44. The history of ὰριθμητική, or the scientific study of numbers in the abstract, begins in Greece with Pythagoras(cir.b.c. 530), whose example determined for many centuries its symbolism, its nomenclature and the limits of its subject-matter. How Pythagoras came to be interested in such inquiries is not at all clear. It cannot be doubted that he lived a considerable time in Egypt: it is said also, though on far inferior authority, that he visited Babylon. In the first country, he would at least have found calculation brought to a very considerable development, far superior to that which he can have known among his own people: he would have also found a rudimentary geometry, such as was entirely unknown to the Western Greeks. At Babylon, if he ever went there, he might have learnt a strange notation (the sexagesimal) in arithmetic and a great number of astronomical observations, recorded with such numerical precision as was possible at that time. But Pythagoras was not the first to be initiated into this foreign learning, for the Asiatic Greeks had certainly, before his time, acquired a good deal of Chaldaean astronomy and had even improved upon Egyptian geometry. Nor was the bent of his mind altogether singular in his time. Among the Greeks everywhere, a new speculative spirit was abroad and they were burning to discover some principle of homogeneity in the universe. Some fundamental unity was surely to be discerned either in the matter or the structure of things. The Ionic philosophers chose the former field: Pythagoras took the latter. But the difficulty is to determine whether mathematical studies led him to a philosophy of structure or vice versa.