Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-hfldf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-12T19:44:32.242Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2010

Elisabeth A. Lloyd
Affiliation:
Indiana University, Bloomington
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alcoff, L., and Potter, E. (Eds.). (1993). Feminist Epistemologies. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Altmann, J. (1974). Observational Study of Behavior: Sampling Methods. Behavior, 49, 227–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angier, N. (1991, April 14). Molecular “Hot Spot” Hits at a Cause of Liver Cancer. New York Times.Google Scholar
Antony, L. (1993). Quine as Feminist: The Radical Import of Naturalized Epistemology. In Antony, L. and Witt, C. (Eds.), A Mind of One's Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Antony, L., and Witt, C. (Eds.). (1993). A Mind of One's Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Aoki, K. (1982). A Condition for Group Selection to Prevail over Counteracting Individual Selection. Evolution, 36, 832–842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, A. J., and Fristrup, K. (1982). The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: A Hierarchical Expansion. Paleobiology, 8, 113–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, S. J., and Wade, M. J. (1984). On the Measurement of Natural and Sexual Selection: Applications. Evolution, 38, 720–734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atkinson, T. (1974). Amazon Odyssey. New York: Links Books.Google Scholar
Awards: 1989. (1989). Science, 243, 672 (3).
Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Axelrod, R., and Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The Evolution of Cooperation. Science, 211, 1390–1396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babbitt, S. E. (1993). Feminism and Objective Interests: The Role of Transformation Experiences in Rational Deliberation. In Alcoff, L. and Potter, E. (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bailey, N. T. J. (1967). The Mathematical Approach to Biology and Medicine. London and New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Baird, P. A. (1990). Genetics and Health Care: A Paradigm Shift. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 33, 203–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barkow, J., Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. (1992). The Adapted Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bayer, R. (1981). Homosexuality and American Psychology: The Politics of Diagnosis. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Beach, F. (1973). Human Sexuality and Evolution. In Montanga, W. and Sadler, W. (Eds.) Advances in Behavioral Biology (pp. 333–365). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Beatty, J. (1980). Optimal-Design Models and the Strategy of Model Building in Evolutionary Biology. Philosophy of Science, 47, 532–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beatty, J. (1981). What's Wrong with the Received View of Evolutionary Theory? PSA 1980: Vol. Two. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Beatty, J. (1982). The Insights and Oversights of Molecular Genetics: the Place of the Evolutionary Perspective. PSA 1982: Vol. One. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Beckner, M. (1959). The Biological Way of Thought. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Bennett, D. (1975). The T-Locus of the Mouse. Cell, 6, 441–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, J. (1965). Substance, Reality, and Primary Qualities. American Philosophical Quarterly, 2(1), 1–17.Google Scholar
Berkeley, G. (1871). Works. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein, R. (1983). Beyond Objectivism and Relativism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein. R. (1988). The Rage against Reason. In McMullin, E. (Ed.), Construction and Constraint: The Shaping of Scientific Rationality. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Bleier, R. (1984). Science and Gender: A Critique of Biology and Its Theories on Women. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Bleier, R. (1986). Sex Differences Research: Science or Belief? In Bleier, R. (Ed.), Feminist Approaches to Science. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Blonder, L. (1993). Review of The Adapted Mind. American Anthropologist, 95, 777–778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bock, W. (1980). The Definition and Recognition of Biological Adaptation. American Zoologist, 20, 217–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boorman, S. A., and Levitt, P. R. (1973). Group Selection on the Boundary of a Stable Population. Theoretical Population Biology, 4, 85–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boorman, S. A. (1978). Mathematical Theory of Group Selection: Structure of Group Selection in Founder Populations Determined from Convexity of the Extinction Operator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 69, 1909–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bordo, S. (1987). The Flight to Objectivity: Essays on Cartesianism and Culture. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Bordo, S. (1989). The View from Nowhere and the Dream of Everywhere: Heterogeneity, Adequation and Feminist Theory. American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Feminism and Philosophy, 88(2), 19–25.Google Scholar
Boyd, R. (1980). The Current Status of Scientific Realism. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Boyle, R. (1744). The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. London.Google Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1978). Adaptation and Evolutionary Theory. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 9 (3), 181–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1981a). Biological Teleology: Questions and Explanations. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 12 (2), 91–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1981b). A Structural Description of Evolutionary Theory. Philosophy of Science Association, 2, 427–439.Google Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1982). The Levels of Selection. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association 1982, 1, 315–23.Google Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1985). Adaptation Explanations: Are Adaptations for the Good of Replicators or Interactors? In Depew, D. and Weber, B. (Eds.), Evolution at a Crossroads: The New Biology and the New Philosophy of Science (pp. 81–96). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford.Google Scholar
Brandon. R. N. (1988). Levels of Selection: A Hierarchy of Interactors. In Plotkin, H. C. (Ed.), The Role of Behavior in Evolution (pp. 51–71). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1990). Adaptation and Environment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bruck, D. (1957). Male Segregation Ratio Advantage as a Factor in Maintaining Lethal Alleles in Wild Populations of House Mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 43, 152–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bum, E. A. (1932). The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Anchor.Google Scholar
Burian, R. M. (1983). Adaptation. In Greene, M. (Ed.), Dimensions of Darwinism (pp. 287–314). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Butts, R. E. (1977). Consilience of Inductions and the Problem of Conceptual Change in Science. In Logic, Laws and Life. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Callebaut, W. (Ed.) (1993). The Naturalistic Turn: How Real Philosophy of Science Is Done. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, B. (1967). Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Caplan, A. L. (1981). The Concept of Health and Disease. In Veatch, R. M., (Ed.) Medical Ethics (pp. 49–62). Boston: Jones & Bartlett.Google ScholarPubMed
Carnap, R. (1928). Der Logische Aufbau der Welt. Berlin-Schlachtensee: Weltkreis-Verlag.Google Scholar
Carnap, R. (1950). Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology. Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 4, 20–40.Google Scholar
Carnap, R. (1956). Meaning and Necessity: A Study in Semantics and Modal Logic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Carnap, R. (1967). The Logical Structure of the World: Pseudoproblems in Philosophy. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cartwright, N. (1983). How the Laws of Physics Lie. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cartwright, N. (1990). Nature's Capacities and Their Measurement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cassidy, J. (1978). Philosophical Aspects of the Group Selection Controversy. Philosophy of Science, 45, 575–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cat, J. (1998). The Physicists' Debates on Unification in Physics at the End of the 29th Century. Historical Studies of the Physical Sciences, 28 (2), 253–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cat, J. (2000). Must Microcausality Condition Be Interpreted Causally? Beyond Reduction and Matters of Fact. Theoria, 37, 59–85.Google Scholar
Cat, J. (forthcoming). Physics Beyond Laws & Theories: The Limits of Unity, Universality and Precision. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Cheetham, A. H. (1986). Tempo of Evolution in a Neogene Bryozoan: Rates of Morphologic Change Within and Across Species Boundaries. Paleobiology, 12, 190–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, P. W., and K. J. Holyoak (1983). Schema-Based Inferences in Deductive Reasoning. Anaheim, 25th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association.
Cheng, P. W., and K. J. Holyoak (1984). Pragmatic Schemas for Deductive Reasoning. San Antonio, 25th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society.
Cheng, P. W., and Holyoak, K. J. (1985). Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas. Cognitive Psychology, 17, 391–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheng, P. W., Holyoak, K. et al. (1986). Pragmatic Versus Syntactic Approaches to Training Deductive Reasoning. Cognitive Psychology, 18, 293–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheng, P. W., and Holyoak, K. J. (1989). On the Natural Selection of Reasoning Theories. Cognition, 33, 285–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1974). Male-Female, Female-Female, and Male-Male Sexual Behavior in the Stumptail Monkey, with Special Attention to the Female Orgasm. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 3(2), 95–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1976). Homosexual Behavior in a Laboratory Group of Stumptail Monkeys (Macaca Arctoides): Forms, Contexts, and Possible Social Functions. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 5(6), 511–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1975). Reflections on Language. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1980). Rules and Representations. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1989). A Neurocomputational Perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1986). Neurophilosophy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1993). Can Neurobiology Teach Us Anything about Consciousness?Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association, 67(4), 23–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Code, L. (1991). What Can She Know? Feminist Theory and the Construction of Knowledge. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Code, L. (1993). Taking Subjectivity into Account. In Alcoff, L. and Potter, E. (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies (pp. 15–48). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Colwell, R. K. (1981). Evolution of Female-Based Sex Ratios: The Essential Role of Group Selection. Nature, 290: 401–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conkey, M. W. (1984). Archaeology and the Study of Gender. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, 7, 1–38.Google Scholar
Conkey, M. W., and S. H. Williams (1991). Original Narratives: The Political Economy of Gender in Archaeology. In Leonardo, M. di (Ed.), Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, W. S. (1984). Expected Time to Extinction and the Concept of Fundamental Fitness. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 107, 603–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cosmides, L., and J. Tooby (1987). From Evolution to Behavior: Evolutionary Psychology as the Missing Link. In Dupre, J. (Ed.), The Latest on the Best: Essays on Evolution and Optimality (pp. 277–306). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Cosmides, L., and J. Tooby (1995). Beyond Intuition and Instinct Blindness: Toward an Evolu-tionary Rigorous Cognitive Science. In Mehler, J. and Franck, S. (Eds.), Cognition on Cognition (pp. 69–105). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Cosmides, L. (1985). Deduction or Darwinian Algorithms?: An Explanation of the “Elusive” Content Effect on the Wason Selection Task. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University.
Cosmides, L. (1989). The Logic of Social Exchange: Has Natural Selection Shaped How Humans Reason? Studies with the Wason Selection Task. Cognition, 31, 187–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Council for Responsible Genetics. (1990). Position Paper on Human Genome Initiative. Boston: Committee for Responsible Genetics.
Craig, D. M. (1982). Group Selection versus Individual Selection: An Experimental Analysis. Evolution, 36, 271–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cranor, C. F. (1994). Genetic Causation. In Cranor, C. F., (Ed.), Are Genes Us? (pp. 125–141). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Crook, J. H. (1972). Sexual Selection, Dimorphism, and Social Organization in the Primates. In Campbell, B. (Ed.), Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Cronin, H. (1991). The Peacock's Tail. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Crow, J. F., and Aoki, K. (1982). Group Selection for a Polygenetic Behavioral Trait: A Differential Proliferation Model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 79, 2628–2631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crow, J. F., and Kimura, M. (1970). An Introduction to Population Genetics. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Culliton, B. J. (1990). Mapping Terra Incognita (Humani Corporis). Science, 250, 211.Google Scholar
Curley, E. (1972). Locke, Boyle, and the Distinction between Primary and Secondary Qualities. Philosophical Review, 81, 438–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curley, E. (1978). Descartes against the Skeptics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damuth, J., and Heisler, I. L. (1988). Alternative Formulations of Multilevel Selection. Biology and Philosophy, 3, 407–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darden, L., and Maull, N. (1977). Interfield Theories. Philosophy of Science, 44(1), 43–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darlington, C. D. (1939). The Evolution of Genetic Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1903). More Letters of Charles Darwin (Darwin, Francis, Ed.). New York: D. Appleton.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1919). Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (Darwin, Francis, Ed.). New York: D. Appleton.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1964). On the Origin of Species (1st edition facsimile). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1967). Darwin and Henslow: The Growth of an Idea (Barlow, Nora, Ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Daston, L. (1992). Objectivity and the Escape from Perspective. Social Studies of Science, 22, 597–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daston, L., and Galison, P. (1992). The Image of Objectivity. Representations, 40, 81–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davenport, W. (1977). Sex in Cross-Cultural Perspective. In Beach, F. (Ed.), Human Sexuality in Four Perspectives (pp. 115–163). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Davidson, D. (1967). Truth and Meaning. Synthese, 17, 304–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, D. (1974). The Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 47, 5–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, B. D. (1990). The Human Genome and Other Initiatives. Science, 249, 342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawkins, R. (1978). Replicator Selection and the Extended Phenotype. Zeitschrill fur Tierpsychologie, 47, 61–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawkins, R. (1982a). Replicators and Vehicles. In King's College Sociobiology Group, Cambridge, Current Problems in Sociobiology (pp. 45–64). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1982b). The Extended Phenotype. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1986). The Blind Watchmaker. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1989a). The evolution of evolvability. In Langdon, C. (Ed.), Artificial Life, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity (pp. 201–220). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1989b). The Selfish Gene, Revised Edition. New York: Oxford.Google Scholar
Waal, F. B. M. (1989). Peacemaking among Primates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Waal, F. B. M. (1991a). The Chimpanzee's Sense of Social Regularity and Its Relation to the Human Sense of Justice. American Behavioral Scientist, 34(3), 335–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waal, F. B. M. (1991b). Complementary Methods and Convergent Evidence in the Study of Primate Social Cognition. Behaviour, 118, 297–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waal, F. B. M., and Harcourt, A. H. (Eds). (1992). Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Waal, F B. M., and Johanowicz, D. L. (1993). Modification of Reconciliation Behavior through Social Experience: An Experiment with Two Macaque Species. Child Development, 64, 897–908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waal, F. B. M., and Luttrell, L. M. (1988). Mechanisms of Social Reciprocity in Three Primate Species: Symmetrical Relationship Characteristics or Cognition?Ethology and Sociobiology, 9, 101–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. (1978a). Brainstorms. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1978b). Current Issues in the Philosophy of Mind. American Philosophical Quarterly, 15(4), 249–261.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1988). Quining Qualia. In Marcel, A. J. and Bisiach, E. (Eds.), Consciousness in Contemporary Science. Clarendon, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1991). Consciousness Explained. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co.Google Scholar
Dewey, J. (1925). Experience and Nature. La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishing.Google Scholar
Dewey, J. (1929). The Quest for Certainty. New York: Minton, Balch.Google Scholar
Dewey, J. (1938). Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Diamond, J. M. (1969). Avifaunal Equilibria and Species Turnover Rates on the Channel Islands of California. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 64, 57–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobzhansky, T. (1937) Genetics and the Origin of Species. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Dobzhansky, T. (1956). What Is an Adaptive Trait?American Naturalist, 40(855), 337–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobzhansky, T. (1968). Adaptedness and Fitness. In Lewontin, R. C. (Ed.), Population Biology and Evolution, (p. 109–21). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Dobzhansky, T. (1970). Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Dugatkin, L. A., and Reeve, H. K. (1994). Behavioral Ecology and Levels of Selection: Dissolving the Group Selection Controversy. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 23, 101–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dulbecco, R. (1986). A Turning Point in Cancer Research: Sequencing the Human Genome. Science, 231, 1055–1056.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1982). Adaptation, Fitness and the Evolutionary Tautology. In King's College Sociobiology Group, Cambridge, Current Problems in Sociobiology (pp. 9–28). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dupre, J. (1983). The Disunity of Science. Mind, 92, 321–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupre, J. (1993). The Disorder of Things. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Duran, J. (1991). Toward a Feminist Epistemology. Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Economist. (1993). Review of The Adapted Mind. 326, 82.
