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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2023

Edited by
François Bourguignon ,
Romain Houssa ,
Jean-Philippe Platteau  and
Paul Reding
François Bourguignon
Affiliation:
École d'économie de Paris and École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris
Romain Houssa
Affiliation:
Université de Namur, Belgium
Jean-Philippe Platteau
Affiliation:
Université de Namur, Belgium
Paul Reding
Affiliation:
Université de Namur, Belgium

Summary

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Type
Chapter
Information
State Capture and Rent-Seeking in Benin
The Institutional Diagnostic Project
 , pp. 405 - 416
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Footnotes are indicated by n. after the page number.

Abacha, Sani, 309
Acemoglu, Daron, 3, 5
ACFTA (Africa Continental Free Trade Area), 336, 339
Adja-Fon ethnic group, 22, 23–24, 25, 26–27, 28, 352
Afouda, Servais A., 332
Africa Continental Free Trade Area (ACFTA), 336, 339
agencification reforms, 243–245
aggregate growth data, 43–47
agricultural sector:
cashew production, 55, 61, 394
cotton production. See cotton sector
diversification strategy requirement, 55, 344, 354, 393–395, 397
economic development constraints, 55
food insecurity and malnutrition, 79, 298–299
in Marxist-Leninist regime era, 30, 45, 185
palm oil products, 166n.2, 180n.26, 301, 306–307
pineapple production, 55, 344, 354, 374, 393–395, 398
productivity data, 47–49, 79–80, 298, 354
rural land reforms. See land reforms
Ahomadégbé, Justin, 29, 184n.35, 203
AIC (Association Interprofessionnelle de Coton), 194–195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 361–362, 401–402
Aigner, Dennis J., 216
Ajavon, Sébastien, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 53n.5, 325, 360
Ali, Daniel Ayalew, 301
Alia, Didier Y., 172
Allen, Chris, 31
Alley, Alphonse, 184n.35, 203
Anderson, Barry, 233n.15
Anderson, Siwan, 135
ANDF (Agence Nationale du Domaine et du Foncier):
establishment, 250, 269, 270, 287, 288, 300, 368
Ministry of Finance supervision of, 271, 272, 281
performance, 273, 284, 285, 288, 291
powers and duties, 275, 277, 280, 369
Angola, 223
anti-corruption initiatives, 37–38, 39–40, 115, 116, 378, 392, 397, 402–403
Apithy, Sourou-Migan, 28, 29, 203
Atacora peoples, 28, 352
authoritarianism. See patrimonialism
Bada, Georges, 403n.5
Baland, Jean-Marie, 9, 350
Bangladesh, institutional capacity data, 95–101
banking sector:
key deficiencies, 56–58
in Marxist-Leninist regime era, 31, 45, 307–308, 355
trade financing, 49, 50
Bardhan, Pranab, 130
Barhoumi, Karim, 119, 121
Bariba ethnic group, 22, 23–24, 26–27, 28, 351, 352
Battese, George E., 217
Bayart, Jean-François, 259
Bénin Control (formerly PVI), 37, 70n.34
Bensassi, Sami, 320
Big Men governance. See patrimonialism
Blair, Graeme, 145
Boni Yayi, Thomas:
political relationships, 33–34, 36, 37, 38–39, 150, 152, 360, 402
reform initiatives, 78, 195–196, 264
Botea, Ioana, 373
Bratton, Michael, 384
budgetary deficit, 68, 71–74
budget-making process, 113, 232
Buhari, Muhammadu, 309, 312, 317, 336
Burkina Faso:
cotton sector productivity, 54–55, 167–168, 169, 173, 191, 203, 363
institutional capacity data, 89–95
trade relations with Benin, 22
Burundi, 18, 220, 223
business environment:
cross-country comparisons. See institutional capacity, cross-country comparisons
good governance indicators, 3, 4
informal institutions, 9, 108, 124, 310, 338–339, 357–358, 379
informal trade with Nigeria and, 53, 80, 314
international ranking for, 313–314, 392
key informants’ views on, 115
politics affecting. See business-politics nexus
reform proposal (Hong Kong entrepôt model), 337–338
business-politics nexus. See also corruption and cronyism
campaign finance study. See campaign finance and state capture
generally, 35–36, 39–40
illegal trade with Nigeria and, 53, 80
public appointment of businessmen’s relatives, 133, 147, 150
public procurement contracts, 133, 147, 149–150, 152, 402
Talon’s path to Presidency illustrating, 33–34, 36–38, 152, 360
Calvo, Ernesto, 161
Cambodia, institutional capacity data, 95–101
Cameroon, 89–95, 224
campaign finance and state capture:
contracts between firms and politicians, 147–150
contracts between politicians and voters, 150
dataset and methodology, 136–142
descriptive statistics, 142–145
electoral competition data (2015 elections), 156–157
