Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-jr42d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T01:38:12.541Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

16 - Environmental Factors and Male Fertility

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 May 2017

Christopher J. De Jonge
Affiliation:
University of Minnesota
Christopher L. R. Barratt
Affiliation:
University of Dundee
Ryuzo Yanagimachi
Affiliation:
University of Hawaii, Manoa
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
The Sperm Cell
Production, Maturation, Fertilization, Regeneration
, pp. 240 - 259
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2017

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Whorton, D, Milby, TH, Krauss, RM, Stubbs, HA. Testicular function in DBCP exposed pesticide workers. J Occup Med 1979 Mar; 21(3): 161–6.Google Scholar
Slutsky, M, Levin, JL, Levy, BS. Azoospermia and oligospermia among a large cohort of DBCP applicators in 12 countries. Int J Occup Environ Health 1999 Apr; 5(2): 116–22.Google Scholar
Krysiak-Baltyn, K, Toppari, J, Skakkebæk, NE, Jensen, TS, Virtanen, HE, Schramm, KW et al. Country-specific chemical signatures of persistent environmental compounds in breast milk. Int J Androl 2010; 33: 270–8.Google Scholar
Den, HE, Tournaye, H, De, SP, Ombelet, W, Baeyens, W, Covaci, A et al. Human exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals and fertility: A case-control study in male subfertility patients. Environ Int 2015 Nov; 84: 154–60.Google Scholar
Driesche, S, Kolovos, P, Platts, S, Drake, AJ, Sharpe, RM. Inter-relationship between testicular dysgenesis and Leydig cell function in the masculinization programming window in the rat. PLoS ONE 2012; 7(1): e30111.Google Scholar
Skakkebæk, NE. Possible carcinoma-in-situ of the testis. Lancet 1972; 2: 516–7.Google Scholar
Berthelsen, JG, Skakkebæk, NE. Gonadal function in men with testis cancer. Fertil Steril 1983; 39: 6875.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Petersen, PM, Giwercman, A, Hansen, SW, Berthelsen, JG, Daugaard, G, Rørth, M et al. Impaired testicular function in patients with carcinoma in situ of the testis. J Clin Oncol 1999; 17: 173–9.Google Scholar
Møller, H, Skakkebæk, NE. Risk of testicular cancer in subfertile men: Case-control study. Br Med J 1999; 318: 559–62.Google Scholar
Looijenga, LH, Stoop, H, de Leeuw, HP, Gouveia Brazao, CA, Gillis, AJ, van Roozendaal, KE, et al. POU5F1 (OCT3/4) identifies cells with pluripotent potential in human germ cell tumors. Cancer Res 2003 May 1; 63: 2,244–50.Google Scholar
Rajpert-De Meyts, E. Developmental model for the pathogenesis of testicular carcinoma in situ: Genetic and environmental aspects. Hum Reprod Update 2006 May; 12(3): 303–23.Google Scholar
Skakkebaek, NE, Rajpert-De, ME, Buck Louis, GM, Toppari, J, Andersson, AM, Eisenberg, ML et al. Male reproductive disorders and fertility trends: Influences of environment and genetic susceptibility. Physiol Rev 2016 Jan; 96(1): 5597.Google Scholar
Skakkebæk, NE, Rajpert-De Meyts, E, Main, KM. Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: An increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects. Hum Reprod 2001; 16: 972–8.Google Scholar
Berthelsen, JG. Thesis. Andrological aspects of testicular cancer. Int J Androl 1984; 7: 451–83.Google Scholar
Fisher, JS, Macpherson, S, Marchetti, N, Sharpe, RM. Human “testicular dysgenesis syndrome”: A possible model using in-utero exposure of the rat to dibutyl phthalate. Hum Reprod 2003; 18: 1,383–94.Google Scholar
