Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-mp689 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-20T01:00:05.057Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

11 - Early Saharan Trade

The Inorganic Evidence

from Part III - Trade in Inorganic Materials

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 November 2017

By
Victoria Leitch ,
Chloë Duckworth ,
Aurélie Cuénod ,
David Mattingly ,
Martin Sterry  and
Franca Cole
Edited by
D. J. Mattingly ,
V. Leitch ,
C. N. Duckworth ,
A. Cuénod ,
M. Sterry  and
F. Cole
D. J. Mattingly
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
V. Leitch
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
C. N. Duckworth
Affiliation:
University of Newcastle upon Tyne
A. Cuénod
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
M. Sterry
Affiliation:
University of Leicester
F. Cole
Affiliation:
University College London, Qatar
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Trade in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond , pp. 287 - 340
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Amraoui, T. 2013. L’artisanat dans les cités antiques de l’Algérie. Unpublished PhD from the Université Lumière Lyon 2, UMR 5138/CNRS, Maison de l’Orient et de la Méditerranée, France.Google Scholar
Aston, B., Harrell, J. and Shaw, I. 2000. Stone. In Nicholson, P. and Shaw, I. (eds), Ancient Egyptian Materials and Technology, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 5–77.Google Scholar
Ayoub, M.S. 1967. Excavations in Germa between 1962 to 1966. Tripoli: Ministry of Education.Google Scholar
Barth, H. 1858 [1890]. Travels and Discoveries in North and Central Africa. London: Ward, Lock and Co.Google Scholar
Ballirano, P. and Maras, A. 2006. Mineralogical characterization of the blue pigment of Michelangelo’s fresco ‘The Last Judgment’. American Mineralogist 91: 997–1005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boulogne, S. and Henderson, J. 2009. Indian glass in the Middle East? Medieval and Ottoman glass bangles from central Jordan. Journal of Glass Studies 51: 53–75.Google Scholar
Bourhis, J.-R. 1983. Résultats des analyses d’objets en cuivre, bronze, laiton et des résidus de métallurgie antique d’Afrique. In Echard, 1983, 127–52.Google Scholar
Bruce–Lockhart, J. and Wright, J. (eds). 2000. Difficult and Dangerous Roads: Hugh Clapperton’s Travels in Sahara and Fezzan 1822–1825. London: Sickle Moon Books.Google Scholar
Bubenzer, O., Bolten, A. and Darius, F. (eds). 2007. Atlas of Cultural and Environmental Change in Arid Africa. [Africa Praehistorica 21]. Cologne: Heinrich-Barth Institute.Google Scholar
Charlton, M.F., Blakelock, E., Martinón-Torres, M. and Young, T. 2012. Investigating the production provenance of iron artefacts with multivariate methods. Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 2280–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cole, F. 2013a. Small finds reports. In Mattingly, 2013a, 455–72.Google Scholar
Cole, F. 2013b. Catalogue of small finds. In Mattingly, 2013a, 793–840.Google Scholar
Cole, F., Hoffmann, B., Parton, H., Sauer, E. and Mattingly, D.J. 2007. Fazzan Project survey small finds report. In Mattingly, 2007, 463–99.Google Scholar
Condamin, J. and Boucher, S. 1973. Recherches techniques sur des bronzes de Gaule romaine, IV. Gallia 31.1: 157–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craddock, P.T. 1978. The composition of the copper alloys used by the Greek, Etruscan and Roman civilizations: 3. The origins and early use of brass. Journal of Archaeological Science 5.1: 1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cuénod, A., Duckworth, C. and Mattingly, D.J. (eds). Forthcoming. Mobile Technologies in the Ancient Sahara and Beyond. Trans-Saharan Archaeology Volume III. Series editor Mattingly, D.J.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press and The Society for Libyan Studies.Google Scholar