electoral uncertainty, effect on state capture strategy, 129–130, 133–134, 150–155
introduction to study, 129–135, 358–359
list experiment, 145–147
network analysis of study findings, 160–165, 359–361
regulatory reform, scope for, 391–392
theory and testable hypotheses, 135–136
CARDERs (rural development agencies), 183, 186, 187, 188, 189, 195, 197
cars, re-exports of. See used car re-exports
Carsten, Paul, 330
cashew production, 55, 61, 394
CFDT (Compagnie Française pour le Développement des Fibres Textiles), 174, 179–180, 182, 183–184, 185, 188, 191, 198, 200, 208
Ch, Rafael, 135
Chau, Leung Chuen, 337n.14
child mortality rate, 79
Cissé, Mohammed, 31
civil servants, 6, 10, 118, 245, 377, 389
clientelism. See business-politics nexus; corruption and cronyism
climate change, 210, 299, 388
CNPC (Conseil National des Producteurs de Coton), 195
Coelli, Timothy J., 217
‘collective fields’, 30
colonial era, 21, 28–29, 176–179, 200–201, 251, 307
Comby, Joseph, 260, 289
Commons, John R., 208
commune elections. See campaign finance and state capture
Congacou, Tahirou, 203
construction and utilities sector, 47
consumption bias in aggregate spending, 64–67
Corey-Boulet, Robbie, 37
corporate income tax, 69, 70, 224, 232–233
corruption and cronyism. See also business-politics nexus
anti-corruption initiatives, 37–38, 39–40, 115, 116, 378, 392, 397, 402–403
by Big Men governors. See patrimonialism
campaign finance study. See campaign finance and state capture
cross-country comparisons. See institutional capacity, cross-country comparisons
generally, 5, 356–357, 378, 390
informal cross-border trade with Nigeria and, 53, 80, 310, 326, 336, 374–375, 377, 390
international rankings for, 20, 392, 402
in judicial system, 38, 40–41, 113
key informants’ views on, 112, 113–114, 115, 118, 123
in Marxist-Leninist regime era, 31, 355–356, 360, 384
scandals, 31, 38n.8, 149–150, 352, 355–356, 360, 403n.5
Côte d’Ivoire, 54–55, 89–95, 167n.6, 224
cotton sector:
climate vulnerability, 174, 176, 202, 210, 388
exports data, 50–51, 53–54, 199
external factors affecting performance, 80, 170–174, 202, 207, 210, 388–389
GVs and GRVCs (farmers’ groups), 185–186, 187, 189, 195, 209
historical development. See cotton sector, historical development
institutional weaknesses, 174–175, 198, 200–201, 210, 362–364
long-term development issues, 201–203, 210–211, 387, 394
ODA (overseas development assistance) for, 183, 186–187, 188, 190, 200–201, 209
operational activities, 169
performance under Talon administration, 197, 401–402
productivity data. See cotton sector, productivity data
re-exports of cotton cloth, 315–316, 324–325, 331–332
side-selling problem, 174–175, 195
Talon’s interests in, 33–34, 36, 190, 192n.46, 196, 339, 362, 364
cotton sector, historical development:
pre-colonial period to 1949, 175–179
1949–60, 179–180
1961–70, 180–182, 208
1971–81, 183–186, 208–209
1981–91, 186–190, 208–209
1992–99, 190–194, 209
2000–07, 194–196, 209
2008 to present, 196–197, 209–211
productivity over time. See cotton sector, productivity data
summary of, 197–198, 199, 203, 208, 361–362, 387
cotton sector, productivity data:
cross-country comparisons, 54–55, 167–168, 169, 173, 363
current economic contribution, 166, 197, 361, 364, 401
over time, 167–168, 173, 187–188, 189, 191, 362–363
COVID-19 pandemic, xxii, 400, 401
cronyism. See corruption and cronyism
cross-border trade with Nigeria. See informal cross-border trade with Nigeria
Cruz, Cesi, 162
Cui, Larry Q., 214
customs duties:
ECOWAS membership restricting, 69
on re-exports to Nigeria, 121, 333–334
special regimes for trade with Nigeria, 308, 311–312, 322–325, 328, 376
Dahl, Robert A., 134
Dahomey, Kingdom of, 17, 21, 306
Dahomey, Republic of, 29–30, 307
Daniels, Lisa, 171n.8, 172
debt, national, 68, 71–74
Deininger, Klaus, 301
Delpeuch, Claire, 175
democracy. See also elections; patrimonialism; political system
campaign finance study. See campaign finance and state capture
cross-country comparisons. See institutional capacity, cross-country comparisons
Democratic Renewal era (1990–2016), 32–33, 351–352, 355–356, 360, 384
ethnic groups’ political representation, 25–27
independence era, 29
international ranking for, 392, 402
political rights and freedoms, 29, 33, 114, 396, 402
tax mobilisation and, 230
demographic trends, 17, 23–24, 74–75, 79
Dendi ethnic group, 23–24, 25, 26–27
departmental elections. See campaign finance and state capture