Skinner, MK. Endocrine disruptor induction of epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014 Dec; 398(1–2): 412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anway, MD, Cupp, AS, Uzumcu, M, Skinner, MK. Epigenetic transgenerational actions of endocrine disruptors and male fertility. Science 2005 Jun 3; 308(5727): 1,466–9.Google Scholar
Thankamony, A, Pasterski, V, Ong, KK, Acerini, CL, Hughes, IA. Anogenital distance as a marker of androgen exposure in humans. Andrology 2016; 4: 616–25.Google Scholar
Welsh, M, Saunders, PT, Fisken, M, Scott, HM, Hutchison, GR, Smith, LB et al. Identification in rats of a programming window for reproductive tract masculinization, disruption of which leads to hypospadias and cryptorchidism. J Clin Invest 2008 Apr; 118(4): 1,479–90.Google Scholar
Gray, LE Jr, Ostby, JS, Kelce, WR. Developmental effects of an environmental antiandrogen: The fungicide vinclozolin alters sex differentiation of the male rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1994; 129: 4652.Google Scholar
Hass, U, Scholze, M, Christiansen, S, Dalgaard, M, Vinggaard, AM, Axelstad, M et al. Combined exposure to anti-androgens exacerbates disruption of sexual differentiation in the rat. Environ Health Perspect 2007 Dec; 115 Suppl 1: 122–8.Google Scholar
Swan, SH, Main, KM, Liu, F, Stewart, SL, Kruse, RL, Calafat, AM et al. Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure. Environ Health Perspect 2005; 113: 1,056–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eisenberg, ML, Shy, M, Walters, RC, Lipshultz, LI. The relationship between anogenital distance and azoospermia in adult men. Int J Androl 2012 Oct; 35(5): 726–30.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, ML, Jensen, TK, Walters, RC, Skakkebæk, NE, Lipshultz, LI. The relationship between anogenital distance and reproductive hormone levels in adult men. J Urol 2012 Feb; 187(2): 594–8.Google Scholar
Mendiola, J, Jørgensen, N, Andersson, AM, Stahlhut, RW, Liu, F, Swan, SH. Reproductive parameters in young men living in Rochester, New York. Fertil Steril 2014 Apr; 101(4): 1,064–71.Google Scholar
Hart, RJ, Doherty, DA, McLachlan, RI, Walls, ML, Keelan, JA, Dickinson, JE et al. Testicular function in a birth cohort of young men. Hum Reprod 2015 Dec; 30(12): 2,713–24.Google Scholar
Jørgensen, N, Joensen, UN, Jensen, TK, Blomberg Jensen, M, Almstrup, K, Olesen, IA et al. Human semen quality in the new millennium: A prospective cross-sectional population-based study of 4867 men. BMJ Open 2012; 2(4): e000990.Google Scholar
Mendiola, J, Jørgensen, N, Minguez-Alarcon, L, Sarabia-Cos, L, Lopez-Espin, JJ, Vivero-Salmeron, G et al. Sperm counts may have declined in young university students in Southern Spain. Andrology 2013 Jan 11; 1: 408–13.Google Scholar
Priskorn, L, Holmboe, SA, Jørgensen, N, Andersson, AM, Almstrup, K, Toppari, J et al. Adverse trends in male reproductive health and decreasing fertility rates. Anim Reprod 2012; 9: 760–71.Google Scholar
Znaor, A, Lortet-Tieulent, J, Jemal, A, Bray, F. International variations and trends in testicular cancer incidence and mortality. Eur Urol 2014 Jun; 65(6): 1,095106.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Litchfield, K, Shipley, J, Turnbull, C. Common variants identified in genome-wide association studies of testicular germ cell tumour: an update, biological insights and clinical application. Andrology 2015 Jan; 3(1): 3446.Google Scholar
Egeghy, PP, Judson, R, Gangwal, S, Mosher, S, Smith, D, Vail, J et al. The exposure data landscape for manufactured chemicals. Sci Total Environ 2012 Jan 1; 414: 159–66.Google Scholar