Daniels, C.M. 1989. Excavation and fieldwork amongst the Garamantes. Libyan Studies 20: 45–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darnell, D. 2002. Gravel of the desert and broken pots in the road: ceramic evidence from the routes between the Nile and Kharga Oasis. In Friedman, 2002, 156–77.Google Scholar
Darnell, J. 2002. Theban Desert Road Survey in Egyptian Western Desert. Vol. 1. Chicago: Oriental Institute Publications.Google Scholar
Dayton, J.E. and Dayton, A. 1986. Use and limitations of lead isotopes in archaeology. In Olin, J.S. and Blackman, M.J. (eds), Proceedings of the 24th International Archaeometry Symposium, Smithsonian, Washington, DC, May 14–18, 1984, Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 13–42.Google Scholar
Denham, D. and Clapperton, H. 1826. Narration of Travels and Discoveries in Northern and Central Africa in the Years 1822–1824. London: John Murray.Google Scholar
De Michele, V. and Piacenza, B. 1999. L’amazzonite di Eghei Zuma (Tibesti settentrionale, Libia). Sahara 11: 109–12.Google Scholar
Dore, J.N. 1996. Part 2. The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey pottery. In Barker, G., Gilbertson, D., Jones, B. and Mattingly, D. (eds.), Farming the Desert: The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Archaeological Survey, Vol. 2: Gazetteer and Pottery, UNESCO/Society for Libyan Studies: Paris/London, 319–89.Google Scholar
Dore, J.N., Leone, A. and Hawthorne, J. 2007. Section 41. The Fazzan project: The pottery type series. In Mattingly, 2007, 305–431.Google Scholar
Dowler, A. and Galvin, E.R. (eds). 2011. Money, Trade and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Duckworth, C.N., Cuénod, A. and Mattingly, D.J. 2015. Non-destructive µXRF analysis of glass and metal objects from sites in the Libyan pre-desert and Fazzan. Libyan Studies 46: 14–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckworth, C.N., Mattingly, D.J. and Smith, V.C. Forthcoming a. From the Mediterranean to the Libyan Sahara. Chemical analyses of Garamantian glass. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.02.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duckworth, C.N., Mattingly, D.J., Chenery, S. and Smith, V.C. Forthcoming b. End of line? Glass bangles, technology, recycling and trade in Islamic North Africa. Journal of Glass Studies 58.Google Scholar
Durali-Müller, S. 2005. Roman lead and copper mining in Germany: their origin and development through time, deduced from lead and copper isotope provenance studies. Unpublished PhD thesis, Frankfurt: Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität.Google Scholar
Dussubieux, L., Kusimba, C.M., Gogte, V., Kusimba, S.B., Gratuze, B., and Oka, R. 2008. The trading of ancient glass beads: New analytical data from south Asian and east African soda-alumina glass beads. Archaeometry 50: 797–821.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Echard, N. 1983 (ed.). Métallurgies africaines: Nouvelles contributions. Mémoires de la Société des Africanistes 9. Paris: Société des africanistes.Google Scholar
Farquhar, R.M. and Vitali, V. 2009. Lead isotope Analyses of Punic and Roman Artifacts. Geophysics Laboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto. Unpublished Report, 3p.Google Scholar
Fenn, T. 2006. Copper metallurgy and Trans-Saharan commerce: report on summer 2006 field research in the western Agadez region, central Niger. Nyame Akuma 66: 25–34.Google Scholar
Fenn, T.R., Killick, D.J., Chesley, J., Magnavita, S. and Ruiz, J. 2009. Contacts between West Africa and Roman North Africa: archaeometallurgical results from Kissi, Northeastern Burkina Faso. In Magnavita, S. et al. (eds), Crossroads Carrrefour/Sahel. Cultural and Technological Developments in the First Millennium BC/AD West Africa, Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag, 119–46.Google Scholar
Fontana, S. 1995. I manufatti romani nei corredi funerari del Fezzan. Testimonia dei commerci e della cultura dei Garamanti (I-III sec. d.C.). In Trousset, P. (ed.), Productions et exportations africaines: actualié archéologiques en Afrique du Nord antique et mediévale. VI colloque international sur l’histoire et l’archéologie de l’Afrique du nord (PAU, octobre 1993, 118e congrès), Paris: CNRS, 405–20.Google Scholar