direct taxation:
corporate income tax, 69, 70, 224, 232–233
personal income tax, 69, 224
donor assistance. See ODA (overseas development assistance)
Dossou-Yovo, Koffi, 357n.2
Ebeke, Christian, 234
economic development, history of:
Benin-Nigeria trade relations, 22, 40, 304, 306–309, 342
cotton sector. See cotton sector, historical development
growth performance by era, 44–46
land reforms. See land reforms
Marxist-Leninist regime (1972–90). See Kérékou, Mathieu (and Kérékou administration)
pre-colonial era, 17, 21–23, 40, 175–176, 306–307
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs, 1989–99), 45, 65, 391
economic development constraints:
in agricultural sector, 55, 344, 354
banking sector deficiencies, 56–58
budgetary deficit, 68, 71–74
climate change, 210, 299, 388
colonial era legacy, 21, 28
corruption and cronyism. See corruption and cronyism
in cotton sector. See cotton sector
education system deficiencies. See education system
ethnic tensions, 18, 28, 351–352
infrastructure deficiencies, 58–59, 71, 79, 354, 355, 395, 397
natural resources, lack of, 18, 22, 228, 229, 386
Nigerian trade dependency. See under informal cross-border trade with Nigeria
north-south divide, 32–33, 40, 58n.10, 78, 355, 380, 388, 395
ODA (overseas development assistance) dependency, 64, 72, 73–74, 81, 355, 383, 390–391
overview of, 56, 79–81
political instability, 36–37, 38–39, 351–353, 383–386
slave trade legacy, 18–21, 22, 353
economic growth and development:
agricultural diversification strategy requirement, 55, 344, 354, 393–395, 397
constraints on. See economic development constraints
data on, 43–47, 75, 82, 354, 361, 400–401
FDI (foreign direct investment), 72, 73, 233, 383, 389, 395
foreign trade. See exports; imports; trade relations
history of. See economic development, history of
key drivers. See cotton sector; informal cross-border trade with Nigeria
ODA. See ODA (overseas development assistance)
productivity. See productivity
prospects under Talon administration, 39, 396–398, 400–403
public revenue and expenditure. See government expenditure; tax mobilisation
social matters. See labour market; poverty and inequality
structural change, 46–50, 79, 393–396
ECOWAS (Economic Community of West African States), 62n.17, 69, 233, 308, 311, 336
education system:
literacy and numeracy rates, 76–77, 120–121, 355
post-primary education, 77–78, 79, 354–355
primary education, 77, 355, 357, 386
reforms, 39, 78, 79, 395–396, 397
teachers, 6, 77, 78, 388, 391
elections:
campaign finance study. See campaign finance and state capture
electoral code reform (2019), 39, 131n.3, 361
procedural reforms, 131n.3, 132
Talon’s path to Presidency, 33–34, 36–38, 152, 360
2023 parliamentary elections, 402
electricity system infrastructure, 58, 79, 397
elite capture. See corruption and cronyism
Equatorial Guinea, tax mobilisation, 223
Estur, Gérald, 197
Ethiopia, land tenure system, 286–287, 301
ethnic diversity:
data on, 23–25
national sentiment, key informants’ views on, 115
north-south divide, 32–33, 40, 58n.10, 78, 355, 380, 388, 395
origins of, 17
political coalitions of ethnic groups, 18, 28, 33, 36, 351–352, 382
political representation of ethnic groups, 25–27
trade implications, 22, 24, 40, 306, 307, 310, 351
Eurobond issues, 72n.38, 73n.42, 401
exchange rates, 62–64, 171, 312, 313, 344, 389, 395
excise duties, 69
expenditure. See government expenditure
exports:
agricultural exports, diversification strategy requirement, 55, 344, 354, 393–395, 397
composition of, 60–61, 320–321
cotton exports, 50–51, 53–54, 199
exchange rates, 62–64, 171, 312, 313, 344, 389, 395
growth, contribution to, 61
parallelism with imports, 59–60
re-exports. See informal cross-border trade with Nigeria
external finance:
FDI (foreign direct investment), 72, 73, 233, 383, 389, 395
ODA. See ODA (overseas development assistance)
Fage, John D., 21–22, 22–23
farming. See agricultural sector
FAS (Fonds Autonome de Stabilisation et de Soutien des Prix des Produits Agricoles), 186, 187
FDI (foreign direct investment), 72, 73, 233, 383, 389, 395
financial sector. See banking sector
Fjeldstad, Odd-Helge, 366
Fon-Adja ethnic group, 23–24, 25, 26–27, 28, 352
food insecurity and malnutrition, 79, 298–299
foreign aid. See ODA (overseas development assistance)
foreign direct investment (FDI), 72, 73, 233, 383, 389, 395
Frankel, Jeffrey A., 228
French colonial era, 21, 28–29, 176–179, 200–201, 251, 307