Eldredge, N. (1971). The Allopatric Model and Phylogeny in Paleozoic Invertebrates. Evolution, 25, 156–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eldredge, N. (1985). Unfinished Synthesis: Biological Hierarchies and Modern Evolutionary Thought. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eldredge, N., and S. J. Gould (1972). Punctuated Equilibrium: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism. In Schopfied, T. J. M., (Ed.), Models in Paleobiology. San Francisco: Freeman.Google Scholar
Fausto-Sterling, A. (1985). Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Women and Men. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Fausto-Sterling, A. (1993). The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough. The Sciences, 33(2), 20–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fedigan, L. (1982). Primate Paradigms. Montreal, Can: Eden.Google Scholar
Feyerabend, P. (1975). Against Method. London: New Left Bookstore.Google Scholar
Fine, A. (1984). The Natural Ontological Attitude. In Scientific Realism. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Fine, A. (1986). The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism and the Quantum Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1930). The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. London: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1958). The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
Fiske, A. P. (1991). Structures of Social Life: The Four Elementary Forms of Human Relations. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983). The Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1987). Interview of M. Foucault: Questions of Method. In After Philosophy: End or Transformation?Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. W., and MacMahon, J. A. (1982). Selective Extinction and Speciation: Their Influence on the Structure and Functioning of Communities and Ecosystems. American Naturalist, 119, 480–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fradkin, P. (1989). Fallout. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Franklin, I., and Lewontin, R. C. (1970). Is the Gene the Unit of Selection?Genetics, 65, 707–734.Google ScholarPubMed
Friedman, T. (1989). Progress toward Human Gene Therapy. Science, 244, 1275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, T. (1990). The Human Genome Project – Some Implications of Extensive “Reverse Genetic” Medicine [opinion]. American Journal of Human Genetics, 46, 409.Google Scholar
Frieze, I. H., Parsons, J. E., Johnson, P. B., Ruble, D. N., and Zellman, G. L. (1978). Women and Sex Roles: A Social Psychological Perspective. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Fujimara, J. (1998). The Molecular Biological Bandwagon in Cancer Research: Where Social Worlds Meet. Social Problems, 35, 261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gajdusek, D. C. (1970). Physiological and Psychological Characteristics of Stone Age Man. Engineering and Science, 22, 56–62.Google Scholar
Gallup, G. G., and Suarez, S. D. (1983). Optimal Reproductive Strategies for Bipedalism. Journal of Human Evolution, 12, 195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garber, D. (1978). Science and Certainty in Descartes. In Descartes: Critical and Interpretive Essays. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Garber, D. (1992). Descartes' Metaphysical Physics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Garber, D. (1993). Descartes and Experiment in the Discourse and Essays. In Essays on the Philosophy and Science of Rene Descartes. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, C. (1990, November 8). A Lab of One's Own. NY Review of Books, 37.Google Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1974). The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Giere, R. (1985). Constructive Realism. In Churchland, P. M. and Hooker, C. A. (Eds.), Images of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G., and Hug, K. (1992). Domain-Specific Reasoning: Social Contracts, Cheating, and Perspective Change. Cognition, 43, 127–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilinsky, N. (1986). Species Selection as a Causal Process. Evolutionary Biology, 20, 248–273.Google Scholar
Glennan, S. (2002). Contextual Unanimity and the Units of Selection Problem. Philosophy of Science, 69(1), 118–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glymour, B. (1999). Population Level Causation and a Unified Theory of Natural Selection. Biology and Philosophy, 14(4), 521–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godfrey-Smith, P. (1992). Additivity and the Units of Selection. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1992 Vol 1, 315–328.Google Scholar
Godfrey-Smith, P., and Kerr, B. (2002). Group Fitness and Multi-Level Selection: Replies to Commentaries. Biology and Philosophy, 17(4), 539–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godfrey-Smith, P., and Lewontin, R. (1993). The Dimensions of Selection. Philosophy of Science, 60, 373–395.Google Scholar
Goldfoot, D., Westerborg-van Loon, J., Groeneveld, W., and Slob, A. Koos (1980). Behavioral and Physiological Evidence of Sexual Climax in the Female Stump-Tailed Macaque (Macaca Arctoides). Science, 208, 1477–1479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, J. C., J. J. McCarthy, and D. G. Peavey (1979). Growth Rate Influence the Chemical Composition of Phytoplankton in Oceanic Matters. Nature, 279, 210–215.
Goldman, J. C., C. D. Taylor, and P. M. Glibert (1981). Nonlinear Time-Course Uptake of Carbon and Ammonium by Marine Phytoplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 137–148.
Gollin, E. S., Stahl, G., and Morgan, E. (1989). On the Uses of the Concept of Normality in Developmental Biology and Psychology. Advances in Child Development Behavior, 21, 49–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodnight, C. J., and Stevens, L. (1997). Experimental Studies of Group Selection: What Do They Tell Us about Group Selection in Nature?The American Naturalist, 150, S 59–S79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gould, S. J. (1982). The Meaning of Punctuated Equilibrium and Its Role in Validating a Hierarchical Approach to Macroevolution. In Milkman, R. (Ed.), Perspectives in Evolution (pp. 83–104). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1983). The Meaning of Punctuated Equilibrium and Its Role in Validating a Hierarchical Approach to Macroevolution. In Milkman, R. (Ed.), Perspectives in Evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1987). Freudian Slip. Natural History (Feb), 14–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Gould, S. J. (1989). Punctuated Equilibrium in Fact and Theory. Journal of Social Biology Structure, 12, 117–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J. (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J., and Eldredge, N. (1977). Punctuated Equilibria: The Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered. Paleobiology, 3, 115–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J., and Lewontin, R. C. (1979). The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B205, 581–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J., and Vrba, E. S. (1982). Exaptation – A Missing Term in the Science of form. Paleobiology, 8, 4–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grene, M. (1985). Descartes. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Grene, M. (1991). Descartes among the Scholastics. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.Google Scholar
Griesemer, J. R. (2005). The Informational Gene and the Substantial Body: On the Generalization of Evolutionary Theory by Abstraction. In Cartwright, N. and Jones, M. (Eds.), Idealization XII: Correcting the Model, Idealization and Abstraction in the Sciences (pp. 59–115). Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities, vol 86. Amsterdam: Rodopi Publishers.Google Scholar
Griesemer, J. (2000). Development, Culture and the Units of Inheritance. Philosophy of Science (Proceedings), 67, S348-S368.Google Scholar
Griesemer, J. R., and Wade, M. J. (1988). Laboratory Models, Causal Explanation, and Group Selection. Biology and Philosophy, 3, 67–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griesemer, J. R., and W. Wimsatt (1989). Picturing Weismannism: A Case Study of Conceptual Evolution. In Ruse, M. (Ed.), What the Philosophy of Biology Is, Essays for David Hull (pp. 75–137). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, P., and Levitt, N. (1994). Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and its Quarrels with Science. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hacking, I. (1983). Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacking, I. (1988). Philosophers of Experiment. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association 1988. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Hafez, E. S. E. (1971). Reproductive Cycles. In Hafez, E. S. E. (Ed.), Comparative Reproduction of Non-human Primates. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Haldane, J. B. S. (1932). The Causes of Evolution. London: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1967). Extraordinary Sex Ratios. Science, 156, 477–488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, W. D. (1975). Innate Social Aptitudes in Man: An Approach from Evolutionary Genetics. In Fox, R. (Ed.), Biosocial Anthropology (pp. 133–55). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D., Axelrod, R., and Tanese, R. (1990). Sexual Reproduction as an Adaptation to Resist Parasites (A Review). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 87, 3566–3573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hampe, M., and Morgan, S. R. (1988). Two Consequences of Richard Dawkins' View of Genes and Organisms. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 19, 119–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, T. A. (1978). Larval Dispersal and Species Longevity in Lower Tertiary Gastropods. Science, 199, 885–887.
Hansen, T. A. (1980). Influence of Larval Dispersal and Geographic Distribution on Species Longevity in Neogastropods. Paleobiology, 8, 367–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haraway, D. (1989). Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Haraway, D. (1991). Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. In Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (1986). The Science Question in Feminism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (Ed.). (1987). Feminism and Methodology: Social Science Issues. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (1989). Why “Physics” is a Bad Model for Physics. In The End of Science? Attack and Defense (25th Nobel Conference, 1989). Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1992.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (1991). Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking From Women's Lives. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (1992). After the Neutrality Ideal: Science, Politics, and “Strong Objectivity.” Social Research, 59(3), 567–587.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (Ed.). (1993a). The “Racial” Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (1993b). Rethinking Standpoint Epistemology: What is Strong Objectivity? In Alcoff, L. and Potter, E. (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies (pp. 49–82), New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (1995). Strong Objectivity: A Response to the New Objectivity Question. Synthese, 104(3), 331–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. Philosophical Review, 74, 88–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harman, G. (1968). Knowledge, Inference, and Explanation. American Philosophical Quarterly, 5, 164–173.Google Scholar
Haskell, T. (1990). Objectivity Is Not Neutrality: Rhetoric vs. Practice in Peter Novick's That Noble Dream. History and Theory, 29, 129–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haslanger, S. (1993). On Being Objective and Being Objectified. In Antony, L. and Witt, C. (Eds.), A Mind of One's Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Heisler, I. L., and Damuth, J. (1988). A Method for Analyzing Selection in Hierarchically Structured Populations. American Naturalist, 130, 582–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herschel, J. F. W. (1831). A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy.London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesse, M. (1974). The Structure of Scientific Inference. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hesse, M. (1988). Socializing Epistemology. In McMullin, E. (Ed.), Construction and Constraint: The Shaping of Scientific Rationality. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Hite, S. (1976). The Hite Report. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hobbes, T. (1651, 1962). Leviathan, (Ed. Oakeshott, M.). London: Collier Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hobbes. T. (1839 ff.). Works (Ed. Molesworth, ). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Holden, C. (1991). Probing the Complex Genetics of Alcoholism. Science, 251, 163–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holton, G. (1993). Science and Anti-Science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hrdy, S. B. (1986). Empathy, Polyandry, and the Myth of the Coy Female. In Bleier, R. (Ed.), Feminist Approaches to Science. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Hubbard., R. (1990). The Politics of Women's Biology. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Hubbard, R., Henifen, M. S., and Fried, B. (Eds.). (1982). Biological Woman, the Convenient Myth: A Collection of Feminist Essays and a Comprehensive Bibliography. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Hull, D. L. (1980). Individuality and Selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11, 311–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, D. L. (1988). Science as a Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, D. L. (1988a). Interactors versus Vehicles. In Plotkin, H. C. (Ed.), The Role of Behavior in Evolution (pp. 19–50). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. (1986). Background and Mass Extinctions: The Alternation of Macroevolutionary Regimes. Science, 231, 129–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jablonski, D. (1987). Heritability at the Species Level: Analysis of Geographic Ranges of Cretaceous Mollusks. Science, 238, 360–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaggar, A., and Bordo, S. (Eds.). (1989). Gender/Body/Knowledge. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. (1987). The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jukes, T. H. (1988). The Human Genome Project: Labeling Genes. California Monthly, December, 15–17.Google Scholar
Kano, T. (1980). Special Behavior of Wild Pygmy Chimpanzees (Pan Paniscus) of Wambe: A Preliminary Report. Journal of Human Evolution, 9, 243–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kano, T. (1982). The Social Group of Pygmy Chimpanzees of Wamba. Primates, 23(2), 171–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karjala, D. S. (1992). A Legal Research Agenda for the Human Genome Initiative. Jurimetrics, 32, 121–219.Google ScholarPubMed
Kawata, M. (1987). Units and Passages: A View for Evolutionary Biology. Biology and Philosophy, 2, 415–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kekule, F. A. (1965). Origin of the Benzene and Structural Theory. Chemistry, 38.Google Scholar
Keller, E. F. (1985). Reflections on Gender and Science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Keller, E. F., and Lloyd, E. A. (1992). Keywords in Evolutionary Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kerr, B., and Godfrey-Smith, P. (2002). Individualist and Multi-Level Perspectives on Selection in Structured Populations. Biology and Philosophy, 17(4), 477–517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimura, M., and Ohta, T. (1971). Theoretical Aspects of Population Genetics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Kinsey, A. C., et al. (1953). Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, M. (1987). Sexual Selection by Female Choice in Polygynous Animals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 187, 43–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1981). Explanatory Unification. Philosophy of Science, 48, 507–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitcher, P., Sterelny, K., and Waters, K. (1990). The Illusory Riches of Sober's Monism. Journal of Philosophy, 87, 158–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koruda, S. (1980). Social Behavior of the Pygmy Chimpanzees. Primates, 21(2), 181–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krimbas, C. B. (1984). On Adaptation, Neo-Darwinian Tautology, and Population Fitness. Evolutionary Biology, 17, 1–57.
