Hawaii and Vermont illustrate many of the themes surrounding indigenous peoples’ relationships with the states in which they reside, sometimes dating back long before the ratification of the US Constitution. Vermont was the fourteenth state admitted to the Union, and by 1791, the year of its admission, the lands within its boundaries had been home to indigenous peoples since as early as 11,000 CE and perhaps before. The state keeps no historical records about indigenous populations, language groups, or virtually any other information that might assist a tribal historian to piece together the history of one or more of the local indigenous people, which complicates the matter of recounting the state’s historic relationship with indigenous cultures. As of the twenty-first century, there are approximately 2,000 people living in Vermont who identify as indigenous on census surveys, and these are mostly members of different bands of Abenaki in the northern part of the state.