frozen poultry re-exports, 317, 318, 325, 331–332
FSS (Fonds de Stabilisation et de Soutien des Prix des Produits Agricoles), 188–189, 193
Fujiwara, Thomas, 136
Fulani (Peuls) ethnic group, 23–24, 25, 26–27
FUPRO (Fédération des Producteurs du Bénin), 190, 194, 195
Garcia, Maria Melody, 230
geography of Benin, 15–16, 105, 177
Ghana, 22, 89–95
girls’ participation in education, 77–78
Goldstein, Markus, 301, 372, 374
Golub, Stephen S., 52, 83, 320, 337n.13
good governance indicators, 3, 4
Goun ethnic group, 25, 26–27, 28
‘Governance and the Law’ (World Bank report), 4
government expenditure. See also tax mobilisation
budgetary deficit, 68, 71–74
consumption bias in aggregate spending, 64–67
data on, 68, 70–71, 73
infrastructure development, 58–59, 71, 79, 354, 355, 395, 397
public procurement contracts, 133, 147, 149–150, 152, 402
public services provision, 67, 70–71, 81, 235
Graham, Benjamin A.T., 162
growth and development. See economic growth and development
Gua (or Otamari) ethnic group, 23–25, 26–27
GVs and GRVCs (farmers’ groups), 185–186, 187, 189, 195, 209
Haile, Fiseha, 47–48
Haldenwang, Christian von, 230
Hamani, Tidjani, 3n.902
Hausa ethnic group, 306, 307, 310
healthcare, 79, 388
Heilbrunn, John R., 304, 308
higher education, 78, 79
historical case studies, 4–5
Holden, Stein T., 301
Hong Kong entrepôt model, 337–338
Hougni, Alexis, 202
Houngbédji, Adrien, 36, 37, 39
household consumption data, 65–66
human rights, 29, 33, 114, 396, 402
Ianchovichina, Elena, 119–121
illegal trade, Benin-Nigeria border. See informal cross-border trade with Nigeria
Imai, Kosuke, 145
imports:
composition of, 60–61, 321–322
customs duties. See customs duties
exchange rates, 62–64, 171, 312, 313, 344, 389, 395
parallelism with exports, 59–60
petroleum products from Nigeria. See petroleum products smuggling from Nigeria
PVI (Programme de Vérification des Importations), 33–34, 37, 70n.34
re-exports. See informal cross-border trade with Nigeria
independence, 29
indirect taxation:
customs duties. See customs duties
excise duties, 69
VAT (value-added tax), 69, 70, 224, 365
inequality. See poverty and inequality
infant mortality rate, 79
informal cross-border trade with Nigeria:
competition with Togo for. See Togo, informal trade with Nigeria
corruption associated with, 53, 80, 310, 326, 336, 374–375, 377, 390
cotton cloth re-exports, 315–316, 324–325, 331–332
customs duties and. See customs duties
economic sectors harmed by, 342–343, 376
employment effects. See informal labour market
frozen poultry re-exports, 317, 318, 325, 331–332
GDP contribution, 51, 52, 59–61, 69n.29, 80, 83–84, 323, 331–335
formal trade figures compared, 320–322, 375
history of Benin-Nigeria trade relations, 22, 40, 304, 306–309, 342
institutional weaknesses driving, 305, 309–310, 338–339, 357–358
macro-economic and exchange rate policies driving, 62–64, 312, 313, 336, 388–389
petroleum products smuggling. See petroleum products smuggling from Nigeria
port inefficiencies driving, 313–314, 338, 375
reform strategies
for administrative authorities, 343–344, 377–378
for economic actors, 344–345
Hong Kong entrepôt model proposal, 337–338
rice re-exports, 316–317, 318, 324, 325, 326, 331–332
social organisation of, 325–326
tariff differentials driving, 51–52, 233–234, 305–306, 310–312, 353, 375, 387
tax evasion associated with, 69, 80, 333–335, 336, 377, 390
used car re-exports. See used car re-exports
vulnerability to economic shocks in Nigeria, 52–53, 57, 75, 305, 317, 318, 336, 376
data illustrating, 60, 63–64, 84–85, 318–319
vulnerability to trade protection crackdowns, 80, 308–309, 317, 318, 330, 335–336, 388–389
border closure (2019–20), 52, 377n.8, 398, 402
informal institutions, 9, 108, 124, 310, 338–339, 357–358, 379
informal labour market:
data on, 49, 83–84, 310, 332
as economic development constraint, 80, 124, 388
generally, 67n.27, 79, 353, 354
institutional capacity:
cross-country comparisons. See institutional capacity, cross-country comparisons
good governance indicators, 3, 4
in-depth studies of, 127–128. See also campaign finance and state capture; cotton sector; informal cross-border trade with Nigeria; land reforms; tax mobilisation
informal institutions, 9, 108, 124, 310, 338–339, 357–358, 379
institutional diagnostic findings. See institutional diagnostic findings
‘institutions’ term, 9
previous studies, 119–123
public trust in institutions, 18–21, 38, 40–41, 352–353, 390