Kuhn., T. S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1977). The Essential Tension. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1992). The Trouble with the Historical Philosophy of Science. Cambridge, MA: Dept. of the History of Science, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Lande, R. (1980). Sexual Dimorphism, Sexual Selection, and Adaptation in Polygenic Characters. Evolution, 34(2), 292–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lande, R., and Arnold, S. J. (1983). The Measurement of Selection on Correlated characters. Evolution, 37, 1210–1227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Latour, B. (1993). We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Laudan, L. (1971). William Whewell on the Consilience of Inductions. Monist, 55, 368–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laudan, L. (1981). A Confutation of Convergent Realism. Philosophy of Science, 48, 19–49. Reprinted in Leplin, J. (Ed.), Scientific Realism (pp. 218–249). Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Leacock, E. B. (1977). Women in Egalitarian Societies. In Becoming Visible: Women in European History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Leacock, E. B. (1978a). Structuralism and Dialectics. Reviews in Anthropology, 5(1), 17–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leacock, E. B. (1978b). Society and Gender. In Genes and Gender. New York: Guardian Press.Google Scholar
Leacock, E. B. (1981). History, Development, and the Division of Labor by Sex: Implications for Organization. Signs, 7(2), 474–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leacock, E. B., and Safa, H. I. (1986). Women's Work: Development and the Division of Labor. South Hadley, MA: Gender, Bergin & Garve.Google Scholar
Leacock, E. B., and Nash, J. (1977). Ideologies of Sex: Archetypes and Stereotypes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 285, 618–645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leigh, E. G. (1977). How Does Selection Reconcile Individual Advantage with the Good of the Group?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 74, 4542–4546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levay, S. (1991). A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure between Homosexual and Heterosexual Men. Science, 253, 1034–1037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, M. (1988). Caring New Science: Feminism and Science. American Scholar, 57 (Winter).Google Scholar
Levin, B. R., and Kilmer, W. L. (1974). Interdemic Selection and the Evolution of Altruism: A Computer Simulation Study. Evolution, 28, 527–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levins, R. (1968). Evolution in Changing Environments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Levins, R., and Lewontin, R. C. (1985). The Dialectical Biologist. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1956). The Family. In Shapiro, H. L. (Ed.), Man, Culture, and Society. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1969). The Elementary Structure of Kinship. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. (1958). Cold Spring Harbor Symposium of Quantitative Biology 22, 395–408.
Lewontin, R. C. (1958). A General Method for Investigating the Equilibrium of Gene Frequency in a Population. Genetics, 43, 421–433.Google ScholarPubMed
Lewontin, R. C. (1962). Interdeme Selection Controlling a Polymorphism in the House Mouse. The American Naturalist, 46(887), 65–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1967). The Principle of Historicity in Evolution. In Moorehead, P. S. and Kaplan, M. M. (Eds.), Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution (pp. 81–88). Philadelphia: Wistar Institute Press.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1970). The Units of Selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1, 1–18.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1974). The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1978). Adaptation. Scientific American, 239, 156–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewontin, R. C. (1985). Adaptation. In Levins, R. and Lewontin, R. C. (Eds.), The Dialectical Biologist (pp. 65–84). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Originally published as “Adattamento” in Enciclopedia Einaudi, vol. 1. Turin, 1977.Google Scholar
Lewontin., R. C. (1990). Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA. New York: Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C., and Dunn, L. C. (1960). The Evolutionary Dynamics of a Polymorphism in the House Mouse. Genetics, 45, 701–722.Google ScholarPubMed
Li, C. C. (1967). Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection. Nature, 214, 505–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, E. (1983) A Semantic Approach to the Structure of Population Genetics. Philosophy of Science, 51, 242–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, E. (1983). The Nature of Darwin's Support for the Theory of Natural Selection. Philosophy of Science, 50, 112–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, E. (1986a). Thinking about Models in Evolutionary Theory. Philosophica, 37, 87–100.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. (1986b). Empirical Evaluation of Group Selection Debates. Philosophy of Science Association Proceedings, Vol. I, 1986. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1986c). Evaluation of Evidence in Group Selection Debates. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association 1986, 1, 483–493.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1988/1994). The Structure and Confirmation of Evolutionary Theory. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Paperback edition with new preface, Princeton University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1989). A Structural Approach to Defining Units of Selection. Philosophy of Science, 56, 395–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1992). Unit of Selection. In Keller, E. F. and Lloyd, E. A. (Eds.), Keywords in Evolutionary Biology (pp. 334–340). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1993). Pre-Theoretical Assumptions in Evolutionary Explanations of Female Sexuality. Philosophical Studies, 69, 139–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1995). Objectivity and the Double Standard for Feminist Epistemologies. Synthese, 104 (September), 351–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1999). Altruism Revisited. Review of Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior, by Sober, Elliott and Wilson, David S.. Quarterly Review of Biology, 74(4), 447–449.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (2001). Units and Levels of Selection: An Anatomy of the Units of Selection Debates. In Singh, Rama S., Krimbas, Costas B., Paul, Diane B., Beatty, John (Eds.), Thinking About Evolution: Historical, Philosophical, and Political Perspectives, Volume Two (pp. 267–291). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A., and Gould, S. J. (1993). Species Selection on Variability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 90, 595–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, E. A., R. C. Lewontin, and M. Feldman (2006). The Generational Cycle of State Spaces and Adequate Genetical Representation. Manuscript.
Locke. J. (1694, 1959). Essay Concerning Human Understanding (2nd edition). Ed. Fraser, A. C.. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
Longino, H. (1990). Science as Social Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Longino, H. (1995). Gender, Politics, and the Theoretical Virtues. Synthese, 104(3), 383–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longino, H. E. (1979). Evidence and Hypothesis: An Analysis of Evidential Relations. Philosophy of Science, 46, 35–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longino, H. E. (1993a). Subjects, Power, and Knowledge: Description and Prescription in Feminist Philosophies of Science. In Alcoff, L. and Potter, E. (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies (pp. 101–120). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Longino, H. E. (1993b). The Essential Tensions – Phase Two: Feminist. Philosophical and Social Studies of Science. In Antony, L. and Witt, C. (Eds.), A Mind of One's Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Longino, H. E., and Doell, R. (1983). Body, Bias and Behavior: A Comparative Analysis of Reasoning in Two Areas of Biological Science. Signs, 9, 206–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacArthur, R. H., and Wilson, E. O. (1963). An Equilibrium Theory of Insular Zoogeography. Evolution, 17, 373–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacArthur, R. H., and Wilson, E. O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mackie, J. L. (1974). The Cement of the Universe: A Study of Causation. Clarendon, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mackie, J. L. (1976). Problems from Locke. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masters, W. H., and V. Johnson (1961). Orgasm, Anatomy of the Female. In Ellis, A. and Abarbanal, A. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Sexual Behavior, Vol. II. New York: Hawthorn.Google Scholar
Masters, W. H., and Johnson, V. (1966). Human Sexual Response. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Matessi, C., and Jayakar, S. D. (1976). Conditions for the Evolution of Altruism under Darwinian Selection. Theoretical Population Biology, 9, 360–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maynard, Smith J. (1964). Group Selection and Kin Selection: A Rejoinder. Nature, 201, 1145–1147.Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1968). Mathematical Ideas in Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1976). Group Selection. Quarterly Review of Biology, 51, 277–283.Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1978). The Evolution of Sex. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1981). The Evolution of Social Behavior and Classification of Models. In Kings College Sociobiology Group (Eds.), Current Problems in Sociobiology (pp. 29–44). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1984). The Population as a Unit of Selection. In Shorrocks, B. (Ed.), Evolutionary Ecology, 23rd British Ecological Society Symposium (pp. 195–202). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1987). Evolutionary Progress and Levels of Selection. In Dupre, J. (Ed.), The Latest on the Best. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Mayo, D., and Gilinsky, N. (1987) Philosophy of Science, 54, 515–538.CrossRef
Mayr, E. (1963). Animal Species and Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, E. (1967). Evolutionary Challenges to the Mathematical Interpretation of Evolution. In Moorehead, P. S. and Kaplan, M. M. (Eds.), Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution (pp. 47–54). Philadelphia: Wistar Institute Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1976). Evolution and the Diversity of Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1978). Evolution. Scientific American, 239, 49–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayr, E. (1982a). Adaptation and Selection. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 101, 161–174.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1982b). The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1983). How to Carry Out the Adaptationist Program?American Naturalist, 121, 324–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDowell, J. (1979). Virtue and Reason. Monist, 62, 331–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDowell, J. (1988). Values and Secondary Qualities. In Sayre-McCord, G. (Ed.), Essays on Moral Realism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
McKusick, V. A. (1989). Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome. New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 910–915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McMullin, E. (Ed.). (1988a). Construction and Constraint: The Shaping of Scientific Rationality. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
McMullin, E. (1988b). Panel Discussion. In McMullin, E. (Ed.), Construction and Constraint: The Shaping of Scientific Rationality. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Michod, R. (1999). Darwinian Dynamics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Michod, R., and Levin, B. (Eds.). (1988). The Evolution of Sex: An Examination of Current Ideas. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. (1859, 1989). On Liberty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, G. F., and Todd, P. M. (1994). A Bottom-Up Approach with a Clear View of the Top: How Evolutionary Psychology Can Inform Adaptive Behavior Research. Adaptive Behavior, 3(1), 83–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, S. (1987). Competing Units of Selection? A Case of Symbiosis. Philosophy of Science, 54, 351–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mithin, S. (Spring 1997). Review of The Adapted Mind. Journal of Anthropological Research, 53, 100–102.Google Scholar
Mori, A. (1984). An Ethological Study of Pygmy Chimpanzees in Wambe Zaire: A Comparison with Chimpanzees. Primates, 25(3), 255–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, D. (1967). The Naked Ape. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Moulines, C. U. (1975). A Logical Reconstruction of Simple Equilibrium Thermodynamics. Erkenntnis, 9, 101–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munson, R. (1971). Biological Adaptation. Philosophy of Science, 38, 200–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, J. P. (1990). Pragmatism: From Peirce to Davidson. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1979). Mortal Questions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1980). The Limits of Objectivity. In The Tanner Lectures on Human Values (pp. 77–139). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1986). The View from Nowhere. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1993, March 4). The Mind Wins! Review of J. R. Searle's The Rediscovery of the Mind. New York Review of Books, 37–41.
Nelson, L. H. (1990). Who Knows: From Quine to a Feminist Empiricism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, L. H. (1993). Epistemological Communities. In Alcoff, L. and Potter, E. (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies (pp. 121–160). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Newton, I. (1726, 1972). Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (3rd edition). Koyre, A. and Cohen, I. B. (Eds.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Nicholson, A. J. (1960). The Role of Population Dynamics in Natural Selection. In Tax, D. (Ed.), Evolution After Darwin: The Evolution of Life (pp. 477–522). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Nietzsche, F. (1887, 1967). On the Genealogy of Morals & Ecco Homo. New York: Vintage Books, Random House.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., and Cheng, P. W. (1988). Conditional Reasoning. 29th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Chicago.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., Fong, G. T., Lehman, D., and Cheng, P. W. (1987). Teaching Reasoning. Science, 238, 625–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Novick, P. (1988). That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowotny, H., and Rose, H. (Eds.). (1979). Counter-Movements in the Sciences. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nunney, L. (1985). Group Selection, Altruism, and Structured-Deme Models. American Naturalist, 126, 212–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohm, K. (1983). Hierarchical Theory of Selection: The Covariance Formula of Selection and Its Application. Bulletin of the Biometrical Society of Japan, 4, 25–33.Google Scholar
Okasha, S. (2004). Multilevel Selection and the Partitioning of Covariance: A Comparison of Three Approaches. Evolution, 58(3), 486–494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oster, G. F., and Wilson, E. O. (1978). Caste and Ecology in the Social Insects. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Peirce, C. S. (1868, 1992). Some Consequences of Four Incapacities. Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 2, 140–157. Reprinted in Houser, N. and Kloesel, C. (Eds.), The Essential Peirce Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Peirce, C. S. (1871, 1992). Review of Fraser's The Works of George Berkeley. North American Review, 113, 449–472. Reprinted in Houser, N. and Kloesel, C. (Eds.), The Essential Peirce Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Peirce. C. S. (1877, 1992). The Fixation of Belief. Popular Science Monthly, 12, 1–15. Reprinted in Houser, N. and Kloesel, C. (Eds.), The Essential Peirce Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Peirce, C. S. (1878a, 1992). How to Make our Ideas Clear. Popular Science Monthly, 12, 286–302. Reprinted in Houser, N. and Kloesel, C. (Eds.), The Essential Peirce Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Peirce, C. S. (1878b, 1992). The Order of Nature. Popular Science Monthly, 13, 203–217. Reprinted in Houser, N. and Kloesel, C. (Eds.), The Essential Peirce Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Peirce, C. S. (1892, 1992). The Doctrine of Necessity Examined. The Monist, 2, 321–327. Reprinted in Houser, N. and Kloesel, C. (Eds.), The Essential Peirce Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Perutz, M. F. (1995, December 21).The Pioneer Defended. Review of Gerald L. Geison's The Private Science of Louis Pasteur (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). New York Review of Books, XⅬII (20).Google Scholar
Pfeifer, E. J. (1972). United States. In Glick, (Ed.), The Comparative Reception of Darwinism (pp. 185–210). Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Pickering, A. (1984). Constructing Quarks: A Sociological History of Particle Physics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Pinker, S., and Bloom, P. (1990). Natural Language and Natural Selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13, 707–784. Reprinted (1992) in Barkow, J., Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. (Eds.), The Adapted Mind, pp. 451–493.
