-technology/hibar/resources/MITwhitepaper.pdfGoogle Scholar
Coccia, M and Wang, L. Evolution and convergence of the patterns of international scientific collaboration. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2016 Feb 23;113(8):2057–61. www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1510820113Google Scholar
Convergence [Internet]. Washington, DC: National Academies Press; 2014. www.nap.edu/catalog/18722Google Scholar
Eyre, HA, Lavretsky, H, Forbes, M, et al. Convergence science arrives: How does it relate to psychiatry? Acad Psychiatry [Internet]. 2017 Feb 10;41(1):91–9. http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s40596-016-0496–0Google Scholar
Imperial College London. Convergence Science Centre [Internet]. 2021. www.convergencesciencecentre.ac.uk/Google Scholar
Niiler, E. $150 M for Stanford Bio-X center. Nat Biotechnol [Internet]. 1999 Dec;17(12):1148. www.nature.com/articles/nbt1299_1148aGoogle Scholar
Esvelt, KM. Precaution: Open gene drive research. Science (80-) [Internet]. 2017 Feb 10;355(6325):589.2590. www.sciencemag.org/lookup/doi/10.1126/science.aal5325Google Scholar
Rehemtulla, A. The war on cancer rages on. Neoplasia [Internet]. 2009 Dec;11(12):1252–63. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1476558609800948Google Scholar
Foucault, M. Histoire de la sexualité. Éditions Gallimard; 1976.Google Scholar
Jasanoff, S. Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States. Princeton University Press; 2005.Google Scholar
Valérie Burri, R. Book Review: Jasanoff, S. (2005). Designs on Nature: Science and Democracy in Europe and the United States. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 374 pp. Sci Technol Hum Values [Internet]. 2008 Jan 1;33(1):134–7. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/08959048053032041Google Scholar
Willmott, C. What’s cropping up in this issue? Biochem (Lond) [Internet]. 2020 Aug 17;42(4):3. https://portlandpress.com/biochemist/article/42/4/3/225993/What-s-cropping-up-in-this-issueGoogle Scholar
Zhang, JY. The “credibility paradox” in China’s science communication: Views from scientific practitioners. Public Underst Sci [Internet]. 2015 Nov 24;24(8):913–27. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662515598249Google Scholar
Fiebrich, CA. History of surface weather observations in the United States. Earth-Science Rev [Internet]. 2009 Apr;93(3–4):7784. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0012825209000142Google Scholar
Strasser, BJ, Baudry, J, Mahr, D, et al. “Citizen Science”? Rethinking science and public participation. Sci Technol Stud [Internet]. 2018 Oct 30;5276. https://sciencetechnologystudies.journal.fi/article/view/60425Google Scholar
Wicks, P, Vaughan, TE, Massagli, MP, et al. Accelerated clinical discovery using self-reported patient data collected online and a patient-matching algorithm. Nat Biotechnol [Internet]. 2011 May 24;29(5):411–4. www.nature.com/articles/nbt.1837Google Scholar
Lewis, D. History and perspective on DIY closed looping. J Diabetes Sci Technol [Internet]. 2019 Jul 22;13(4):790–3. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1932296818808307Google Scholar
Goldfarb, JL and Kriner, DL. Building public support for science spending. Sci Commun [Internet]. 2017 Feb 1;39(1):77100. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1075547016688325Google Scholar
Funk, C. Key findings about Americans’ Center. 2020.Google Scholar
Pham, D. Public engagement is key for the future of science research. npj Sci Learn [Internet]. 2016 Dec 1;1(1):16010. www.nature.com/articles/npjscilearn201610Google Scholar
Liang, X, Su, LY-F, Yeo, SK, et al. Building Buzz. Journal Mass Commun Q [Internet]. 2014 Dec 12;91(4):772–91. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1077699014550092Google Scholar
Feynman, R. The Meaning of It All: Thoughts of a Citizen Scientist. Addison-Wesley; 1998.Google Scholar
Reynolds, BR. There’s a Lot of Uncertainty Right Now – This Is What Science Says That Does to Our Minds, Bodies. University of California San Francisco. 2020.Google Scholar
Kreps, SE and Kriner, DL. Model uncertainty, political contestation, and public trust in science: Evidence from the COVID-19 pandemic. Sci Adv [Internet]. 2020 Oct 23;6(43). www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abd4563Google Scholar
Norn, MT. What do we know about risk-taking in science and science funding? A policy-oriented survey of the literature. 2019.Google Scholar
Roberts, S. Embracing the uncertainties. The New York Times. 2020 April 7. www.nytimes.com/2020/04/07/science/coronavirus-uncertainty-scientific-trust.htmlGoogle Scholar
Tetlock, P and Gardner, D. Superforecasting: The Art and Science of Prediction. New York: Crown Publishing Group; 2015.Google Scholar
Freedman, B. Equipoise and the ethics of clinical research. N Engl J Med [Internet]. 1987 Jul 16;317(3):141–5. www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM198707163170304Google Scholar