Foster, H.E. and Jackson, C.M. 2009. The composition of ‘naturally coloured’ late Roman vessel glass from Britain and the implications for models of glass production and supply. Journal of Archaeological Science 36: 189–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, P. Jr. 2002a. Asia’s Maritime Bead Trade: 300 BC to the Present. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Francis, P. Jr. 2002b. Beads. In Bacharach, J.L. (ed.), Fustat Finds: Beads, Coins, Medical Instruments, Textiles, and Other Artifacts from the Awad Collection, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 12–31.Google Scholar
Freestone, I.C. 1994. Appendix: chemical analyses of ‘raw’ glass fragments. In Hurst, H.R. (ed.), Excavations at Carthage. The British Mission Volume II.1, London: The British Academy and Oxford University Press, 290.Google Scholar
Freestone, I.C. 2006. Glass production in Late Antiquity and the Early Islamic period: a geochemical perspective. In Maggetti, M. and Messiga, B. (eds.), Geomaterials in Cultural Heritage, London: The Geological Society, 210–16.Google Scholar
Freestone, I.C., Wolf, S. and Thirlwall, M. 2005. The production of HIMT glass: elemental and isotopic evidence. Annales du 16e Congrès de l’Association Internationale pour l’Histoire du Verre : 153–57.Google Scholar
Friedman, R. (ed.) 2002. Egypt and Nubia: Gifts of the Desert. London: British Museum Press.Google Scholar
Förster, F. 2007. The Abu Ballas Trail. A Pharaonic donkey-caravan route in the Libyan Desert (SW-Egypt). In Bubenzer, et al. 2007, 130–33.Google Scholar
Förster, F., Riemer, H. Mahir, M. with Darius, F. 2013. Donkeys to El-Fasher or how the present informs the past. In Förster, and Riemer, 2013, 193–218.Google Scholar
Förster, F. and Riemer, H. (eds). 2013. Desert Road Archaeology in Ancient Egypt and Beyond. Africa Praehistorica 27. Cologne: Heinrich-Barthe Institute.Google Scholar
Gliozzo, E., Mattingly, D. J., Cole, F. and Artioli, G. 2014. In the footsteps of Pliny: Tracing the sources of Garamantian carnelian from Fazzan, South-west Libya. Journal of Archaeological Science 52: 218–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grébénart, D. 1983. Les métallurgies du cuivre et du fer autour d’Agadez (Niger), des origines au début de la période médiévale. Vues générales. In Echard, N. (ed.), Métallurgies Africaines, nouvelles contributions, Paris: Mémoires de la Société des Africanistes 9, 109–125.Google Scholar
Grébénart, D. 1995. La métallurgie préhistorique d’Agadez (Niger): Etat des recherches. Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française 92.3: 399–409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, S. 1998. Nevasa: A type-site for the study of Indo-Roman trade in Western India. South Asian Studies 14: 87–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hatton, G.D., Shortland, A.J. and Tite, M.S. 2008. The production technology of Egyptian blue and green frits from second millennium BC Egypt and Mesopotamia. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 1591–604.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrmann, G. and Moorey, P.R.S. 1983. Lazuli, Lapis. In Edzard, D.O. (ed.), Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archäologie, Vol. 6, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, B., Mattingly, D.J., Tagart, C., Cole, F. and Wild, J.P. 2010. Non-ceramic finds from CMD’s excavations and the work of M.S. Ayoub. In Mattingly, 2010, 411–88.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, B. 2013a. Discussion of the glass from Old Jarma. In Mattingly, 2013a, 409–19.Google Scholar
Hoffmann, B. 2013b. Catalogue of glass from the FP excavations at Jarma. In Mattingly, 2013a, 707–22.Google Scholar