WHO, UNEP. State of the science of endocrine disrupting chemicals 2012: An assessment of the state of the science of endocrine disruptors prepared by a group of experts for the United Nations Environment Programme and World Health Organization. WHO, UNEP 2013.Google Scholar
IPCS. Global Assessment of the State-of-the-Science of Endocrine Disruptors. Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety, World Health Organization and United Nations Environment Programme 2002.Google Scholar
Schiffer, C, Muller, A, Egeberg, DL, Alvarez, L, Brenker, C, Rehfeld, A et al. Direct action of endocrine disrupting chemicals on human sperm. EMBO Rep 2014 May 12; 15(7): 758–65.Google Scholar
Center for Disease Control. National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Updated Tables, February 2015. www.cdc.gov/exposurereport/.Google Scholar
Hardell, L, , BB, Lindstrom, G, Carlberg, M, Eriksson, M, Dreifaldt, AC et al. Concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls in blood and the risk for testicular cancer. Int J Androl 2004 Oct; 27(5): 282–90.Google Scholar
Guo, YL, Hsu, PC, Hsu, CC, Lambert, GH. Semen quality after prenatal exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls and dibenzofurans. Lancet 2000 Oct 7; 356: 1,240–1.Google Scholar
Vested, A, Ramlau-Hansen, CH, Olsen, SF, Bonde, JP, Stovring, H, Kristensen, SL et al. In utero exposure to persistent organochlorine pollutants and reproductive health in the human male. Reproduction 2014 Dec; 148(6): 635–46.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meeker, JD, Hauser, R. Exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and male reproduction. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2010 Apr; 56(2): 122–31.Google Scholar
Mocarelli, P, Gerthoux, PM, Needham, LL, Patterson, DG Jr, Limonta, G, Falbo, R, et al. Perinatal exposure to low doses of dioxin can permanently impair human semen quality. Environ Health Perspect 2011; 119: 713–8.Google Scholar
Joensen, UN, Veyrand, B, Antignac, JP, Blomberg Jensen, M., Petersen, JH, Marchand, P et al. PFOS (perfluorooctanesulfonate) in serum is negatively associated with testosterone levels, but not with semen quality, in healthy men. Hum Reprod 2013; 28: 599608.Google Scholar
Vested, A, Ramlau-Hansen, CH, Olsen, SF, Bonde, JP, Kristensen, SL, Halldorsson, TI et al. Associations of in utero exposure to perfluorinated alkyl acids with human semen quality and reproductive hormones in adult men. Environ Health Perspect 2013 Apr; 121(4): 453–8.Google Scholar
Toft, G, Jonsson, BA, Lindh, CH, Giwercman, A, Spano, M, Heederik, D et al. Exposure to perfluorinated compounds and human semen quality in Arctic and European populations. Hum Reprod 2012 Aug; 27(8): 2,532–40.Google Scholar
Frederiksen, H, Jensen, TK, Jørgensen, N, Boye, KH, Husby, S, Skakkebæk, NE et al. Human urinary excretion of non-persistent environmental chemicals: An overview of Danish data collected 2006–2012. Reproduction 2014 Jan 6; 147: 555–65.Google Scholar
Frederiksen, H, Nielsen, JK, Mørck, TA, Hansen, PW, Jensen, JF, Nielsen, O et al. Urinary excretion of phthalate metabolites, phenols and parabens in rural and urban Danish mother–child pairs. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2013 Mar 13; 216: 772–83.Google Scholar
Mouritsen, A, Frederiksen, H, Sørensen, K, Aksglæde, L, Hagen, C, Skakkebæk, NE et al. Urinary phthalates from 168 girls and boys measured twice a year during a 5-year period: Associations with adrenal androgen levels and puberty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013 Sep; 98(9): 3,755–64.Google Scholar