Platt, J. R. (1964). Strong Inference. Science, 146, 347–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polanyi, M. (1969a). The Republic of Science: Its Political and Economic Theory. In Knowing and Being: Essays by Michael Polanyi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1969b). The Structure of Consciousness. In Knowing and Being: Essays by Michael Polanyi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Potter, E. (1993). Gender and Epistemic Negotiation. In Alcoff, L. and Potter, E. (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies (pp. 161–186). Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Price, G. R. (1972). Extension of Covariance Selection Mathematics. Annals of Human Genetics, 35, 485–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Proctor, R. (1991). Value-Free Science? Purity and Power in Modern Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pugh, G. (1977). Biological Origins of Human Values. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1981). Reason, Truth and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, H. (1988). Representation and Reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1992). Renewing Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1960). Word and Object. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1963). Two Dogmas of Empiricism. In From a Logical Point of View (Revised Edition) (pp. 20–46). New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1969). Epistemology Naturalized. In Ontological Relativity and Other Essays. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1974). The Roots of Reference. La Salle, IL: Open Court.Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1981). Theories and Things. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Quinn, J. F., and Dunham, A. E. (1983). On Hypothesis Testing in Ecology and Evolution. American Naturalist, 122, 602–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranelagh, J. (1986). The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Reid, J. P. (1970). A Law of Blood: The Primitive Law of the Cherokee Nation. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Reiter, R. R. (Ed.). (1975). Toward an Anthropology of Women. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Rescher, N. (1978). Peirce's Philosophy of Science: Critical Studies in His Theory of Induction and Scientific Method.South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Rescher, N. (1992). A System of Pragmatic Idealism, Vol. I: Human Knowledge. In Idealist Perspective. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Roan, S. (1991, April 18). Check It Out. Oakland Tribune.Google Scholar
Rodis-Lewis, G. (1993). From Metaphysics to Physics: Essays on the Philosophy and Science of Rene Descartes. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rorty, R. (1979). Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1982). Consequences of Pragmatism: Essays, 1972–1980. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1986). Pragmatism, Davidson and Truth. In LePore, E. (Ed.), Truth and Interpretation: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1987). Pragmatism and Philosophy. In Baynes, K., Bohman, J., and McCarthy, T. (Eds.), After Philosophy: End or Transformation?Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1988). Is Natural Science a Natural Kind? In McMullin, E. (Ed.), Construction and Constraint: The Shaping of Scientific Rationality. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1989). Contingency, Irony and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, H. (1983). Hand, Brain and Heart: A Feminist Epistemology for the Natural Sciences. Signs, 9, 73–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roughgarden, J. (1983). Competition and Theory in Community Ecology. American Naturalist, 122, 583–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouse, J. (1987). Knowledge and Power: Toward a Political Philosophy of Science. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Rudwick, M. J. S. (1976). The Meaning of Fossils (2nd ed.). New York: Neale Watson Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Ruse, M. (1975a). Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution: An Analysis. Journal of the History of Biology, 8(2), 219–241.Google Scholar
Ruse, M. (1975b). Darwin's Debt to Philosophy. Studies in the History and Philosophy ofScience, 6(2), 159–181.Google Scholar
Ruse, M. (1979). The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ruse, M. (1981). Is Science Sexist? And Other Problems in the Biomedical Sciences. Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarkar, S. (1994). The Selection of Alleles and the Additivity of Variance. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1994, Vol. One, 3–12.Google Scholar
Scheffler, I. (1967). Science and Subjectivity. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1993). Rationality and Realism: What Is at Stake?Daedalus, 122(4), 55–84.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, P. (1973). Illness – Mental and Otherwise. Hastings Center Report, 1, 19–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sellars. W. (1968). Science and Metaphysics: Variations on Kantian Themes. London: International Library of Philosophy and Scientific Method, Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Shanahan, T. (1997). Pluralism, Antirealism, and the Units of Selection. Acta Biotheoretica, 45, 117–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapere, D. (1981). Meaning and Scientific Change. In Hacking, Ian (Ed.), Scientific Revolutions (pp. 28–59). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shapin, S., and Schaffer, S.. (1985). Leviathan and the Air Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1987). Evolution of a Mesh between Principles of the Mind and Regularities of the World. In Dupre, J. (Ed.), The Latest on the Best: Essays on Evolution and Optimality. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Shimony, A. (1970). Scientific Inference. In Colodny, R. (Ed.), The Nature and Function of Scientific Theories. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Simberloff, D. (1983). Competition Theory, Hypothesis Testing, and Other Community Ecological Buzzwords. American Naturalist, 122, 625–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simberloff, D., and Wilson, E. O. (1969). Experimental Zoogeography of Islands: The Colonization of Empty Islands. Ecology, 50, 278–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simberloff, D., and Wilson, E. O. (1970). Experimental Zoogeography of Islands: A Two-Year Record of Colonization. Ecology, 51, 934–934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, G. G. (1953). The Major Features of Evolution. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Singer, I., and Singer, J. (1972). Periodicity of Sexual Desire in Relation to Time of Ovulation in Women. Journal of Biosocial Science, 4, 471–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siskind, J. (1978). Kinship and Mode of Production. American Anthropologist, 80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slatkin, M. (1972). On Treating the Chromosome as the Unit of Selection. Genetics, 72, 157–168.Google ScholarPubMed
Slatkin, M. (1981). A Diffusion Model of Species Selection. Paleobiology, 7(4), 421–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slatkin, M., and Wade, M. (1978). Group Selection on a Quantitative Character. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 75, 3531–3534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slobodkin, L. B., and Rapoport, A. (1974). An Optimal Strategy of Evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology, 49, 181–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smart, J. J. C. (1963). Philosophy and Scientific Realism. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Smith, L., and Hood, L. (1987). Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome: How to Proceed. Biotechnology, 5, 933–939.Google Scholar
Sneed, J. (1971). The Logical Structure of Mathematical Physics. Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sober, E. (1981). Holism, Individualism, and the Units of Selection. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association 1980, 2, 93–121.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1984). The Nature of Selection. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1990). The Poverty of Pluralism: A Reply to Sterelny and Kitcher. The Journal of Philosophy, 87(3),151–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sober, E., and Lewontin, R. C. (1982). Artifact, Cause and Genic Selection. Philosophy of Science, 49, 157–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sober, E., and Wilson, D. S. (1994). A Critical Review of Philosophical Work on the Units of Selection Problem. Philosophy of Science, 61, 534–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sober, E., and Wilson, D. S. (1998). Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Spencer, H. G. (2001). Optimization, Limitations of. In Smelser, N. J. and Baltes, P. B. (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Spencer, H., and J. Masters (1992). Sexual Selection: Contemporary Debates. In Keller, E. F. and Lloyd, E. A. (Eds.), Keywords in Evolutionary Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Stanford, P. K. (2001). The Units of Selection and the Causal Structure of the World. Erkenntnis, 54, 215–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S., and Yang, X. (1987). Approximate Evolutionary Stasis for Bivalve Morphology Over Millions of Years: A Multivariate, Multilineage Study. Paleobiology, 13, 113–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. (1975a). Clades versus Clones in Evolution: Why We Have Sex. Science, 190, 382–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. (1975b). A Theory of Evolution above the Species Level. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 72(2), 646–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. (1979). Macroevolution: Pattern and Process. New York: Freeman.Google Scholar
Starfield, A. M., et al. (1980). An Exploratory Model of Impala Population Dynamics. In Levin, S. (Ed.), Mathematical Modelling in Biology and Ecology, Vol. 33 of Lecture Notes in Biomathematics. Berlin and New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Stegmuller, W. (1976). The Structure and Dynamics of Theories. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, H. (1993). On Philosophy and Natural Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century. In French, P., Uehling, T. Jr., and Wettstein, H. (Eds.), Midwest Studies in Philosophy, Volume XVIII: Philosophy of Science, pp. 177–201.
Sterelny, K., and Kitcher, P. (1988). The Return of the Gene. Journal of Philosophy, 85, 339–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stich, S. (1983). From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science: The Case against Belief. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Strawson, P. (1959). Individuals. London: Methuen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strong, D. R. (1983). Natural Variability and the Manifold Mechanisms of Ecological Communities. American Naturalist, 122, 636–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroud, B. (1980). Berkeley v. Locke on Primary Qualities. Philosophy, 55, 149–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroud., B. (1984). The Significance of Philosophical Scepticism. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strum, S. (1987). Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Suppe, F. (1972). What's Wrong with the Received View on the Structure of Scientific Theories?Philosophy of Science, 39, 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suppe, F. (1973). Theories, Their Formulations, and the Operational Imperative. Synthese, 25, 129–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suppe, F. (1974). Theories and Phenomena. In Leinfellner, W. and Kohler, E. (Eds.), Developments of the Methodology of Social Science (pp. 45–92). Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suppe, F. (1974a). Some Philosophical Problems in Biological Speciation and Taxonomy. In Wojcieckowski, (Ed.), Conceptual Basis of the Classification of Knowledge (pp. 190–243). Munich: Verlag Dokumentation.Google Scholar
Suppe, F. (1976). Theoretical Laws. In Przelecki, M. et al. (Eds.), Formal Methods in the Methodology of Empirical Sciences (pp. 247–267). Dordrecht, Boston: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suppe, F. (Ed.) (1977). The Structure of Scientific Theories (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Suppe, F. (1979). Theory Structure. In Current Research in Philosophy of Science (pp. 317–338). East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Suppes, P. (1957). Introduction to Logic. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand and Co.Google Scholar
Suppes, P. (1961). A Comparison of the Meaning and Use of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences. In Freudenthal, H. (Ed.), The Concept and the Role of the Model in Mathematics and Natural and Social Sciences (pp. 163–177). Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suppes, P. (1962). Models of Data. In Nagel, E., Suppes, P., and Tarski, A. (Eds.), Logic, Methodology, and the Philosophy of Science. Proceedings of the 1960 International Congress, Vol. 1 (pp. 252–261). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Suppes, P. (1967). What Is a Scientific Theory? In Morgenbesser, S. (Ed.), Philosophy of Science Today. New York: Meridian Books.Google Scholar
Suppes, P. (1978). The Plurality of Science. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Symons, D. (1987). If We're All Darwinians, What's the Fuss About? In Crawford, C., Krebs, D., and Smith, M. (Eds.), Sociobiology and Psychology.Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Teller, P. (1992). Subjectivity and Knowing What It's Like: Emergence or Reduction? In J. Kim (Ed.), Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physicalism. Berlin, GR: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Temkin, O. (1977). The Double Face of Janus. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Thagard, P. (1978). The Best Explanation: Criteria for Theory Choice. Journal of Philosophy, 75, 78–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thagard, P. (1992). Conceptual Revolutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Thoday, J. M. (1953). Components of Fitness. Symposium of the Society for Experimental Biology, 7, 96–113.Google Scholar
Thompson, P. (1983). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory: a Semantic Approach. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 14, 215–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, P. (1985). Sociobiological Explanation and the Testability of Sociobiological Theory. In Fetzer, James H. (Ed.), Sociobiology and Epistemology. Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toft, C. A., and Shea, P. J. (1983). Detecting Communitywide Patterns: Estimating Power Strengthens Statistical Inference. American Naturalist, 122, 618–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tooby, J. (1985). The Emergence of Evolutionary Psychology. In Pines, D. (Ed.), Emerging Syntheses in Science. Proceedings of the Founding Workshops of the Santa Fe Institute (pp. 67–75). Santa Fe, NM: The Santa Fe Institute.Google Scholar
Tooby, J., and Cosmides, L. (1989). Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, Part I: Theoretical Considerations. Ethology and Sociobiology, 10, 29–49. Pt II: Case Study: A Computational Theory of Social Exchange. Ethology and Sociobiology, 10, 51–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tooby, J., and Cosmides, L. (1990a). The Past Explains the Present: Emotional Adaptations and the Structure of Ancestral Environments. Ethology and Sociobiology, 11, 375–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tooby, J., and Cosmides, L. (1990b). On the Universality of Human Nature and the Uniqueness of the Individual: The Role of Genetics and Adaptation. Journal of Personality, 58, 17–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tooby, J., and L. Cosmides (1992). The Psychological Foundations of Culture. In Barkow, J., Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. (Eds.), The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture (pp. 19–136). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tooby, J., and I. DeVore (1987). The Reconstruction of Hominid Behavioral Evolution through Strategic Modeling. In Kinzey, W. G. (Ed.), The Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Models (pp. 183–237). New York:State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Traweek, S. (1988). Beamtimes and Lifetimes: The World of High Energy Physicists. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1971). The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuana, N. (Ed.). (1989). Feminism and Science. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Tuana, N. (1995). The Values of Science: Empiricism from a Feminist Perspective. Synthese, 104(3), 441–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, J. (1986). In Raup, D. M. and D. Jablonski, (Eds.), Patterns and Processes in the History of Life (pp. 183–207). Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uyenoyama, M. K. (1979). Evolution of Altruism under Group Selection in Large and Small Populations in Fluctuating Environments. Theoretical Population Biology, 15, 58–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uyenoyama, M. K., and Feldman, M. W. (1980). Evolution of Altruism under Group Selection in Large and Small Populations in Fluctuating Environments. Theoretical Population Biology, 17, 380–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steen, W. J. and Berg, H. A. (1999). Dissolving Disputes over Genic Selectionism. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 12, 184–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraassen, B. C. (1969). Meaning Relations and Modalities. Nous, 3, 155–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraassen, B. C. (1970). On the Extension of Beth's Semantics of Physical Theories. Philosophy of Science, 37, 325–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Fraassen, B. C. (1972). A Formal Approach to the Philosophy of Science. In Colodny, R. E. (Ed.), Paradigms and Paradoxes. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
van Fraassen, B. C. (1974). The Labyrinth of Quantum Logic. In Cohen, R. S. and Wartofsky, M. (Eds.), Logical and Epistemological Studies in Contemporary Physics. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol XIII. Dordrecht, Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraassen, B. C. (1980). The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraassen, B. C. (1989). Laws and Symmetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraassen, B. C. (1986). Aim and Structure of Scientific Theories. In R. B. Marcus, G. Dorn, and P. Weingartner (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science (pp. 397–318). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vehrencamp, S. L., and J. W. Bradbury (1984). Mating Systems and Ecology. In Krebs, J. R. (Ed.), Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach (pp. 251–278). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.Google Scholar
Vicedo, M. (MS, 1991). The History, Scientific Value, and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project.