qualitative survey on. See institutional capacity, key informants’ views
institutional capacity, cross-country comparisons:
better-performing developing countries, 95–99
conclusions, 99–101, 356–358
dataset and methodology, 88–89
on interpersonal trust and public trust in institutions, 18–21
neighbouring countries, 89–95
tax mobilisation. See tax mobilisation, cross-country comparisons
institutional capacity, key informants’ views:
average scores, 109, 110–111
conclusions, 118–119
disparities between informant groups, 116–118, 125
on informal institutions, 108
on institutional strengths, 113, 114–115
on institutional weaknesses, 106–107, 111–112, 113–114
methodology, 101–104, 108, 109
on reform initiatives, 115–116, 197, 357
survey implementation, 104–105
institutional diagnostic findings:
deep factors explaining deficiencies, 258, 380, 381–382. See also patrimonialism
key institutional deficiencies, 123–124, 356–358, 378–379, 381–382
limitations of study, xxii, 349–351
proximate causes of deficiencies, 258, 380–383
reform proposals mapped to deficiencies, 391–396
Talon administration, reform prospects under, 39, 396–398, 400–403
Institutional Diagnostic Project:
background, 2–7
development, 2, 7–8
methodology, xxii, 9–10, 88–89, 101–104, 379–380
interpersonal trust, 18–21, 353
Interprofessional Cotton Association (AIC), 194–195, 196, 197, 198, 200, 361–362, 401–402
IRCT (Institut de Recherche du Coton et des Textiles Exotiques), 179, 181, 182, 183–184, 185
Isyaku, Shuaibu Shittu, 307
jobs market. See labour market
judicial system. See also rule of law
corruption concerns, 38, 40–41, 113
inefficiencies, 57, 387
land title disputes and, 257
Kenya, 18–19
Kérékou, Mathieu (and Kérékou administration):
agricultural policy, 30, 45, 185
corruption scandals, 31, 355–356, 360, 384
cotton sector tax controversy, 193
downfall (1990–91) and re-election (1996), 31–33, 192
Nigeria, relations with, 309
ODA (overseas development assistance), 31, 45, 186
path to Presidency, 30, 185n.35, 203
Khan, Adnan Q., 235
Khan, Mushtaq, 3
Kitschelt, Herbert, 134, 161
Kouandoté, Maurice, 184n.35, 203
Kumbhakar, Subal C., 215, 216, 220
labour market:
agricultural labour force, 298
informal employment. See informal labour market
productivity data, 47–50, 82, 354
public sector workers. See public sector
trade unions, 29–30, 243
youth employment, 74, 310
Land and Domain Code 2013 (land titling regime):
adoption and implementation, 249–250, 270–272, 278–283, 287
amendments, 116, 272–273, 275–277, 291, 354, 369
cadastral system problems, 279, 286–287, 291, 371, 372–373
general appraisal, 57, 124, 283–285, 288–291, 358, 370–374, 395
inclusiveness concerns, 285–286, 291, 371–372
key informants’ views on, 114
main provisions, 273–275, 368–370
MCA-Benin led research for (mid-2000s), 263, 264–270, 278
PFRs (Plans Foncier Rural) under, 270, 271–272, 275, 280–281, 282, 371, 373
transition period problems, 287–288, 291, 371
women’s land tenure insecurity, 300, 302, 373
land reforms:
chronology of, 264, 367–369
‘collective fields’ policy (1960s), 30, 181n.28
colonial era system, 251
generally, 247–249, 288, 299–300
global reform. See Land and Domain Code 2013
institutional weaknesses triggering, 252–259
rural area initiatives (1990s to mid-2000s), 261–263, 279–280, 368
PFRs. See PFRs (Plans Foncier Rural, rural land use plans)
Rural Land Law (2007), 249, 263, 267, 280, 300, 371
urban area initiatives (1990s), 259–261
Laos, institutional capacity data, 95–101
Lawin, Kotchikpa G., 300
laws as ‘institutions,’ 9
Lesotho, 18–19, 220
Lewis, Arthur, 3
literacy and numeracy rates, 76–77, 120–121, 355
local elections. See campaign finance and state capture
Lokpa and Yao ethnic groups, 23–24, 25, 26–27
Maga, Hubert, 29, 184n.35, 203
Malawi, 18–19, 220, 224
Mali, cotton sector productivity, 54–55, 167n.6, 363
malnutrition, 79, 298–299
manufacturing sector, 47–49
maps of Benin, 16, 105, 177
Marxist-Leninist regime (1972–90). See Kérékou, Mathieu (and Kérékou administration)
Mathieu, Paul, 257
Meredith, Martin, 31, 32
microfinance and microcredit, 56–57
Minot, Nicholas, 171n.8, 172
Monga, Célestin, 384
Mookherjee, Dilip, 130
Morillon, Virginie, 332
Murillo, Maria Victoria, 161
National Conference (1990), 31
national debt, 68, 71–74
natural resources, lack of, 18, 22, 228, 229, 386
neo-patrimonialism. See patrimonialism
nepotism. See corruption and cronyism
