This chapter includes all those constructions which require any other form of the finite verb than the simple Indicative expressing an absolute assertion (§ 2). The Infinitive and Participle are included here only so far as they are used in indirect discourse, or in Protasis and Apodosis.

These constructions are divided into the following classes:–

1. I. Final and Object Clauses after ἵνα, ὡς, ὅπως, ὄφρα, and μή.

2. II. Conditional Sentences.

3. III. Relative and Temporal sentences.

4. IV. Indirect Discourse, including Indirect Quotations and Questions.

5. V. Causal Sentences.

6. VI. Expressions of a Wish.

7. VII. Imperative and Subjunctive in Commands, Exhortations, and Prohibitions.

8. VIII. Subjunctive (like the Future Indicative) in Independent Sentences.–Interrogative Subjunctive.–Οὐ μή with the Subjunctive or Future Indicative.

SECTION I.

FINAL AND OBJECT CLAUSES AFTER ῞Ινα, ʿΩς, ῝Οπως, ῞Οφρα, AND Μή.

§ 43. The clauses which depend upon the socalled final particles, ἵνα, ὡς, ὅπως, ὄφρα, that, in order that, and μή, lest, that not, may be divided into three classes:–

A. Pure final clauses, in which the end, purpose, or motive of the action of any verb may be expressed, after any one of the final particles; as ἔρχεται ἵνα τοῦτο ἴδῃ, he is coming that he may see this; ἀπέρχεται μὴ τοῦτο ἴδῃ, he is departing that he may not see this.