Thirty years have lapsed since the collapse of the Soviet bloc, Vietnam has survived as a socialist state. Given enormous changes in this country after the launch of Đổi mới (economic reforms) in 1986, this begs a question: To what extent the Soviet legacy has endured, transformed and remained relevant to contemporary Vietnam? Drawing on desk research, this chapter contends that socialist and Marxist-Leninist conceptions continue to have critical effects on the economic, political and legal systems of transitional socialist Vietnam. Nevertheless, it also shows that these conceptions have transformed considerably, conflated with other modes of thought and strategically utilised to serve crony capitalist interests rather than socialist objectives. Finally, whereas Marxist-Leninist political principles like party leadership and democratic centralism have strongly persisted, core socialist ideals such as material equality and socialist cooperation have gradually lost their influences.