Newman, Carol, 301
Niger, 22, 89
Nigeria:
Biafra War, 307
economic volatility, 52–53, 63, 66, 75, 84–85, 305, 312, 318–319, 336
institutional capacity data, 89–95
oil subsidies, 52, 312–313, 330, 375, 388–389
‘resource curse’ in, 310, 335
tax mobilisation, 223, 224
trade relations with Benin. See informal cross-border trade with Nigeria
trade relations with Togo. See Togo, informal trade with Nigeria
WAEMU and ECOWAS non-membership, 308, 336
non-performing loans (NPLs), 57
North, Douglass, 3, 9
north-south divide, 32–33, 40, 58n.10, 78, 355, 380, 388, 395
NPLs (non-performing loans), 57
numeracy and literacy rates, 76–77, 120–121, 355
Nunn, Nathan, 18
Obasanjo, Olusegun, 309
OCAD (Office de Commercialisation Agricole du Dahomey), 180n.26, 182, 185
ODA (overseas development assistance):
cotton sector support, 183, 186–187, 188, 190, 200–201, 209
dependency on, 64, 72, 73–74, 81, 355, 383, 390–391
in Marxist-Leninist regime era, 31, 45, 186
sanctions not imposed by donors, 392–393
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs, 1989–99), 45, 65, 391
tax mobilisation and, 229–230, 367
oil products smuggling. See petroleum products smuggling from Nigeria
oligarchs. See patrimonialism
ONS (Office Nationale de Stabilization et de Soutien des Prix aux Producteurs), 193, 196, 197
opacity of public decision-making, 113–114, 119, 124, 357, 379
Otamari (or Gua) ethnic group, 23–25, 26–27
overseas aid. See ODA (overseas development assistance)
palm oil products, 166n.2, 180n.26, 301, 306–307
Pardelli, Giuliana, 135
patrimonialism (Big Men governance):
business dimension. See business-politics nexus
coalitions and instability under, 18, 28, 33, 36, 351–352, 382, 389
power struggles analysed, 37, 38–39, 385–386
as deep factor explaining institutional deficiencies, 383–386
specific negative effects, 386–391
defined, 34–35, 384
in Democratic Renewal era (1990–2016), 32–33, 351–352, 355–356, 360, 384
in independence era, 29–30
pre-colonial origins, 17, 21, 22–23
Talon’s adoption of Big Man style, 34, 353, 396–397
Perret, Christophe, 332
personal income tax, 69, 224
petroleum products smuggling from Nigeria:
Dutch disease effect, 343, 353, 376
extent and economic contribution, 319–320, 330–331, 332
Nigerian oil subsidies driving, 52, 312–313, 330, 375, 388–389
tax revenue loss, 334
Peuls (Fulani) ethnic group, 23–24, 25, 26–27
PFRs (Plans Foncier Rural, rural land use plans):
definition and methodology, 261–263, 286, 300, 368
empirical studies of, 300–302
inclusion in global land reform proposals, 264–265, 267–269, 279–280, 282–283
Institut Géographique National’s role respecting, 281–282
under Land and Domain Code system, 270, 271–272, 275, 280–281, 282, 371, 373
Piermay, Jean-Luc, 257
pineapple production, 55, 344, 354, 374, 393–395, 398
political history of Benin:
pre-colonial era, 17, 21–23, 40, 175–176, 306–307
colonial era, 21, 28–29, 176–179, 200–201, 251
post-independence era instability (1944–72), 28–30, 44–45, 180, 184n.35, 203, 384
Marxist-Leninist regime (1972–90). See Kérékou, Mathieu (and Kérékou administration)
Democratic Renewal era (1990–2016), 32–33, 351–352, 355–356, 360, 384
Talon era (2016– ). See Talon, Patrice (and Talon administration)
political system:
administrative units (departments and communes), 15, 104n.4, 105, 177, 251
business and. See business-politics nexus; campaign finance and state capture
coalitions of ethnic groups, 18, 28, 33, 36, 351–352, 382
electoral code reform (2019), 39, 131n.3, 361
ethnic groups’ representation, 25–27
patrimonialism. See patrimonialism
political parties, 38–39
post-Washington consensus, 3
Poulton, Colin, 174n.12
poultry re-exports, 317, 318, 325, 331–332
poverty and inequality:
consumption patterns, impact on, 66–67
data on, 75–76, 356
food insecurity and malnutrition, 79, 298–299
infant mortality rate, 79
literacy and numeracy rates, 76–77, 120–121, 355
north-south divide, 32–33, 40, 58n.10, 78, 355, 380, 388, 395
population growth driving, 74–75
pre-colonial era, 17, 21–23, 40, 175–176, 306–307
primary education, 77, 355, 357, 386
productivity:
of agricultural sector, 47–49, 79–80, 298, 354
of cotton sector. See cotton sector, productivity data
labour productivity data, 47–50, 82, 354
total factor productivity growth, 46–47, 79, 82
Programme de Vérification des Importations (PVI), 33–34, 37, 70n.34
public debt, 68, 71–74
public revenue and expenditure. See government expenditure; tax mobilisation