Voss, S. (Ed.) (1993). Essays on the Philosophy and Science of Rene Descartes. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrba, E. (1980). Evolution, Species and Fossils: How Does Life Evolve?South African Journal of Science, 76, 61–84.Google Scholar
Vrba, E. (1983). Macroevolutionary Trends: New Perspectives on the Roles of Adaptation and Incidental Effect. Science, 221, 387–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vrba, E. (1984). What Is Species Selection?Systematic Zoology, 33, 318–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrba, E. (1989). Levels of Selection and Sorting with Special Reference to the Species Level. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, 6, 111–168.Google Scholar
Vrba, E., and Eldredge, N. (1984). Individuals, Hierarchies and Processes: Towards a More Complete Evolutionary Theory. Paleobiology, 10, 146–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrba, E., and Gould, S. J. (1986). The Hierarchical Expansion of Sorting and Selection: Sorting and Selection Cannot Be Equated. Paleobiology, 12, 217–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddington, C. H. (1956). Genetic Assimilation of the Bithorax Phenotype. Evolution, 10, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, M. J. (1976). Group Selection Among Laboratory Populations of Tribolium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 73(12), 4604–4607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade, M. J. (1977). An Experimental Study of Group Selection. Evolution, 31, 134–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade, M. J. (1978). A Critical Review of the Models of Group Selection. Quarterly Review of Biology, 53, 101–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, M. J. (1980). Kin Selection: Its Components. Science, 210, 665–667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade, M. J. (1985). Soft Selection, Hard Selection, Kin Selection, and Group Selection. American Naturalist, 125, 61–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, M. J., and Breden, F. (1981). The Effect of Inbreeding on the Evolution of Altruistic Behavior by Kin Selection. Evolution, 35, 844–858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade, M. J., and McCauley, D. E. (1980). Group Selection: The Phenotypic and Genotypic Differentiation of Small Populations. Evolution, 34, 799–812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, K. (1986). Models of Natural Selection: From Darwin to Dawkins. Ph.D. diss., History and Philosophy of Science Department. Bloomington:Indiana University.Google Scholar
Waters, K. (1991). Tempered Realism About the Force of Selection. Philosophy of Science 58(4), 553–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, J. D. (1990). The Human Genome Project: Past, Present, and Future. Science, 248, 44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wessels, L. (1976). Laws and Meaning Postulates (in van Fraassen's View of Theories). In Cohen, R. S. et al. (Eds.), PSA 1974 (pp. 215–235). Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitbeck, C. (1984). A Different Reality: Feminist Ontology. In Gould, C. (Ed.), Beyond Domination: New Perspectives on Women and Philosophy. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allenheld.Google Scholar
Wiggins, D. (1976). Truth, Invention and the Meaning of Life. Proceedings of the British Academy, LXII, 331–378.Google Scholar
Wiggins, D. (1980). What Would Be a Substantial Theory of Math? Philosophical Subjects: Essays Presented to P. F. Strawson. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wiggins, D. (1987). Needs, Values, Truth: Essays in the Philosophy of Value. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Williams, B. (1978). Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.Google Scholar
Williams, B. (1981). Moral Luck: Philosophical Papers, 1973–1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, B. (1985). Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1966). Adaptation and Natural Selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1975). Sex and Evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Williams, G. C. (1985). A Defense of Reductionism in Evolutionary Biology. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, 2, 1–27.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1992). Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, M. B. (1982). The Importance of Prediction Testing in Evolutionary Biology. Erkenntnis, 17, 291–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1975). A General Theory of Group Selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 72, 143–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1980). The Natural Selection of Populations and Communities. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin Cummings.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1983). Group Selection Controversy: History and Current Status. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 14, 159–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D. S., and Colwell, R. K. (1981). Evolution of Sex Ratio in Structured Demes. Evolution, 35, 882–897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O., and Simberloff, D. S. (1969). Experimental Zoogeography of Islands: Definition and Monitoring Techniques. Ecology, 50, 267–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, M. D. (1978). Descartes. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, M. D. (1979). Superadded Properties: The Limits of Mechanism in Locke. American Philosophical Quarterly, 16, 143–150.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. D. (1982). Did Berkeley Completely Misunderstand the Basis of the Primary-Secondary Qualities? In Thrbayne, C. (Ed.), Berkeley: Critical and Interpretive Essays (pp. 162–176). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. D. (1993). Descartes on the Perception of Primary Qualities. In Voss, S. (Ed.), Essays on the Philosophy and Science of Rene Descartes. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, R. A. (2003). Pluralism, Entwinement, and the Levels of Selection. Philosophy of Science, 70(3), 531–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wimmer, H., and Pemer, J. (1983). Beliefs about Beliefs: Representation and Constraining Function of Wrong Beliefs in Young Children's Understanding of Deception. Cognition, 13, 103–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wimsatt, W. (1980). Reductionist Research Strategies and Their Biases in the Units of Selection Controversy. In Nickles, T. (Ed.), Scientific Discovery: Case Studies (pp. 213–259). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wimsatt, W. (1981). Units of Selection and the Structure of the Multi-Level Genome. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association 1980, 2, 122–183.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1965). A Lecture on Ethics. Philosophical Review, 74, 3–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfe, L. (1979). Behavioral Patterns of Estrous Females of the Arachiyama West Troop of Japanese Macaques (Macaca Fuscata). Primates, 20(4), 525–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolpert, L. (1992). The Unnatural Nature of Science: Why Science Does Not Make (Common) Sense. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wrangham, R. W., McGrew, W. C., and Waal, F. B. M. (Eds.). (1994). Chimpanzee Cultures. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, C. (1992). Truth and Objectivity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, S. (1931). Evolution in Mendelian Populations. Genetics, 10, 97–159.Google Scholar
Wright, S. (1945). Tempo and Mode in Evolution: A Critical Review. Ecology, 26, 415–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, S. (1980). Genic and Organismic Selection. Evolution, 34, 825–843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wylie, A. (1988). Methodological Essentialism: Comments on Philosophy, Sex and Feminism. Atlantis, 13(2), 11–14.Google Scholar
Wylie, A. (1989). Archaeological Cables and Tacking: The Implications of Practice for Bernstein's Beyond Objectivism and Relativism. Philosophy of Social Science, 19, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynne-Edwards, V. C. (1962). Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behavior. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Ziman, J. (1968). Public Knowledge: An Essay Concerning the Social Dimension of Science. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zinder, N. D. (1990). The Genome Initiative: How to Spell Human. Scientific American, 96, July.Google Scholar
Alcoff, L., and Potter, E. (Eds.). (1993). Feminist Epistemologies. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Altmann, J. (1974). Observational Study of Behavior: Sampling Methods. Behavior, 49, 227–267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Angier, N. (1991, April 14). Molecular “Hot Spot” Hits at a Cause of Liver Cancer. New York Times.Google Scholar
Antony, L. (1993). Quine as Feminist: The Radical Import of Naturalized Epistemology. In Antony, L. and Witt, C. (Eds.), A Mind of One's Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Antony, L., and Witt, C. (Eds.). (1993). A Mind of One's Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Aoki, K. (1982). A Condition for Group Selection to Prevail over Counteracting Individual Selection. Evolution, 36, 832–842.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, A. J., and Fristrup, K. (1982). The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection: A Hierarchical Expansion. Paleobiology, 8, 113–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arnold, S. J., and Wade, M. J. (1984). On the Measurement of Natural and Sexual Selection: Applications. Evolution, 38, 720–734.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atkinson, T. (1974). Amazon Odyssey. New York: Links Books.Google Scholar
Awards: 1989. (1989). Science, 243, 672 (3).
Axelrod, R. (1984). The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Axelrod, R., and Hamilton, W. D. (1981). The Evolution of Cooperation. Science, 211, 1390–1396.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babbitt, S. E. (1993). Feminism and Objective Interests: The Role of Transformation Experiences in Rational Deliberation. In Alcoff, L. and Potter, E. (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bailey, N. T. J. (1967). The Mathematical Approach to Biology and Medicine. London and New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Baird, P. A. (1990). Genetics and Health Care: A Paradigm Shift. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 33, 203–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barkow, J., Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. (1992). The Adapted Mind. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bayer, R. (1981). Homosexuality and American Psychology: The Politics of Diagnosis. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Beach, F. (1973). Human Sexuality and Evolution. In Montanga, W. and Sadler, W. (Eds.) Advances in Behavioral Biology (pp. 333–365). New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Beatty, J. (1980). Optimal-Design Models and the Strategy of Model Building in Evolutionary Biology. Philosophy of Science, 47, 532–561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beatty, J. (1981). What's Wrong with the Received View of Evolutionary Theory? PSA 1980: Vol. Two. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Beatty, J. (1982). The Insights and Oversights of Molecular Genetics: the Place of the Evolutionary Perspective. PSA 1982: Vol. One. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Beckner, M. (1959). The Biological Way of Thought. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Bennett, D. (1975). The T-Locus of the Mouse. Cell, 6, 441–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, J. (1965). Substance, Reality, and Primary Qualities. American Philosophical Quarterly, 2(1), 1–17.Google Scholar
Berkeley, G. (1871). Works. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein, R. (1983). Beyond Objectivism and Relativism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.Google Scholar
Bernstein. R. (1988). The Rage against Reason. In McMullin, E. (Ed.), Construction and Constraint: The Shaping of Scientific Rationality. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Bleier, R. (1984). Science and Gender: A Critique of Biology and Its Theories on Women. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Bleier, R. (1986). Sex Differences Research: Science or Belief? In Bleier, R. (Ed.), Feminist Approaches to Science. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Blonder, L. (1993). Review of The Adapted Mind. American Anthropologist, 95, 777–778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bock, W. (1980). The Definition and Recognition of Biological Adaptation. American Zoologist, 20, 217–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boorman, S. A., and Levitt, P. R. (1973). Group Selection on the Boundary of a Stable Population. Theoretical Population Biology, 4, 85–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boorman, S. A. (1978). Mathematical Theory of Group Selection: Structure of Group Selection in Founder Populations Determined from Convexity of the Extinction Operator. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 69, 1909–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bordo, S. (1987). The Flight to Objectivity: Essays on Cartesianism and Culture. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Bordo, S. (1989). The View from Nowhere and the Dream of Everywhere: Heterogeneity, Adequation and Feminist Theory. American Philosophical Association Newsletter on Feminism and Philosophy, 88(2), 19–25.Google Scholar
Boyd, R. (1980). The Current Status of Scientific Realism. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Boyle, R. (1744). The Works of the Honourable Robert Boyle. London.Google Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1978). Adaptation and Evolutionary Theory. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 9 (3), 181–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1981a). Biological Teleology: Questions and Explanations. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 12 (2), 91–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1981b). A Structural Description of Evolutionary Theory. Philosophy of Science Association, 2, 427–439.Google Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1982). The Levels of Selection. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association 1982, 1, 315–23.Google Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1985). Adaptation Explanations: Are Adaptations for the Good of Replicators or Interactors? In Depew, D. and Weber, B. (Eds.), Evolution at a Crossroads: The New Biology and the New Philosophy of Science (pp. 81–96). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press/Bradford.Google Scholar
Brandon. R. N. (1988). Levels of Selection: A Hierarchy of Interactors. In Plotkin, H. C. (Ed.), The Role of Behavior in Evolution (pp. 51–71). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Brandon, R. N. (1990). Adaptation and Environment. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bruck, D. (1957). Male Segregation Ratio Advantage as a Factor in Maintaining Lethal Alleles in Wild Populations of House Mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 43, 152–158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bum, E. A. (1932). The Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Physical Science. Garden City, NY: Doubleday/Anchor.Google Scholar
Burian, R. M. (1983). Adaptation. In Greene, M. (Ed.), Dimensions of Darwinism (pp. 287–314). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Butts, R. E. (1977). Consilience of Inductions and the Problem of Conceptual Change in Science. In Logic, Laws and Life. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Callebaut, W. (Ed.) (1993). The Naturalistic Turn: How Real Philosophy of Science Is Done. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, B. (1967). Human Evolution: An Introduction to Man's Adaptations. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Caplan, A. L. (1981). The Concept of Health and Disease. In Veatch, R. M., (Ed.) Medical Ethics (pp. 49–62). Boston: Jones & Bartlett.Google ScholarPubMed
Carnap, R. (1928). Der Logische Aufbau der Welt. Berlin-Schlachtensee: Weltkreis-Verlag.Google Scholar
Carnap, R. (1950). Empiricism, Semantics, and Ontology. Revue Internationale de Philosophie, 4, 20–40.Google Scholar
Carnap, R. (1956). Meaning and Necessity: A Study in Semantics and Modal Logic. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Carnap, R. (1967). The Logical Structure of the World: Pseudoproblems in Philosophy. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cartwright, N. (1983). How the Laws of Physics Lie. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cartwright, N. (1990). Nature's Capacities and Their Measurement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Cassidy, J. (1978). Philosophical Aspects of the Group Selection Controversy. Philosophy of Science, 45, 575–594.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cat, J. (1998). The Physicists' Debates on Unification in Physics at the End of the 29th Century. Historical Studies of the Physical Sciences, 28 (2), 253–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cat, J. (2000). Must Microcausality Condition Be Interpreted Causally? Beyond Reduction and Matters of Fact. Theoria, 37, 59–85.Google Scholar
Cat, J. (forthcoming). Physics Beyond Laws & Theories: The Limits of Unity, Universality and Precision. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Cheetham, A. H. (1986). Tempo of Evolution in a Neogene Bryozoan: Rates of Morphologic Change Within and Across Species Boundaries. Paleobiology, 12, 190–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, P. W., and K. J. Holyoak (1983). Schema-Based Inferences in Deductive Reasoning. Anaheim, 25th Annual Meeting of the American Psychological Association.
Cheng, P. W., and K. J. Holyoak (1984). Pragmatic Schemas for Deductive Reasoning. San Antonio, 25th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society.