Hogendorn, J. and Johnson, M. 1986. The Shell Money of the Slave Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holl, A.F.C. 2009. Early West African metallurgies: new data and old orthodoxy. Journal of World Prehistory 22: 415–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanungo, A.K. and Brill, R.H. 2009. Kopia, India’s first glassmaking site: dating and chemical analysis. Journal of Glass Studies 51: 11–25.Google Scholar
Killick, D. 2009. Cairo to Cape: the spread of metallurgy through Eastern and Southern Africa. Journal of World Prehistory 22: 399–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Killick, D., van der Merwe, N.J., Gordon, R.B. and Grébénart, D. 1988. Reassessment of the evidence for early metallurgy in Niger, West Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 15: 367–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klein, S., Rico, C., Lahaye, Y., von Kaenel, H.-M., Domergue, C. and Brey, G.P. 2007. Copper ingots from the western Mediterranean Sea: chemical characterisation and provenance studies through lead- and copper isotope analyses. Journal of Roman Archaeology 20.1: 202–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuper, R. 2001. By donkey train to Kufra? How Mr Meri went west. Antiquity 75 (290): 801–02.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuper, R. 2002. Routes and roots in Egypt’s Western Desert: the early Holocene resettlement of the eastern Sahara. In Friedman, 2002, 1–12.Google Scholar
Lambert, N. 1983. Nouvelle contribution à l’étude du Chalcolitique de Mauritanie. In Echard, 1983, 63–88.Google Scholar
Lankton, J. and Dussubieux, L. 2006. Early glass in Asian maritime trade: a review and an interpretation of compositional analyses. Journal of Glass Studies 48: 121–44.Google Scholar
Leitch, V., Mattingly, D.J., Williams, M., Norry, M.J., Wilkinson, I., Whitbread, I., Stocker, C.P. and Farman, T. 2016. Provenance of clay used in Garamantian ceramics from Jarma, Fazzan region (South-West Libya): A combined geochemical and microfossil analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10: 1–14Google Scholar
Leone, A. 2013a. Pottery from the FP excavations at Jarma. In Mattingly, 2013a, 325–408.Google Scholar
Leone, A. 2013b. Pottery catalogues. In Mattingly, 2013a, 683–706.Google Scholar
Liverani, M. (ed.) 2006. Aghram Nadharif. The Barkat Oasis (Sha’abiya of Ghat, Libyan Sahara) in Garamantian Times. Firenze: All’Insegna del Giglio.Google Scholar
MacDonald, K.C. 2011. A view from the south. Sub-Saharan evidence for contacts between North Africa, Mauritania and the Niger 1000 BC – AD 700. In Dowler, A. and Galvin, E.R. (eds), Money, Trade and Trade Routes in Pre-Islamic North Africa. London: British Museum Press, 72–82.Google Scholar
McIntosh, S.K. (ed.). 1995. Excavations at Jenné-Jeno, Hambarketolo, and Kaniana (Inland Niger Delta, Mali), the 1981 Season. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Marichal, R. 1992. Les ostraca de Bu Njem. Tripoli: Libyan Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Marliere, E. and Torres Costa, J. 2007. Transport et stockage des denrées dans l’Afrique romaine: le rôle de l’outre et du tonneau. In Mrabet, A. and Remesal Rodriguez, J. (eds), In Africa et in Hispania: études sur l’huile africaine, Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona, 85–106.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2003. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 1, Synthesis. London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities,.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2007. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 2, Site Gazetteer, Pottery and other Survey Finds. London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2010. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 3, Excavations carried out by C. M. Daniels. London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. (ed.). 2013a. The Archaeology of Fazzan. Volume 4, Survey and Excavations at Old Jarma (Ancient Garama) carried out by C. M. Daniels (1962–69) and the Fazzan Project (1997–2001). London: Society for Libyan Studies, Department of Antiquities.