public sector:
agencification reforms, 243–245
civil servants, 6, 10, 118, 245, 377, 389
education system. See education system
expenditure on, 67, 70–71, 81, 235
healthcare, 79, 388
inefficiencies generally, 357, 378, 379
key informants’ views on, 110–111, 118, 122, 123–124
public procurement contracts, 133, 147, 149–150, 152, 402
reform initiatives, 115–116
tax administration deficiencies. See tax mobilisation
public trust in institutions, 18–21, 38, 40–41, 352–353, 390
PVI (Programme de Vérification des Importations), 33–34, 37, 70n.34
re-export trade. See informal cross-border trade with Nigeria
religious diversity, 25
Renouveau Démocratique (Democratic Renewal) era (1990–2016), 32–33, 351–352, 355–356, 360, 384
rent-seeking. See corruption and cronyism
rice re-exports, 316–317, 318, 324, 325, 326, 331–332
Robinson, James, 3, 5
Rodrik, Dani, 7
rule of law:
corruption and cronyism. See corruption and cronyism
cross-country comparisons. See institutional capacity, cross-country comparisons
frequent changes of law, 380, 383, 391. See also cotton sector, historical development; land reforms
illegal trade with Nigeria, rule of law implications, 53
judicial system. See judicial system
laws as ‘institutions,’ 9
opacity of public decision-making, 113–114, 119, 124, 357, 379
public trust in institutions, 18–21, 38, 40–41, 352–353, 390
Rural Land Law (2007), 249, 263, 267, 280, 300. See also land reforms
Rwanda, land tenure system, 286–287, 301
Sánchez-Talanquer, Mariano, 135
SAPs (Structural Adjustment Programmes, 1989–99), 45, 65, 391
SARAs (semi-autonomous revenue authorities), 234, 235, 366, 367
Sardan, Olivier de, 255
Sasse, Allegresse, 330
SATEC (Société d’Aide Technique et de Cooperation), 182, 183–184, 185, 200
schools. See education system
SDI (Société de Distribution Internationale), 190–191
semi-autonomous revenue authorities (SARAs), 234, 235, 366, 367
Shapley, Lloyd S., 36
Shubik, Martin, 36
side-selling in cotton sector, 174–175, 195
slavery and slave trade, 17, 18, 22–23, 306, 353
smuggling, Benin-Nigeria border. See informal cross-border trade with Nigeria
SOCAD (Société de Commercialisation et Crédit Agricole du Dahomey), 185, 186
social inequality. See poverty and inequality
socialism, 30
SODECO (Société de Développement du Coton), 196
Soglo, Christophe, 184n.35, 203
Soglo, Nicéphore, 32, 33, 36, 190, 191, 309, 402
SONACEB (Société Nationale pour la Commercialisation et l’Exportation du Bénin), 186, 187
SONACO (Société Nationale Agricole pour le Coton), 183–184, 184–185, 186, 200
SONAGRI (Société Nationale d’Agriculture), 186, 187
SONAPRA (Société Nationale pour la Production Agricole), 187, 188–189, 190–191, 192–193, 195–196, 197, 198, 200, 362
south-north divide, 32–33, 40, 58n.10, 78, 355, 380, 388, 395
Souza, Archbishop Isodore de, 32
state capacity. See also public sector; rule of law
cross-country comparisons. See institutional capacity, cross-country comparisons
local-level, 132
pre-colonial era, 21, 22–23
tax mobilisation as proxy for, 364–365, 367, 383
Stotsky, Janet Gale, 218
Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs, 1989–99), 45, 65, 391
structural change to economy, 46–50, 79, 393–396
Talon, Patrice (and Talon administration):
agencification reforms, 243–245
anti-corruption initiatives, 37–38, 39–40, 115, 116, 397, 402–403
Big Man governance style, 34, 353, 396–397
cotton sector interests, 33–34, 36, 190, 192n.46, 196, 339, 362, 364
cotton sector reforms, 197, 401–402
economic growth, prospects under, 39, 396–398, 400–403
electoral code reform (2019), 39, 131n.3, 361
land reforms, 116, 272–273, 276–277, 279, 369
path to Presidency, 33–34, 36–38, 152, 360
tax administration reforms, 235–236, 236–237
Tamini, Lota D., 300
Tanzania, xxi–xxii, 30, 95–101
tariff policy, 51–52, 233–234, 305–306, 310–312, 353
tax mobilisation. See also government expenditure
administrative reforms (actual and proposed), 234–236, 236–237, 243–246, 366, 367
budget-making process, 113, 232
cross-country comparisons. See tax mobilisation, cross-country comparisons
determinants of, 228–232
illegal taxation, 390
inefficiencies, explanations of, 70, 80–81, 123–124, 232–233, 366
informal trade with Nigeria and, 69, 80, 333–335, 336, 377, 390
revenue data, 68, 69–70, 212–214, 218–222, 236, 402
as state capacity proxy, 364–365, 367, 383
Talon administration reforms, 403
tariff policy, 51–52, 233–234, 305–306, 310–312, 353