Lassen, TH, Frederiksen, H, Jensen, TK, Petersen, JH, Main, KM, Skakkebæk, NE et al. Temporal variability in urinary excretion of bisphenol A and seven other phenols in spot, morning, and 24-h urine samples. Environ Res 2013 Oct; 126: 164–70.Google Scholar
Bornehag, CG, Carlstedt, F, Jonsson, BA, Lindh, CH, Jensen, TK, Bodin, A et al. Prenatal phthalate exposures and anogenital distance in Swedish boys. Environ Health Perspect 2015 Jan; 123(1): 101–7.Google Scholar
Cai, H, Zheng, W, Zheng, P, Wang, S, Tan, H, He, G et al. Human urinary/seminal phthalates or their metabolite levels and semen quality: A meta-analysis. Environ Res 2015 Oct; 142: 486–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peretz, J, Vrooman, L, Ricke, WA, Hunt, PA, Ehrlich, S, Hauser, R et al. Bisphenol A and reproductive health: Update of experimental and human evidence, 2007–2013. Environ Health Perspect 2014 Aug; 122(8): 775–86.Google Scholar
Lassen, TH, Frederiksen, H, Jensen, TK, Petersen, JH, Joensen, UN, Main, KM et al. Urinary bisphenol A levels in young men: Association with reproductive hormones and semen quality. Environ Health Perspect 2014 May; 122(5): 478–84.Google Scholar
Fang, J, Nyberg, E, Winnberg, U, Bignert, A, Bergman, A. Spatial and temporal trends of the Stockholm Convention POPs in mothers' milk – A global review. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2015 Jun; 22(12): 8,989–9,041.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hannas, BR, Lambright, CS, Furr, J, Howdeshell, KL, Wilson, VS, Gray, LE Jr. Dose–response assessment of fetal testosterone production and gene expression levels in rat testes following in utero exposure to diethylhexyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, diisoheptyl phthalate, and diisononyl phthalate. Toxicol Sci 2011 Sep; 123(1): 206–16.Google Scholar
Harlev, A, Agarwal, A, Gunes, SO, Shetty, A, du Plessis, SS. Smoking and male infertility: An evidence-based review. World J Mens Health 2015 Dec; 33(3): 143–60.Google Scholar
Li, Y, Lin, H, Li, Y, Cao, J. Association between socio-psycho-behavioral factors and male semen quality: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Fertil Steril 2011 Jan; 95(1): 116–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vine, MF, Margolin, BH, Morrison, HI, Hulka, BS. Cigarette smoking and sperm density: A meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 1994 Jan; 61(1): 3543.Google Scholar
Virtanen, HE, Sadov, S, Toppari, J. Prenatal exposure to smoking and male reproductive health. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2012 Jun; 19(3): 228–32.Google Scholar
Storgaard, L, Bonde, JP, Ernst, E, Spanò, M, Andersen, CY, Frydenberg, M et al. Does smoking during pregnancy affect sons' sperm counts? Epidemiology 2003; 14: 278–86.Google Scholar
Ramlau-Hansen, CH, Thulstrup, AM, Olsen, J, Ernst, E, Andersen, CY, Bonde, JP. Maternal smoking in pregnancy and reproductive hormones in adult sons. Int J Androl 2008 Dec; 31(6): 565–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jensen, TK, Jørgensen, N, Punab, M, Haugen, TB, Suominen, J, Zilaitiene, B et al. Association of in utero exposure to maternal smoking with reduced semen quality and testis size in adulthood: A cross-sectional study of 1,770 young men from the general population in five European countries. Am J Epidemiol 2004; 159: 4958.Google Scholar