Cheng, P. W., and Holyoak, K. J. (1985). Pragmatic Reasoning Schemas. Cognitive Psychology, 17, 391–416.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheng, P. W., Holyoak, K. et al. (1986). Pragmatic Versus Syntactic Approaches to Training Deductive Reasoning. Cognitive Psychology, 18, 293–328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cheng, P. W., and Holyoak, K. J. (1989). On the Natural Selection of Reasoning Theories. Cognition, 33, 285–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1974). Male-Female, Female-Female, and Male-Male Sexual Behavior in the Stumptail Monkey, with Special Attention to the Female Orgasm. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 3(2), 95–116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chevalier-Skolnikoff, S. (1976). Homosexual Behavior in a Laboratory Group of Stumptail Monkeys (Macaca Arctoides): Forms, Contexts, and Possible Social Functions. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 5(6), 511–527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1975). Reflections on Language. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1980). Rules and Representations. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1989). A Neurocomputational Perspective. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1986). Neurophilosophy. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1993). Can Neurobiology Teach Us Anything about Consciousness?Proceedings of the American Philosophical Association, 67(4), 23–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Code, L. (1991). What Can She Know? Feminist Theory and the Construction of Knowledge. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Code, L. (1993). Taking Subjectivity into Account. In Alcoff, L. and Potter, E. (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies (pp. 15–48). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Colwell, R. K. (1981). Evolution of Female-Based Sex Ratios: The Essential Role of Group Selection. Nature, 290: 401–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conkey, M. W. (1984). Archaeology and the Study of Gender. Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory, 7, 1–38.Google Scholar
Conkey, M. W., and S. H. Williams (1991). Original Narratives: The Political Economy of Gender in Archaeology. In Leonardo, M. di (Ed.), Gender at the Crossroads of Knowledge: Feminist Anthropology in the Postmodern Era. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cooper, W. S. (1984). Expected Time to Extinction and the Concept of Fundamental Fitness. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 107, 603–629.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cosmides, L., and J. Tooby (1987). From Evolution to Behavior: Evolutionary Psychology as the Missing Link. In Dupre, J. (Ed.), The Latest on the Best: Essays on Evolution and Optimality (pp. 277–306). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Cosmides, L., and J. Tooby (1995). Beyond Intuition and Instinct Blindness: Toward an Evolu-tionary Rigorous Cognitive Science. In Mehler, J. and Franck, S. (Eds.), Cognition on Cognition (pp. 69–105). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Cosmides, L. (1985). Deduction or Darwinian Algorithms?: An Explanation of the “Elusive” Content Effect on the Wason Selection Task. Ph.D. Dissertation, Harvard University.
Cosmides, L. (1989). The Logic of Social Exchange: Has Natural Selection Shaped How Humans Reason? Studies with the Wason Selection Task. Cognition, 31, 187–276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Council for Responsible Genetics. (1990). Position Paper on Human Genome Initiative. Boston: Committee for Responsible Genetics.
Craig, D. M. (1982). Group Selection versus Individual Selection: An Experimental Analysis. Evolution, 36, 271–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cranor, C. F. (1994). Genetic Causation. In Cranor, C. F., (Ed.), Are Genes Us? (pp. 125–141). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Crook, J. H. (1972). Sexual Selection, Dimorphism, and Social Organization in the Primates. In Campbell, B. (Ed.), Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Cronin, H. (1991). The Peacock's Tail. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Crow, J. F., and Aoki, K. (1982). Group Selection for a Polygenetic Behavioral Trait: A Differential Proliferation Model. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 79, 2628–2631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crow, J. F., and Kimura, M. (1970). An Introduction to Population Genetics. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Culliton, B. J. (1990). Mapping Terra Incognita (Humani Corporis). Science, 250, 211.Google Scholar
Curley, E. (1972). Locke, Boyle, and the Distinction between Primary and Secondary Qualities. Philosophical Review, 81, 438–464.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curley, E. (1978). Descartes against the Skeptics. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damuth, J., and Heisler, I. L. (1988). Alternative Formulations of Multilevel Selection. Biology and Philosophy, 3, 407–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darden, L., and Maull, N. (1977). Interfield Theories. Philosophy of Science, 44(1), 43–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darlington, C. D. (1939). The Evolution of Genetic Systems. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1903). More Letters of Charles Darwin (Darwin, Francis, Ed.). New York: D. Appleton.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1919). Life and Letters of Charles Darwin (Darwin, Francis, Ed.). New York: D. Appleton.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1964). On the Origin of Species (1st edition facsimile). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1967). Darwin and Henslow: The Growth of an Idea (Barlow, Nora, Ed.). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Daston, L. (1992). Objectivity and the Escape from Perspective. Social Studies of Science, 22, 597–618.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daston, L., and Galison, P. (1992). The Image of Objectivity. Representations, 40, 81–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davenport, W. (1977). Sex in Cross-Cultural Perspective. In Beach, F. (Ed.), Human Sexuality in Four Perspectives (pp. 115–163). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Davidson, D. (1967). Truth and Meaning. Synthese, 17, 304–323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, D. (1974). The Very Idea of a Conceptual Scheme. Proceedings and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, 47, 5–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, B. D. (1990). The Human Genome and Other Initiatives. Science, 249, 342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawkins, R. (1978). Replicator Selection and the Extended Phenotype. Zeitschrill fur Tierpsychologie, 47, 61–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dawkins, R. (1982a). Replicators and Vehicles. In King's College Sociobiology Group, Cambridge, Current Problems in Sociobiology (pp. 45–64). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1982b). The Extended Phenotype. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1986). The Blind Watchmaker. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1989a). The evolution of evolvability. In Langdon, C. (Ed.), Artificial Life, Santa Fe Institute Studies in the Sciences of Complexity (pp. 201–220). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1989b). The Selfish Gene, Revised Edition. New York: Oxford.Google Scholar
Waal, F. B. M. (1989). Peacemaking among Primates. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Waal, F. B. M. (1991a). The Chimpanzee's Sense of Social Regularity and Its Relation to the Human Sense of Justice. American Behavioral Scientist, 34(3), 335–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waal, F. B. M. (1991b). Complementary Methods and Convergent Evidence in the Study of Primate Social Cognition. Behaviour, 118, 297–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waal, F. B. M., and Harcourt, A. H. (Eds). (1992). Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Waal, F B. M., and Johanowicz, D. L. (1993). Modification of Reconciliation Behavior through Social Experience: An Experiment with Two Macaque Species. Child Development, 64, 897–908.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waal, F. B. M., and Luttrell, L. M. (1988). Mechanisms of Social Reciprocity in Three Primate Species: Symmetrical Relationship Characteristics or Cognition?Ethology and Sociobiology, 9, 101–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. (1978a). Brainstorms. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1978b). Current Issues in the Philosophy of Mind. American Philosophical Quarterly, 15(4), 249–261.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1988). Quining Qualia. In Marcel, A. J. and Bisiach, E. (Eds.), Consciousness in Contemporary Science. Clarendon, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. (1991). Consciousness Explained. Boston, MA: Little, Brown and Co.Google Scholar
Dewey, J. (1925). Experience and Nature. La Salle, IL: Open Court Publishing.Google Scholar
Dewey, J. (1929). The Quest for Certainty. New York: Minton, Balch.Google Scholar
Dewey, J. (1938). Logic: The Theory of Inquiry. New York: Henry Holt.Google Scholar
Diamond, J. M. (1969). Avifaunal Equilibria and Species Turnover Rates on the Channel Islands of California. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 64, 57–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobzhansky, T. (1937) Genetics and the Origin of Species. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Dobzhansky, T. (1956). What Is an Adaptive Trait?American Naturalist, 40(855), 337–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobzhansky, T. (1968). Adaptedness and Fitness. In Lewontin, R. C. (Ed.), Population Biology and Evolution, (p. 109–21). Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Dobzhansky, T. (1970). Genetics of the Evolutionary Process. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Dugatkin, L. A., and Reeve, H. K. (1994). Behavioral Ecology and Levels of Selection: Dissolving the Group Selection Controversy. Advances in the Study of Behavior, 23, 101–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dulbecco, R. (1986). A Turning Point in Cancer Research: Sequencing the Human Genome. Science, 231, 1055–1056.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunbar, R. I. M. (1982). Adaptation, Fitness and the Evolutionary Tautology. In King's College Sociobiology Group, Cambridge, Current Problems in Sociobiology (pp. 9–28). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dupre, J. (1983). The Disunity of Science. Mind, 92, 321–346.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupre, J. (1993). The Disorder of Things. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Duran, J. (1991). Toward a Feminist Epistemology. Savage, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Economist. (1993). Review of The Adapted Mind. 326, 82.
Eldredge, N. (1971). The Allopatric Model and Phylogeny in Paleozoic Invertebrates. Evolution, 25, 156–167.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eldredge, N. (1985). Unfinished Synthesis: Biological Hierarchies and Modern Evolutionary Thought. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eldredge, N., and S. J. Gould (1972). Punctuated Equilibrium: An Alternative to Phyletic Gradualism. In Schopfied, T. J. M., (Ed.), Models in Paleobiology. San Francisco: Freeman.Google Scholar
Fausto-Sterling, A. (1985). Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Women and Men. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Fausto-Sterling, A. (1993). The Five Sexes: Why Male and Female Are Not Enough. The Sciences, 33(2), 20–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fedigan, L. (1982). Primate Paradigms. Montreal, Can: Eden.Google Scholar
Feyerabend, P. (1975). Against Method. London: New Left Bookstore.Google Scholar
Fine, A. (1984). The Natural Ontological Attitude. In Scientific Realism. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Fine, A. (1986). The Shaky Game: Einstein, Realism and the Quantum Theory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1930). The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. London: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1958). The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
Fiske, A. P. (1991). Structures of Social Life: The Four Elementary Forms of Human Relations. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983). The Modularity of Mind: An Essay on Faculty Psychology. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1972). The Archaeology of Knowledge. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1987). Interview of M. Foucault: Questions of Method. In After Philosophy: End or Transformation?Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Fowler, C. W., and MacMahon, J. A. (1982). Selective Extinction and Speciation: Their Influence on the Structure and Functioning of Communities and Ecosystems. American Naturalist, 119, 480–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fradkin, P. (1989). Fallout. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Franklin, I., and Lewontin, R. C. (1970). Is the Gene the Unit of Selection?Genetics, 65, 707–734.Google ScholarPubMed
Friedman, T. (1989). Progress toward Human Gene Therapy. Science, 244, 1275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, T. (1990). The Human Genome Project – Some Implications of Extensive “Reverse Genetic” Medicine [opinion]. American Journal of Human Genetics, 46, 409.Google Scholar
Frieze, I. H., Parsons, J. E., Johnson, P. B., Ruble, D. N., and Zellman, G. L. (1978). Women and Sex Roles: A Social Psychological Perspective. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Fujimara, J. (1998). The Molecular Biological Bandwagon in Cancer Research: Where Social Worlds Meet. Social Problems, 35, 261.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gajdusek, D. C. (1970). Physiological and Psychological Characteristics of Stone Age Man. Engineering and Science, 22, 56–62.Google Scholar
Gallup, G. G., and Suarez, S. D. (1983). Optimal Reproductive Strategies for Bipedalism. Journal of Human Evolution, 12, 195.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garber, D. (1978). Science and Certainty in Descartes. In Descartes: Critical and Interpretive Essays. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Garber, D. (1992). Descartes' Metaphysical Physics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Garber, D. (1993). Descartes and Experiment in the Discourse and Essays. In Essays on the Philosophy and Science of Rene Descartes. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, C. (1990, November 8). A Lab of One's Own. NY Review of Books, 37.Google Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1974). The Economy of Nature and the Evolution of Sex. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Giere, R. (1985). Constructive Realism. In Churchland, P. M. and Hooker, C. A. (Eds.), Images of Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G., and Hug, K. (1992). Domain-Specific Reasoning: Social Contracts, Cheating, and Perspective Change. Cognition, 43, 127–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilinsky, N. (1986). Species Selection as a Causal Process. Evolutionary Biology, 20, 248–273.Google Scholar
Glennan, S. (2002). Contextual Unanimity and the Units of Selection Problem. Philosophy of Science, 69(1), 118–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glymour, B. (1999). Population Level Causation and a Unified Theory of Natural Selection. Biology and Philosophy, 14(4), 521–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godfrey-Smith, P. (1992). Additivity and the Units of Selection. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1992 Vol 1, 315–328.Google Scholar
Godfrey-Smith, P., and Kerr, B. (2002). Group Fitness and Multi-Level Selection: Replies to Commentaries. Biology and Philosophy, 17(4), 539–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Godfrey-Smith, P., and Lewontin, R. (1993). The Dimensions of Selection. Philosophy of Science, 60, 373–395.Google Scholar
Goldfoot, D., Westerborg-van Loon, J., Groeneveld, W., and Slob, A. Koos (1980). Behavioral and Physiological Evidence of Sexual Climax in the Female Stump-Tailed Macaque (Macaca Arctoides). Science, 208, 1477–1479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman, J. C., J. J. McCarthy, and D. G. Peavey (1979). Growth Rate Influence the Chemical Composition of Phytoplankton in Oceanic Matters. Nature, 279, 210–215.
Goldman, J. C., C. D. Taylor, and P. M. Glibert (1981). Nonlinear Time-Course Uptake of Carbon and Ammonium by Marine Phytoplankton. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 137–148.