tax incentives, 232–233
understaffing problem, 366, 383, 386
tax mobilisation, cross-country comparisons:
country rankings, 220, 223, 225
introduction to study, 212–215, 365
limitations of study, 242, 367
methodology (stochastic frontier analysis), 215–218
pairwise correlation between interest variables, 218
summary, 236–237
tax effort by tax type, 224, 226–227
three-stage estimation results, 220, 221–222
Togo comparison. See Togo, tax mobilisation
teachers, 6, 77, 78, 388, 391
telecommunications infrastructure, 58–59, 79, 355
Togo, informal trade with Nigeria:
Beninese trade, effects on, 319, 334–335
cotton cloth re-exports, 315–316
customs regime for, 323
frozen poultry re-exports, 317, 318
generally, 305
rice re-exports, 316–317
tax revenue effect, 234, 333–335, 365
used car re-exports, 314–315, 328–329, 333–334
Togo, tax mobilisation:
Benin comparisons, data on, 213, 218–220, 223–224, 365
Beninese tax regime compared, 212, 213–214, 232–233, 242–243, 365–367
informal trade with Nigeria, tax revenue effect, 234, 333–335, 365
total factor productivity growth, 46–47, 79, 82
tourism sector, 61
trade relations. See also exports; imports
exchange rates, 62–64, 171, 312, 313, 344, 389, 395
with Nigeria. See informal cross-border trade with Nigeria
pre-colonial era, 17, 21–22, 23, 40, 306–307
trade financing, 49, 50
trade unions, 29–30, 243
transatlantic slave trade, 17, 18, 23, 306, 353
transparency deficiencies in public decision-making, 113–114, 119, 124, 357, 379
transport infrastructure, 58–59, 79, 354, 395
United States, cotton sector subsidies, 170
used car re-exports:
downturn in trade (2015–17), 309, 314–315, 324–325, 330
employment effects, 332
GDP contribution, 52, 331, 333–334, 335
increase in trade (2012–15), 318
organisation of trade, 325–326, 327–330
utilities and construction sector, 47
VAT (value-added tax), 69, 70, 224, 365
Velasco, Andrés, 7
Vietnam, 95–101, 301
WAEMU (West African Economic and Monetary Union):
banking sector supervision, 56
fixed exchange rate commitment, 45, 62, 312, 395
Nigeria’s non-membership, 308, 336
tax and tariff policies, 52, 69, 212, 232, 233, 234, 308, 353
Walle, Nicolas van de, 384
Wantchekon, Leonard, 136
Waranga people, 22
Washington Consensus, 2
Wilkinson, Steven I., 134, 161
WoldeMariam, Asegedech, 218
women:
female cotton workers, representation of, 187, 189
girls’ participation in education, 77–78
inheritance rights enforcement, 255–256
institutional capacity, elite women’s views, 116–118
land tenure insecurity, 300, 302, 373
literacy rates, 77
malnutrition, 298–299
Wren-Lewis, Liam, 373–374
Yao and Lokpa ethnic groups, 23–24, 25, 26–27
Yayi Boni, Thomas. See Boni Yayi, Thomas
Yemadje, Rolland H., 301, 302
Yoruba ethnic group:
generally, 23–24, 26–27, 28, 352
trade relationship with Nigeria, 22, 40, 306, 307, 310, 351
Young, Crawford, 35
youth employment, 74, 310
Zinsou, Émile Derlin, 184n.35, 203, 360

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  • Index
  • Edited by François Bourguignon, École d'économie de Paris and École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, Romain Houssa, Université de Namur, Belgium, Jean-Philippe Platteau, Université de Namur, Belgium, Paul Reding, Université de Namur, Belgium
  • Book: State Capture and Rent-Seeking in Benin
  • Online publication: 09 November 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009278522.022
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  • Index
  • Edited by François Bourguignon, École d'économie de Paris and École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, Romain Houssa, Université de Namur, Belgium, Jean-Philippe Platteau, Université de Namur, Belgium, Paul Reding, Université de Namur, Belgium
  • Book: State Capture and Rent-Seeking in Benin
  • Online publication: 09 November 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009278522.022
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  • Index
  • Edited by François Bourguignon, École d'économie de Paris and École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales, Paris, Romain Houssa, Université de Namur, Belgium, Jean-Philippe Platteau, Université de Namur, Belgium, Paul Reding, Université de Namur, Belgium
  • Book: State Capture and Rent-Seeking in Benin
  • Online publication: 09 November 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009278522.022
Available formats
×