Ravnborg, TL, Jensen, TK, Andersson, AM, Toppari, J, Skakkebæk, NE, Jørgensen, N. Prenatal and adult exposures to smoking are associated with adverse effects on reproductive hormones, semen quality, final height and body mass index. Hum Reprod 2011 May; 26(5):1,000–11.Google Scholar
Jensen, TK, Swan, SH, Skakkebæk, NE, Rasmussen, S, Jørgensen, N. Caffeine intake and semen quality in a population of 2,554 young Danish men. Am J Epidemiol 2010 Apr 15; 171(8): 883–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshburn, PB, Sloan, CS, Hammond, MG. Semen quality and association with coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and ethanol consumption. Fertil Steril 1989; 52: 162–5.Google Scholar
Oldereid, NB, Rui, H, Purvis, K. Lifestyles of men in barren couples and their relationships to sperm quality. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1992; 43: 51–7.Google Scholar
Parazzini, F, Marchini, M, Tozzi, L, Mezzopane, R, Fedele, L. Risk factors for unexplained dyspermia in infertile men: A case-control study. Arch Androl 1993 Sep; 31(2): 105–13.Google Scholar
Ramlau-Hansen, CH, Thulstrup, AM, Bonde, JP, Olsen, J, Bech, BH. Semen quality according to prenatal coffee and present caffeine exposure: Two decades of follow-up of a pregnancy cohort. Hum Reprod 2008 Dec; 23(12): 2,799805.Google Scholar
Sobreiro, BP, Lucon, AM, Pasqualotto, FF, Hallak, J, Athayde, KS, Arap, S. Semen analysis in fertile patients undergoing vasectomy: Reference values and variations according to age, length of sexual abstinence, seasonality, smoking habits and caffeine intake. São Paulo Med J 2005 Jul 7; 123(4): 161–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vine, MF, Setzer, RW Jr, Everson, RB, Wyrobek, AJ. Human sperm morphometry and smoking, caffeine, and alcohol consumption. Reprod Toxicol 1997 Mar; 11(2–3): 179–84.Google Scholar
Yang, H, Chen, Q, Zhou, N, Sun, L, Bao, H, Tan, L et al. Lifestyles associated with human semen quality: Results from MARHCS cohort study in Chongqing, China. Med (Baltimore) 2015 Jul; 94(28): e1166.Google Scholar
Sadeu, JC, Hughes, CL, Agarwal, S, Foster, WG. Alcohol, drugs, caffeine, tobacco, and environmental contaminant exposure: Reproductive health consequences and clinical implications. Crit Rev Toxicol 2010 Aug; 40(7): 633–52.Google Scholar
Jurewicz, J, Radwan, M, Sobala, W, Ligocka, D, Radwan, P, Bochenek, M et al. Lifestyle and semen quality: role of modifiable risk factors. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2014 Feb; 60(1): 4351.Google Scholar
Jensen, TK, Swan, S, Jørgensen, N, Toppari, J, Redmon, B, Punab, M et al. Alcohol and male reproductive health: A cross-sectional study of 8344 healthy men from Europe and the USA. Hum Reprod 2014 Aug; 29(8): 1,801–9.Google Scholar
Jensen, TK, Gottschau, M, Madsen, JO, Andersson, AM, Lassen, TH, Skakkebæk, NE et al. Habitual alcohol consumption associated with reduced semen quality and changes in reproductive hormones: A cross-sectional study among 1221 young Danish men. BMJ Open 2014; 4(9): e005462.Google Scholar
Hansen, ML, Thulstrup, AM, Bonde, JP, Olsen, J, Hakonsen, LB, Ramlau-Hansen, CH. Does last week's alcohol intake affect semen quality or reproductive hormones? A cross-sectional study among healthy young Danish men. Reprod Toxicol 2012 Nov; 34(3): 457–62.Google Scholar
Li, Y, Lin, H, Ma, M, Li, L, Cai, M, Zhou, N et al. Semen quality of 1346 healthy men, results from the Chongqing area of southwest China. Hum Reprod 2009 Feb; 24(2): 459–69.Google Scholar
Gundersen, TD, Jorgensen, N, Andersson, AM, Bang, AK, Nordkap, L, Skakkebaek, NE et al. Association between use of marijuana and male reproductive hormones and semen quality: A study among 1,215 healthy young men. Am J Epidemiol 2015 Sep 15; 182(6): 473–81.Google Scholar