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J. 2013b. To south and north: Saharan trade in antiquity. In Eckardt, H. and Rippon, S. (eds), Living and Working in the Roman World, Portsmouth (RI): JRA Suppl, 169–90.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Lahr, M., Armitage, S., Barton, H., Dore, J., Drake, N., Foley, R., Merlo, S., Salem, M., Stock, J. and White, K. 2007. Desert Migrations: People, environment and culture in the Libyan Sahara. Libyan Studies 38: 115–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Dore, J. and Lahr, M. (with contributions by others) 2008. DMP II: 2008 fieldwork on burials and identity in the Wadi al–Ajal. Libyan Studies 39: 223–62.Google Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Lahr, M. and Wilson, A. 2009. DMP V: investigations in 2009 of cemeteries and related sites on the west side of the Taqallit promontory. Libyan Studies 40: 95–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Abduli, H., Aburgheba, H., Ahmed, M., Ahmed, Ali Esmaia, M., Baker, S., Cole, F., Fenwick, C., Gonzalez Rodriguez, M., Hobson, M., Khalaf, N., Lahr, M., Leitch, V., Moussa, F., Nikita, E., Parker, D., Radini, A., Ray, N., Savage, T., Sterry, M. and Schörle, K. 2010a. DMP IX: Summary report on the fourth season of excavations of the Burials and Identity team. Libyan Studies 41: 89–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Al-Aghab, S., Ahmed, M., Moussa, F., Sterry, M. and Wilson, A.I. 2010b. DMP X: Survey and landscape conservation issues around the Taqallit headland. Libyan Studies 41: 105–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Abduli, H., Ahmed, M., Cole, F., Fenwick, C., Fothergill, B.T., Gonzalez Rodriguez, M., Hobson, M., Khalaf, N., Lahr, M., Moussa, F., Nikita, E., Nikolaus, J., Radini, A., Ray, N., Savage, T., Sterry, M. and Wilson, A.I. 2011 DMP XII: Excavations and survey of the so-called Garamantian Royal Cemetery (GSC030–031). Libyan Studies 42: 89–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattingly, D.J., Sterry, M. and Thomas, D.C 2013. Jarma in its Saharan context: An urban biography. In Mattingly, 2013a, 503–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meeks, N. 1988. A technical study of Roman bronze mirrors. In Ellis Jones, J. (ed.), Aspects of Ancient Mining and Metallurgy: Acta of a British School at Athens Centenary Conference at Bangor, 1986, Bangor: Department of Classics, University College of North Wales, 66–79.Google Scholar
Monod, T. 1969. Le Ma’den Ijafen: une épave cavanière ancienne dans le Majabat al-Koubra. In Actes du premier colloque international d’archéologie africain, Nanterre: Publications de la société d’ethnologie, 286–320.Google Scholar
Mori, L. (ed.). 2013. Life and Death of a Rural Village in Garamantian Times. Archaeological Investigations in the Oasis of Fewet (Libyan Sahara). Firenze: All’Insegna del Giglio.Google Scholar
Pace, B., Sergi, S. and Caputo, G. 1951. Scavi sahariani. Monumenti Antichi 41: 150–549.Google Scholar
Peña, J.T. 1998. The mobilization of state olive oil in Roman Africa: the evidence of late 4th-c. ostraca from Carthage. In J.T. Peña, J.J. Rossiter and A.I. Wilson (eds), Carthage Papers: the Early Colony’s Economy, Water Supply, a Public Bath, and the Mobilization of State Olive Oil, JRA Suppl. Ser. 29. Portsmouth: Journal of Roman Archaeology, 117–238.Google Scholar
Pollard, A.M., Bray, P., Gosden, C., Wilson, A. and Hamerow, H. 2015. Characterising copper based metals in Britain in the first millennium AD: A preliminary quantification of metal flow and recycling. Antiquity 89.345: 697–713.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Re, A., Giudice, A.L., Angelici, D., Calusi, S., Giuntini, L., Massi, M. and Pratesi, G. 2011. Lapis lazuli provenance study by means of micro-PIXE. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 269.20: 2373–77.Google Scholar