Emergence of Pharmaceutical Science and Industry: 1870–1930. The top pharmaceuticals that changed the world [Internet]. 2005; https://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/coverstory/83/8325/8325emergence.htmlGoogle Scholar
Metcalf, S. Neoliberalism: The idea that swallowed the world. The Guardian. 2017.Google Scholar
Münch, R. Academic Capitalism. In: Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics [Internet]. Oxford University Press; 2016. https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e–15Google Scholar
Brosnan, C. Bourdieu and the Future of Knowledge in the University. In: Bourdieusian Prospects. Routledge; 2017.Google Scholar
Johnson, DR. A Fractured Profession: Commercialism and Conflict in Academic Science [Internet]. Johns Hopkins University Press; 2017. https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/title/fractured-professionGoogle Scholar
Caulfield, T and Ogbogu, U. The commercialization of university-based research: Balancing risks and benefits. BMC Med Ethics [Internet]. 2015 Dec 14;16(1):70. http://bmcmedethics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12910-015-0064–2Google Scholar
Critchley, CR and Nicol, D. Understanding the impact of commercialization on public support for scientific research: Is it about the funding source or the organization conducting the research? Public Underst Sci [Internet]. 2011 May 9;20(3):347–66. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662509346910Google Scholar
Critchley, CR. Public opinion and trust in scientists: The role of the research context, and the perceived motivation of stem cell researchers. Public Underst Sci [Internet]. 2008 Jul 22;17(3):309–27. http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963662506070162Google Scholar
Montalban, M and Sakinc, ME. Financialization and productive models in the pharmaceutical industry. Ind Corp Chang [Internet]. 2013 Aug 1;22(4):9811030. https://academic.oup.com/icc/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/icc/dtt023Google Scholar
Busfield, J. Documenting the financialisation of the pharmaceutical industry. Soc Sci Med [Internet]. 2020 Aug;258:113096. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0277953620303154Google Scholar
Nielsen, MW and Andersen, JP. Global citation inequality is on the rise. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2021 Feb 16;118(7):e2012208118. www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.2012208118Google Scholar
Jones, R and Wilsdon, J. The incentives for elite biomedical research have become decoupled from basic health needs [Internet]. www.nesta.org.uk/feature/health-design/incentives-elite-biomedical-research-have-become-decoupled-basic-health-needs/Google Scholar
Baru, RV and Mohan, M. Globalisation and neoliberalism as structural drivers of health inequities. Heal Res Policy Syst [Internet]. 2018 Oct 9;16(S1):91. https://health-policy-systems.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12961-018-0365–2Google Scholar
McCoy, D, Kembhavi, G, Patel, J, et al. The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation’s grant-making programme for global health. Lancet [Internet]. 2009 May;373(9675):1645–53. https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673609605717Google Scholar
Levin, Y. The Moral Challenge of Modern Science. 2006.Google Scholar
Harris, J. Scientific research is a moral duty. J Med Ethics [Internet]. 2005 Apr 1;31(4):242–8. https://jme.bmj.com/lookup/doi/10.1136/jme.2005.011973Google Scholar
Owen, R, Macnaghten, P and Stilgoe, J. Responsible research and innovation: From science in society to science for society, with society. Sci Public Policy [Internet]. 2012 Dec 1;39(6):751–60. https://academic.oup.com/spp/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/scipol/scs093Google Scholar
Porsdam Mann, S, Donders, Y, Mitchell, C, et al. Opinion: Advocating for science progress as a human right. Proc Natl Acad Sci [Internet]. 2018 Oct 23;115(43):10820–3. www.pnas.org/lookup/doi/10.1073/pnas.1816320115Google Scholar
Yong, E. How Science Beat the Virus [Internet]. The Atlantic. 2020. www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2021/01/science-covid-19-manhattan-project/617262/Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Mark P. Khurana, University of Copenhagen
  • Book: The Trajectory of Discovery
  • Online publication: 06 April 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009354424.026
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Mark P. Khurana, University of Copenhagen
  • Book: The Trajectory of Discovery
  • Online publication: 06 April 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009354424.026
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Mark P. Khurana, University of Copenhagen
  • Book: The Trajectory of Discovery
  • Online publication: 06 April 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009354424.026
Available formats
×