MacDonald, AA, Herbison, GP, Showell, M, Farquhar, CM. The impact of body mass index on semen parameters and reproductive hormones in human males: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2010 May; 16(3): 293311.Google Scholar
Sermondade, N, Faure, C, Fezeu, L, Shayeb, AG, Bonde, JP, Jensen, TK et al. BMI in relation to sperm count: An updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2013 May; 19(3): 221–31.Google Scholar
Showell, MG, Brown, J, Clarke, J, Hart, RJ. Antioxidants for female subfertility. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2013; 8: CD007807.Google Scholar
Giahi, L, Mohammadmoradi, S, Javidan, A, Sadeghi, MR. Nutritional modifications in male infertility: A systematic review covering 2 decades. Nutr Rev 2016 Feb; 74(2): 118–30.Google Scholar
Gaskins, AJ, Colaci, DS, Mendiola, J, Swan, SH, Chavarro, JE. Dietary patterns and semen quality in young men. Hum Reprod 2012 Oct; 27(10): 2,899907.Google Scholar
Braga, DP, Halpern, G, Figueira, RC, Setti, AS, Iaconelli, A Jr, Borges, E Jr. Food intake and social habits in male patients and its relationship to intracytoplasmic sperm injection outcomes. Fertil Steril 2012 Jan; 97(1): 53–9.Google Scholar
Eslamian, G, Amirjannati, N, Rashidkhani, B, Sadeghi, MR, Hekmatdoost, A. Intake of food groups and idiopathic asthenozoospermia: A case-control study. Hum Reprod 2012 Nov; 27(11): 3,328–36.Google Scholar
Mendiola, J, Torres-Cantero, AM, Moreno-Grau, JM, Ten, J, Roca, M, Moreno-Grau, S et al. Food intake and its relationship with semen quality: A case-control study. Fertil Steril 2009 Mar; 91(3): 812–8.Google Scholar
Afeiche, MC, Bridges, ND, Williams, PL, Gaskins, AJ, Tanrikut, C, Petrozza, JC et al. Dairy intake and semen quality among men attending a fertility clinic. Fertil Steril 2014 May; 101(5): 1,280–7.Google Scholar
Attaman, JA, Toth, TL, Furtado, J, Campos, H, Hauser, R, Chavarro, JE. Dietary fat and semen quality among men attending a fertility clinic. Hum Reprod 2012 May; 27(5): 1,466–74.Google Scholar
Jensen, TK, Heitmann, BL, Blomberg Jensen, M., Halldorsson, TI, Andersson, AM, Skakkebæk, NE et al. High dietary intake of saturated fat is associated with reduced semen quality among 701 young Danish men from the general population. Am J Clin Nutr 2013; 97: 411–8.Google Scholar
Vaamonde, D, Da Silva-Grigoletto, ME, Garcia-Manso, JM, Vaamonde-Lemos, R, Swanson, RJ, Oehninger, SC. Response of semen parameters to three training modalities. Fertil Steril 2009 Dec; 92(6): 1,941–6.Google Scholar
Vaamonde, D, Da Silva-Grigoletto, ME, Garcia-Manso, JM, Barrera, N, Vaamonde-Lemos, R. Physically active men show better semen parameters and hormone values than sedentary men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012 Sep; 112(9): 3,267–73.Google Scholar
Wise, LA, Cramer, DW, Hornstein, MD, Ashby, RK, Missmer, SA. Physical activity and semen quality among men attending an infertility clinic. Fertil Steril 2011 Mar 1; 95(3): 1,025–30.Google Scholar
Gebreegziabher, Y, Marcos, E, McKinon, W, Rogers, G. Sperm characteristics of endurance trained cyclists. Int J Sports Med 2004 May; 25(4): 247–51.Google Scholar
Hall, HL, Flynn, MG, Carroll, KK, Brolinson, PG, Shapiro, S, Bushman, BA. Effects of intensified training and detraining on testicular function. Clin J Sport Med 1999 Oct; 9(4): 203–8.Google Scholar