Gollin, E. S., Stahl, G., and Morgan, E. (1989). On the Uses of the Concept of Normality in Developmental Biology and Psychology. Advances in Child Development Behavior, 21, 49–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goodnight, C. J., and Stevens, L. (1997). Experimental Studies of Group Selection: What Do They Tell Us about Group Selection in Nature?The American Naturalist, 150, S 59–S79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gould, S. J. (1982). The Meaning of Punctuated Equilibrium and Its Role in Validating a Hierarchical Approach to Macroevolution. In Milkman, R. (Ed.), Perspectives in Evolution (pp. 83–104). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1983). The Meaning of Punctuated Equilibrium and Its Role in Validating a Hierarchical Approach to Macroevolution. In Milkman, R. (Ed.), Perspectives in Evolution. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1987). Freudian Slip. Natural History (Feb), 14–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Gould, S. J. (1989). Punctuated Equilibrium in Fact and Theory. Journal of Social Biology Structure, 12, 117–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J. (2002). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Gould, S. J., and Eldredge, N. (1977). Punctuated Equilibria: The Tempo and Mode of Evolution Reconsidered. Paleobiology, 3, 115–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J., and Lewontin, R. C. (1979). The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm: A Critique of the Adaptationist Programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B205, 581–598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gould, S. J., and Vrba, E. S. (1982). Exaptation – A Missing Term in the Science of form. Paleobiology, 8, 4–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grene, M. (1985). Descartes. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Grene, M. (1991). Descartes among the Scholastics. Milwaukee: Marquette University Press.Google Scholar
Griesemer, J. R. (2005). The Informational Gene and the Substantial Body: On the Generalization of Evolutionary Theory by Abstraction. In Cartwright, N. and Jones, M. (Eds.), Idealization XII: Correcting the Model, Idealization and Abstraction in the Sciences (pp. 59–115). Poznan Studies in the Philosophy of the Sciences and the Humanities, vol 86. Amsterdam: Rodopi Publishers.Google Scholar
Griesemer, J. (2000). Development, Culture and the Units of Inheritance. Philosophy of Science (Proceedings), 67, S348-S368.Google Scholar
Griesemer, J. R., and Wade, M. J. (1988). Laboratory Models, Causal Explanation, and Group Selection. Biology and Philosophy, 3, 67–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griesemer, J. R., and W. Wimsatt (1989). Picturing Weismannism: A Case Study of Conceptual Evolution. In Ruse, M. (Ed.), What the Philosophy of Biology Is, Essays for David Hull (pp. 75–137). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, P., and Levitt, N. (1994). Higher Superstition: The Academic Left and its Quarrels with Science. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Hacking, I. (1983). Representing and Intervening: Introductory Topics in the Philosophy of Natural Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacking, I. (1988). Philosophers of Experiment. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association 1988. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Hafez, E. S. E. (1971). Reproductive Cycles. In Hafez, E. S. E. (Ed.), Comparative Reproduction of Non-human Primates. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.Google Scholar
Haldane, J. B. S. (1932). The Causes of Evolution. London: Longmans, Green.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1967). Extraordinary Sex Ratios. Science, 156, 477–488.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, W. D. (1975). Innate Social Aptitudes in Man: An Approach from Evolutionary Genetics. In Fox, R. (Ed.), Biosocial Anthropology (pp. 133–55). New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D., Axelrod, R., and Tanese, R. (1990). Sexual Reproduction as an Adaptation to Resist Parasites (A Review). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U.S.A., 87, 3566–3573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hampe, M., and Morgan, S. R. (1988). Two Consequences of Richard Dawkins' View of Genes and Organisms. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 19, 119–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansen, T. A. (1978). Larval Dispersal and Species Longevity in Lower Tertiary Gastropods. Science, 199, 885–887.
Hansen, T. A. (1980). Influence of Larval Dispersal and Geographic Distribution on Species Longevity in Neogastropods. Paleobiology, 8, 367–377.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haraway, D. (1989). Primate Visions: Gender, Race, and Nature in the World of Modern Science. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Haraway, D. (1991). Situated Knowledges: The Science Question in Feminism and the Privilege of Partial Perspective. In Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (1986). The Science Question in Feminism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (Ed.). (1987). Feminism and Methodology: Social Science Issues. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (1989). Why “Physics” is a Bad Model for Physics. In The End of Science? Attack and Defense (25th Nobel Conference, 1989). Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1992.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (1991). Whose Science? Whose Knowledge? Thinking From Women's Lives. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (1992). After the Neutrality Ideal: Science, Politics, and “Strong Objectivity.” Social Research, 59(3), 567–587.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (Ed.). (1993a). The “Racial” Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (1993b). Rethinking Standpoint Epistemology: What is Strong Objectivity? In Alcoff, L. and Potter, E. (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies (pp. 49–82), New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Harding, S. (1995). Strong Objectivity: A Response to the New Objectivity Question. Synthese, 104(3), 331–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harman, G. (1965). The Inference to the Best Explanation. Philosophical Review, 74, 88–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harman, G. (1968). Knowledge, Inference, and Explanation. American Philosophical Quarterly, 5, 164–173.Google Scholar
Haskell, T. (1990). Objectivity Is Not Neutrality: Rhetoric vs. Practice in Peter Novick's That Noble Dream. History and Theory, 29, 129–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haslanger, S. (1993). On Being Objective and Being Objectified. In Antony, L. and Witt, C. (Eds.), A Mind of One's Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Heisler, I. L., and Damuth, J. (1988). A Method for Analyzing Selection in Hierarchically Structured Populations. American Naturalist, 130, 582–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herschel, J. F. W. (1831). A Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy.London: Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesse, M. (1974). The Structure of Scientific Inference. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Hesse, M. (1988). Socializing Epistemology. In McMullin, E. (Ed.), Construction and Constraint: The Shaping of Scientific Rationality. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Hite, S. (1976). The Hite Report. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hobbes, T. (1651, 1962). Leviathan, (Ed. Oakeshott, M.). London: Collier Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hobbes. T. (1839 ff.). Works (Ed. Molesworth, ). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Holden, C. (1991). Probing the Complex Genetics of Alcoholism. Science, 251, 163–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holton, G. (1993). Science and Anti-Science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hrdy, S. B. (1986). Empathy, Polyandry, and the Myth of the Coy Female. In Bleier, R. (Ed.), Feminist Approaches to Science. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Hubbard., R. (1990). The Politics of Women's Biology. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Hubbard, R., Henifen, M. S., and Fried, B. (Eds.). (1982). Biological Woman, the Convenient Myth: A Collection of Feminist Essays and a Comprehensive Bibliography. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar
Hull, D. L. (1980). Individuality and Selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11, 311–332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, D. L. (1988). Science as a Process. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, D. L. (1988a). Interactors versus Vehicles. In Plotkin, H. C. (Ed.), The Role of Behavior in Evolution (pp. 19–50). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jablonski, D. (1986). Background and Mass Extinctions: The Alternation of Macroevolutionary Regimes. Science, 231, 129–133.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jablonski, D. (1987). Heritability at the Species Level: Analysis of Geographic Ranges of Cretaceous Mollusks. Science, 238, 360–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jaggar, A., and Bordo, S. (Eds.). (1989). Gender/Body/Knowledge. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, M. (1987). The Body in the Mind: The Bodily Basis of Meaning, Imagination, and Reason. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Jukes, T. H. (1988). The Human Genome Project: Labeling Genes. California Monthly, December, 15–17.Google Scholar
Kano, T. (1980). Special Behavior of Wild Pygmy Chimpanzees (Pan Paniscus) of Wambe: A Preliminary Report. Journal of Human Evolution, 9, 243–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kano, T. (1982). The Social Group of Pygmy Chimpanzees of Wamba. Primates, 23(2), 171–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karjala, D. S. (1992). A Legal Research Agenda for the Human Genome Initiative. Jurimetrics, 32, 121–219.Google ScholarPubMed
Kawata, M. (1987). Units and Passages: A View for Evolutionary Biology. Biology and Philosophy, 2, 415–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kekule, F. A. (1965). Origin of the Benzene and Structural Theory. Chemistry, 38.Google Scholar
Keller, E. F. (1985). Reflections on Gender and Science. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Keller, E. F., and Lloyd, E. A. (1992). Keywords in Evolutionary Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kerr, B., and Godfrey-Smith, P. (2002). Individualist and Multi-Level Perspectives on Selection in Structured Populations. Biology and Philosophy, 17(4), 477–517.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimura, M., and Ohta, T. (1971). Theoretical Aspects of Population Genetics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Kinsey, A. C., et al. (1953). Sexual Behavior in the Human Female. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, M. (1987). Sexual Selection by Female Choice in Polygynous Animals. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 187, 43–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1981). Explanatory Unification. Philosophy of Science, 48, 507–531.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitcher, P., Sterelny, K., and Waters, K. (1990). The Illusory Riches of Sober's Monism. Journal of Philosophy, 87, 158–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Koruda, S. (1980). Social Behavior of the Pygmy Chimpanzees. Primates, 21(2), 181–197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krimbas, C. B. (1984). On Adaptation, Neo-Darwinian Tautology, and Population Fitness. Evolutionary Biology, 17, 1–57.
Kuhn., T. S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1977). The Essential Tension. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1992). The Trouble with the Historical Philosophy of Science. Cambridge, MA: Dept. of the History of Science, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Lande, R. (1980). Sexual Dimorphism, Sexual Selection, and Adaptation in Polygenic Characters. Evolution, 34(2), 292–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lande, R., and Arnold, S. J. (1983). The Measurement of Selection on Correlated characters. Evolution, 37, 1210–1227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Latour, B. (1993). We Have Never Been Modern. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Laudan, L. (1971). William Whewell on the Consilience of Inductions. Monist, 55, 368–391.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laudan, L. (1981). A Confutation of Convergent Realism. Philosophy of Science, 48, 19–49. Reprinted in Leplin, J. (Ed.), Scientific Realism (pp. 218–249). Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Leacock, E. B. (1977). Women in Egalitarian Societies. In Becoming Visible: Women in European History. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar
Leacock, E. B. (1978a). Structuralism and Dialectics. Reviews in Anthropology, 5(1), 17–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leacock, E. B. (1978b). Society and Gender. In Genes and Gender. New York: Guardian Press.Google Scholar
Leacock, E. B. (1981). History, Development, and the Division of Labor by Sex: Implications for Organization. Signs, 7(2), 474–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leacock, E. B., and Safa, H. I. (1986). Women's Work: Development and the Division of Labor. South Hadley, MA: Gender, Bergin & Garve.Google Scholar
Leacock, E. B., and Nash, J. (1977). Ideologies of Sex: Archetypes and Stereotypes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 285, 618–645.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leigh, E. G. (1977). How Does Selection Reconcile Individual Advantage with the Good of the Group?Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 74, 4542–4546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levay, S. (1991). A Difference in Hypothalamic Structure between Homosexual and Heterosexual Men. Science, 253, 1034–1037.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levin, M. (1988). Caring New Science: Feminism and Science. American Scholar, 57 (Winter).Google Scholar
Levin, B. R., and Kilmer, W. L. (1974). Interdemic Selection and the Evolution of Altruism: A Computer Simulation Study. Evolution, 28, 527–545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levins, R. (1968). Evolution in Changing Environments. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Levins, R., and Lewontin, R. C. (1985). The Dialectical Biologist. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1956). The Family. In Shapiro, H. L. (Ed.), Man, Culture, and Society. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1969). The Elementary Structure of Kinship. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. (1958). Cold Spring Harbor Symposium of Quantitative Biology 22, 395–408.
Lewontin, R. C. (1958). A General Method for Investigating the Equilibrium of Gene Frequency in a Population. Genetics, 43, 421–433.Google ScholarPubMed
Lewontin, R. C. (1962). Interdeme Selection Controlling a Polymorphism in the House Mouse. The American Naturalist, 46(887), 65–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1967). The Principle of Historicity in Evolution. In Moorehead, P. S. and Kaplan, M. M. (Eds.), Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution (pp. 81–88). Philadelphia: Wistar Institute Press.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1970). The Units of Selection. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1, 1–18.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1974). The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1978). Adaptation. Scientific American, 239, 156–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewontin, R. C. (1985). Adaptation. In Levins, R. and Lewontin, R. C. (Eds.), The Dialectical Biologist (pp. 65–84). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Originally published as “Adattamento” in Enciclopedia Einaudi, vol. 1. Turin, 1977.Google Scholar
Lewontin., R. C. (1990). Biology as Ideology: The Doctrine of DNA. New York: Harper Perennial.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C., and Dunn, L. C. (1960). The Evolutionary Dynamics of a Polymorphism in the House Mouse. Genetics, 45, 701–722.Google ScholarPubMed
Li, C. C. (1967). Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection. Nature, 214, 505–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, E. (1983) A Semantic Approach to the Structure of Population Genetics. Philosophy of Science, 51, 242–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, E. (1983). The Nature of Darwin's Support for the Theory of Natural Selection. Philosophy of Science, 50, 112–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, E. (1986a). Thinking about Models in Evolutionary Theory. Philosophica, 37, 87–100.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. (1986b). Empirical Evaluation of Group Selection Debates. Philosophy of Science Association Proceedings, Vol. I, 1986. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1986c). Evaluation of Evidence in Group Selection Debates. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association 1986, 1, 483–493.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1988/1994). The Structure and Confirmation of Evolutionary Theory. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. Paperback edition with new preface, Princeton University Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1989). A Structural Approach to Defining Units of Selection. Philosophy of Science, 56, 395–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1992). Unit of Selection. In Keller, E. F. and Lloyd, E. A. (Eds.), Keywords in Evolutionary Biology (pp. 334–340). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1993). Pre-Theoretical Assumptions in Evolutionary Explanations of Female Sexuality. Philosophical Studies, 69, 139–153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1995). Objectivity and the Double Standard for Feminist Epistemologies. Synthese, 104 (September), 351–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (1999). Altruism Revisited. Review of Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior, by Sober, Elliott and Wilson, David S.. Quarterly Review of Biology, 74(4), 447–449.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A. (2001). Units and Levels of Selection: An Anatomy of the Units of Selection Debates. In Singh, Rama S., Krimbas, Costas B., Paul, Diane B., Beatty, John (Eds.), Thinking About Evolution: Historical, Philosophical, and Political Perspectives, Volume Two (pp. 267–291). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lloyd, E. A., and Gould, S. J. (1993). Species Selection on Variability. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 90, 595–599.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lloyd, E. A., R. C. Lewontin, and M. Feldman (2006). The Generational Cycle of State Spaces and Adequate Genetical Representation. Manuscript.