Rico, C., Domergue, C., Rauzier, M., Klein, S., Lahaye, Y., Brey, G. and Von Kaenel, H.M. 2005. La provenance des lingots de cuivre romains de Maguelone (Hérault, France). Étude archéologique et archéométrique. Revue Archéologique de Narbonnaise 38.1: 459–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohlfs, G. 2001. Voyages et explorations au Sahara. II Tripoli – Rhadames – Fezzan – Kaouar – Bornou 1865–67. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Rosenberger, B. 1970. Les vieilles exploitations minières et les centres métallurgiques du Maroc; essai de carte historique (1ère partie). Revue de Géographie du Maroc 17: 71–108.Google Scholar
Rosenow, D. and Rehren, Th. 2014. Herding cats – Roman to Late Antique glass groups from Bubastis, northern Egypt. Journal of Archaeological Science 49: 170–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silvestri, A. 2008. The coloured glass of Iulia Felix. Journal of Archaeological Science 35: 1489–501.Google Scholar
Skaggs, S., Norman, N., Garrison, E., Coleman, D. and Bouhlel, S. 2012. Local mining or lead importation in the Roman province of Africa Proconsularis? Lead isotope analysis of curse tablets from Roman Carthage, Tunisia. Journal of Archaeological Science 39: 970–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skeates, R. 1993. Mediterranean coral: its use and exchange in and around the Alpine region during the later neolithic and copper age. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 12: 281–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spaer, M. 1992. The Islamic glass bracelets of Palestine: preliminary findings. Journal of Glass Studies 34: 44–62.Google Scholar
Stern, E.M. 1998. Interaction between glassworkers and ceramicists. In McCray, P. (ed.), Ceramics and Civilisation Volume VIII. The Prehistory and History of Glassmaking Technology, Ohio: The American Ceramic Society, 183–204.Google Scholar
Sterry, M. and Mattingly, D.J. 2011. DMP XIII: Reconnaissance survey of archaeological sites in the Murzuq area. Libyan Studies 42: 103–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sterry, M. and Mattingly, D.J. 2013. Desert Migrations Project XVII: Further AMS dates for historic settlements from Fazzan, South-West Libya. Libyan Studies 44: 127–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sterry, M. Mattingly, D.J. and Higham, T. 2012. Desert Migrations Project XVI: Radiocarbon dates from the Murzuq region, Southern Libya. Libyan Studies 43: 137–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stos-Gale, Z., Gale, N.H., Houghton, J. and Speakman, R. 1995. Lead isotope data from the Isotrace Laboratory, Oxford: Archaeometry data base 1, ores from the Western Mediterranean. Archaeometry 37.2: 407–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tagart, C. 1982. A glass fish beaker from Fezzan. Libyan Studies 13: 81–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tekki, A. 2009. Recherches sur la métallurgie punique, notamment les objets en alliages à base de cuivre à Carthage. Unpublished PhD thesis, Université Aix-Marseille.Google Scholar
Vanacker, C. 1979. Tegdaoust II. Recherches sur Aoudaghost. Fouille d’un Quartier Artisinal. Nouakchott: Institut Mauritanien de la Recherche Scientifique.Google Scholar
Vanacker, C. 1983. Cuivre et métallurgie du cuivre à Tegdaoust (Mauritanie Orientale). Découvertes et problèmes. In Echard, 1983, 89–107.Google Scholar
Van der Sleen, W.G.N. 1956. Trade-wind beads. Man: 27–9.Google Scholar
Willett, F. and Sayre, E.V. 2006. Lead isotopes in West African copper alloys. Journal of African Archaeology 4.1: 55–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, A.I. 2012. Saharan trade: Short-, medium- and long-distance trade networks in the Roman period. Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa 47.4: 409–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zerboni, A. and Vignola, P. 2013. Garamantian green stone beads from Fewet. In Mori, 2013, 157–67.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×