Lucia, A, Chicharro, JL, Perez, M, Serratosa, L, Bandres, F, Legido, JC. Reproductive function in male endurance athletes: Sperm analysis and hormonal profile. J Appl Physiol 1996; 81(6): 2,627–36.Google Scholar
De Souza, MJ, Arce, JC, Pescatello, LS, Scherzer, HS, Luciano, AA. Gonadal hormones and semen quality in male runners. A volume threshold effect of endurance training. Int J Sports Med 1994 Oct; 15(7): 383–91.Google Scholar
Arce, JC, De Souza, MJ, Pescatello, LS, Luciano, AA. Subclinical alterations in hormone and semen profile in athletes. Fertil Steril 1993 Feb; 59(2): 398404.Google Scholar
Safarinejad, MR, Azma, K, Kolahi, AA. The effects of intensive, long-term treadmill running on reproductive hormones, hypothalamus–pituitary–testis axis, and semen quality: A randomized controlled study. J Endocrinol 2009 Mar; 200(3): 259–71.Google Scholar
Jensen, CE, Wiswedel, K, McLoughlin, J, van der Spuy, Z. Prospective study of hormonal and semen profiles in marathon runners. Fertil Steril 1995 Dec; 64(6): 1,189–96.Google Scholar
Gaskins, AJ, Mendiola, J, Afeiche, M, Jorgensen, N, Swan, SH, Chavarro, JE. Physical activity and television watching in relation to semen quality in young men. Br J Sports Med 2015 Feb; 49(4): 265–70.Google Scholar
Hjollund, NH, Storgaard, L, Ernst, E, Bonde, JP, Olsen, J. The relation between daily activities and scrotal temperature. Reprod Toxicol 2002 May; 16(3): 209–14.Google Scholar
Stoy, J, Hjollund, NH, Mortensen, JT, Burr, H, Bonde, JP. Semen quality and sedentary work position. Int J Androl 2004 Feb; 27(1): 511.Google Scholar
Magnusdottir, EV, Thorsteinsson, T, Thorsteinsdottir, S, Heimisdottir, M, Olafsdottir, K. Persistent organochlorines, sedentary occupation, obesity and human male subfertility. Hum Reprod 2005; 20: 208–15.Google Scholar
Adams, JA, Galloway, TS, Mondal, D, Esteves, SC, Mathews, F. Effect of mobile telephones on sperm quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Environ Int 2014 Sep; 70: 106–12.Google Scholar
Liu, K, Li, Y, Zhang, G, Liu, J, Cao, J, Ao, L et al. Association between mobile phone use and semen quality: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Andrology 2014 Jul; 2(4): 491501.Google Scholar
Nordkap, L, Jensen, TK, Hansen, AM, Lassen, TH, Bang, AK, Joensen, UN et al. Psychological stress and testicular function: A cross-sectional study of 1,215 Danish men. Fertil Steril 2016 Jan; 105(1): 174–87.Google Scholar
Hjollund, NH, Bonde, JP, Henriksen, TB, Giwercman, A, Olsen, J. Reproductive effects of male psychologic stress. Epidemiology 2004 Jan; 15: 21–7.Google Scholar
Janevic, T, Kahn, LG, Landsbergis, P, Cirillo, PM, Cohn, BA, Liu, X et al. Effects of work and life stress on semen quality. Fertil Steril 2014 Aug; 102(2): 530–8.Google Scholar
Krause, M, Klit, A, Blomberg Jensen, M, Søeborg, T, Frederiksen, H, Schlumpf, M, et al. Sunscreens: Are they beneficial for health? An overview of endocrine disrupting properties of UV-filters. Int J Androl 2012 Jun; 35(3): 424–36.Google Scholar
Hauser, R. Urinary phthalate metabolites and semen quality: A review of a potential biomarker of susceptibility. Int J Androl 2008 Apr; 31(2): 112–7.Google Scholar
Tavares, RS, Mansell, S, Barratt, CL, Wilson, SM, Publicover, SJ, Ramalho-Santos, J. p,p'-DDE activates CatSper and compromises human sperm function at environmentally relevant concentrations. Hum Reprod 2013 Dec; 28(12): 3,167–77.Google Scholar
Mortimer, D, Barratt, CL, Bjorndahl, L, , JC, Jequier, AM, Muller, CH. What should it take to describe a substance or product as ‘sperm-safe’. Hum Reprod Update 2013 Apr; 19 Suppl 1: i145.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×