Locke. J. (1694, 1959). Essay Concerning Human Understanding (2nd edition). Ed. Fraser, A. C.. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
Longino, H. (1990). Science as Social Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Longino, H. (1995). Gender, Politics, and the Theoretical Virtues. Synthese, 104(3), 383–397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longino, H. E. (1979). Evidence and Hypothesis: An Analysis of Evidential Relations. Philosophy of Science, 46, 35–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Longino, H. E. (1993a). Subjects, Power, and Knowledge: Description and Prescription in Feminist Philosophies of Science. In Alcoff, L. and Potter, E. (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies (pp. 101–120). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Longino, H. E. (1993b). The Essential Tensions – Phase Two: Feminist. Philosophical and Social Studies of Science. In Antony, L. and Witt, C. (Eds.), A Mind of One's Own: Feminist Essays on Reason and Objectivity. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Longino, H. E., and Doell, R. (1983). Body, Bias and Behavior: A Comparative Analysis of Reasoning in Two Areas of Biological Science. Signs, 9, 206–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacArthur, R. H., and Wilson, E. O. (1963). An Equilibrium Theory of Insular Zoogeography. Evolution, 17, 373–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacArthur, R. H., and Wilson, E. O. (1967). The Theory of Island Biogeography. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Mackie, J. L. (1974). The Cement of the Universe: A Study of Causation. Clarendon, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mackie, J. L. (1976). Problems from Locke. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masters, W. H., and V. Johnson (1961). Orgasm, Anatomy of the Female. In Ellis, A. and Abarbanal, A. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Sexual Behavior, Vol. II. New York: Hawthorn.Google Scholar
Masters, W. H., and Johnson, V. (1966). Human Sexual Response. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Matessi, C., and Jayakar, S. D. (1976). Conditions for the Evolution of Altruism under Darwinian Selection. Theoretical Population Biology, 9, 360–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maynard, Smith J. (1964). Group Selection and Kin Selection: A Rejoinder. Nature, 201, 1145–1147.Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1968). Mathematical Ideas in Biology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1976). Group Selection. Quarterly Review of Biology, 51, 277–283.Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1978). The Evolution of Sex. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maynard, Smith J. (1981). The Evolution of Social Behavior and Classification of Models. In Kings College Sociobiology Group (Eds.), Current Problems in Sociobiology (pp. 29–44). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1984). The Population as a Unit of Selection. In Shorrocks, B. (Ed.), Evolutionary Ecology, 23rd British Ecological Society Symposium (pp. 195–202). Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1987). Evolutionary Progress and Levels of Selection. In Dupre, J. (Ed.), The Latest on the Best. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Mayo, D., and Gilinsky, N. (1987) Philosophy of Science, 54, 515–538.CrossRef
Mayr, E. (1963). Animal Species and Evolution. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, E. (1967). Evolutionary Challenges to the Mathematical Interpretation of Evolution. In Moorehead, P. S. and Kaplan, M. M. (Eds.), Mathematical Challenges to the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution (pp. 47–54). Philadelphia: Wistar Institute Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1976). Evolution and the Diversity of Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1978). Evolution. Scientific American, 239, 49–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayr, E. (1982a). Adaptation and Selection. Biologisches Zentralblatt, 101, 161–174.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1982b). The Growth of Biological Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1983). How to Carry Out the Adaptationist Program?American Naturalist, 121, 324–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDowell, J. (1979). Virtue and Reason. Monist, 62, 331–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDowell, J. (1988). Values and Secondary Qualities. In Sayre-McCord, G. (Ed.), Essays on Moral Realism. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
McKusick, V. A. (1989). Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome. New England Journal of Medicine, 320, 910–915.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McMullin, E. (Ed.). (1988a). Construction and Constraint: The Shaping of Scientific Rationality. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
McMullin, E. (1988b). Panel Discussion. In McMullin, E. (Ed.), Construction and Constraint: The Shaping of Scientific Rationality. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Michod, R. (1999). Darwinian Dynamics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Michod, R., and Levin, B. (Eds.). (1988). The Evolution of Sex: An Examination of Current Ideas. Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. (1859, 1989). On Liberty. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, G. F., and Todd, P. M. (1994). A Bottom-Up Approach with a Clear View of the Top: How Evolutionary Psychology Can Inform Adaptive Behavior Research. Adaptive Behavior, 3(1), 83–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, S. (1987). Competing Units of Selection? A Case of Symbiosis. Philosophy of Science, 54, 351–367.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mithin, S. (Spring 1997). Review of The Adapted Mind. Journal of Anthropological Research, 53, 100–102.Google Scholar
Mori, A. (1984). An Ethological Study of Pygmy Chimpanzees in Wambe Zaire: A Comparison with Chimpanzees. Primates, 25(3), 255–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, D. (1967). The Naked Ape. London: Jonathan Cape.Google Scholar
Moulines, C. U. (1975). A Logical Reconstruction of Simple Equilibrium Thermodynamics. Erkenntnis, 9, 101–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Munson, R. (1971). Biological Adaptation. Philosophy of Science, 38, 200–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, J. P. (1990). Pragmatism: From Peirce to Davidson. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1979). Mortal Questions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1980). The Limits of Objectivity. In The Tanner Lectures on Human Values (pp. 77–139). Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1986). The View from Nowhere. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1993, March 4). The Mind Wins! Review of J. R. Searle's The Rediscovery of the Mind. New York Review of Books, 37–41.
Nelson, L. H. (1990). Who Knows: From Quine to a Feminist Empiricism. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Nelson, L. H. (1993). Epistemological Communities. In Alcoff, L. and Potter, E. (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies (pp. 121–160). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Newton, I. (1726, 1972). Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (3rd edition). Koyre, A. and Cohen, I. B. (Eds.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Nicholson, A. J. (1960). The Role of Population Dynamics in Natural Selection. In Tax, D. (Ed.), Evolution After Darwin: The Evolution of Life (pp. 477–522). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Nietzsche, F. (1887, 1967). On the Genealogy of Morals & Ecco Homo. New York: Vintage Books, Random House.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., and Cheng, P. W. (1988). Conditional Reasoning. 29th Annual Meeting of the Psychonomic Society, Chicago.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E., Fong, G. T., Lehman, D., and Cheng, P. W. (1987). Teaching Reasoning. Science, 238, 625–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Novick, P. (1988). That Noble Dream: The “Objectivity Question” and the American Historical Profession. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowotny, H., and Rose, H. (Eds.). (1979). Counter-Movements in the Sciences. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nunney, L. (1985). Group Selection, Altruism, and Structured-Deme Models. American Naturalist, 126, 212–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ohm, K. (1983). Hierarchical Theory of Selection: The Covariance Formula of Selection and Its Application. Bulletin of the Biometrical Society of Japan, 4, 25–33.Google Scholar
Okasha, S. (2004). Multilevel Selection and the Partitioning of Covariance: A Comparison of Three Approaches. Evolution, 58(3), 486–494.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Oster, G. F., and Wilson, E. O. (1978). Caste and Ecology in the Social Insects. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Peirce, C. S. (1868, 1992). Some Consequences of Four Incapacities. Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 2, 140–157. Reprinted in Houser, N. and Kloesel, C. (Eds.), The Essential Peirce Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Peirce, C. S. (1871, 1992). Review of Fraser's The Works of George Berkeley. North American Review, 113, 449–472. Reprinted in Houser, N. and Kloesel, C. (Eds.), The Essential Peirce Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Peirce. C. S. (1877, 1992). The Fixation of Belief. Popular Science Monthly, 12, 1–15. Reprinted in Houser, N. and Kloesel, C. (Eds.), The Essential Peirce Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Peirce, C. S. (1878a, 1992). How to Make our Ideas Clear. Popular Science Monthly, 12, 286–302. Reprinted in Houser, N. and Kloesel, C. (Eds.), The Essential Peirce Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Peirce, C. S. (1878b, 1992). The Order of Nature. Popular Science Monthly, 13, 203–217. Reprinted in Houser, N. and Kloesel, C. (Eds.), The Essential Peirce Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Peirce, C. S. (1892, 1992). The Doctrine of Necessity Examined. The Monist, 2, 321–327. Reprinted in Houser, N. and Kloesel, C. (Eds.), The Essential Peirce Vol. 1. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Perutz, M. F. (1995, December 21).The Pioneer Defended. Review of Gerald L. Geison's The Private Science of Louis Pasteur (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). New York Review of Books, XⅬII (20).Google Scholar
Pfeifer, E. J. (1972). United States. In Glick, (Ed.), The Comparative Reception of Darwinism (pp. 185–210). Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Pickering, A. (1984). Constructing Quarks: A Sociological History of Particle Physics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Pinker, S. (1997). How the Mind Works. New York: W. W. Norton.Google Scholar
Pinker, S., and Bloom, P. (1990). Natural Language and Natural Selection. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 13, 707–784. Reprinted (1992) in Barkow, J., Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. (Eds.), The Adapted Mind, pp. 451–493.
Platt, J. R. (1964). Strong Inference. Science, 146, 347–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Polanyi, M. (1969a). The Republic of Science: Its Political and Economic Theory. In Knowing and Being: Essays by Michael Polanyi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1969b). The Structure of Consciousness. In Knowing and Being: Essays by Michael Polanyi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Potter, E. (1993). Gender and Epistemic Negotiation. In Alcoff, L. and Potter, E. (Eds.), Feminist Epistemologies (pp. 161–186). Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Price, G. R. (1972). Extension of Covariance Selection Mathematics. Annals of Human Genetics, 35, 485–490.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Proctor, R. (1991). Value-Free Science? Purity and Power in Modern Knowledge. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pugh, G. (1977). Biological Origins of Human Values. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1981). Reason, Truth and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Putnam, H. (1988). Representation and Reality. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1992). Renewing Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1960). Word and Object. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1963). Two Dogmas of Empiricism. In From a Logical Point of View (Revised Edition) (pp. 20–46). New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1969). Epistemology Naturalized. In Ontological Relativity and Other Essays. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1974). The Roots of Reference. La Salle, IL: Open Court.Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1981). Theories and Things. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Quinn, J. F., and Dunham, A. E. (1983). On Hypothesis Testing in Ecology and Evolution. American Naturalist, 122, 602–617.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranelagh, J. (1986). The Agency: The Rise and Decline of the CIA. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Reid, J. P. (1970). A Law of Blood: The Primitive Law of the Cherokee Nation. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar
Reiter, R. R. (Ed.). (1975). Toward an Anthropology of Women. New York: Monthly Review Press.Google Scholar
Rescher, N. (1978). Peirce's Philosophy of Science: Critical Studies in His Theory of Induction and Scientific Method.South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Rescher, N. (1992). A System of Pragmatic Idealism, Vol. I: Human Knowledge. In Idealist Perspective. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Roan, S. (1991, April 18). Check It Out. Oakland Tribune.Google Scholar
Rodis-Lewis, G. (1993). From Metaphysics to Physics: Essays on the Philosophy and Science of Rene Descartes. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rorty, R. (1979). Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1982). Consequences of Pragmatism: Essays, 1972–1980. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1986). Pragmatism, Davidson and Truth. In LePore, E. (Ed.), Truth and Interpretation: Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1987). Pragmatism and Philosophy. In Baynes, K., Bohman, J., and McCarthy, T. (Eds.), After Philosophy: End or Transformation?Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1988). Is Natural Science a Natural Kind? In McMullin, E. (Ed.), Construction and Constraint: The Shaping of Scientific Rationality. South Bend, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
Rorty, R. (1989). Contingency, Irony and Solidarity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, H. (1983). Hand, Brain and Heart: A Feminist Epistemology for the Natural Sciences. Signs, 9, 73–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roughgarden, J. (1983). Competition and Theory in Community Ecology. American Naturalist, 122, 583–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rouse, J. (1987). Knowledge and Power: Toward a Political Philosophy of Science. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Rudwick, M. J. S. (1976). The Meaning of Fossils (2nd ed.). New York: Neale Watson Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Ruse, M. (1975a). Charles Darwin's Theory of Evolution: An Analysis. Journal of the History of Biology, 8(2), 219–241.Google Scholar
Ruse, M. (1975b). Darwin's Debt to Philosophy. Studies in the History and Philosophy ofScience, 6(2), 159–181.Google Scholar
Ruse, M. (1979). The Darwinian Revolution: Science Red in Tooth and Claw. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Ruse, M. (1981). Is Science Sexist? And Other Problems in the Biomedical Sciences. Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarkar, S. (1994). The Selection of Alleles and the Additivity of Variance. PSA: Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association, 1994, Vol. One, 3–12.Google Scholar
Scheffler, I. (1967). Science and Subjectivity. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1984). Minds, Brains and Science.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1992). The Rediscovery of the Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Searle, J. R. (1993). Rationality and Realism: What Is at Stake?Daedalus, 122(4), 55–84.Google Scholar
Sedgwick, P. (1973). Illness – Mental and Otherwise. Hastings Center Report, 1, 19–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sellars. W. (1968). Science and Metaphysics: Variations on Kantian Themes. London: International Library of Philosophy and Scientific Method, Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Shanahan, T. (1997). Pluralism, Antirealism, and the Units of Selection. Acta Biotheoretica, 45, 117–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapere, D. (1981). Meaning and Scientific Change. In Hacking, Ian (Ed.), Scientific Revolutions (pp. 28–59). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shapin, S., and Schaffer, S.. (1985). Leviathan and the Air Pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the Experimental Life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1987). Evolution of a Mesh between Principles of the Mind and Regularities of the World. In Dupre, J. (Ed.), The Latest on the Best: Essays on Evolution and Optimality. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Shimony, A. (1970). Scientific Inference. In Colodny, R. (Ed.), The Nature and Function of Scientific Theories. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
Simberloff, D. (1983). Competition Theory, Hypothesis Testing, and Other Community Ecological Buzzwords. American Naturalist, 122, 625–635.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simberloff, D., and Wilson, E. O. (1969). Experimental Zoogeography of Islands: The Colonization of Empty Islands. Ecology, 50, 278–296.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simberloff, D., and Wilson, E. O. (1970). Experimental Zoogeography of Islands: A Two-Year Record of Colonization. Ecology, 51, 934–934.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simpson, G. G. (1953). The Major Features of Evolution. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Singer, I., and Singer, J. (1972). Periodicity of Sexual Desire in Relation to Time of Ovulation in Women. Journal of Biosocial Science, 4, 471–481.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Siskind, J. (1978). Kinship and Mode of Production. American Anthropologist, 80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slatkin, M. (1972). On Treating the Chromosome as the Unit of Selection. Genetics, 72, 157–168.Google ScholarPubMed
Slatkin, M. (1981). A Diffusion Model of Species Selection. Paleobiology, 7(4), 421–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slatkin, M., and Wade, M. (1978). Group Selection on a Quantitative Character. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 75, 3531–3534.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Slobodkin, L. B., and Rapoport, A. (1974). An Optimal Strategy of Evolution. Quarterly Review of Biology, 49, 181–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smart, J. J. C. (1963). Philosophy and Scientific Realism. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Smith, L., and Hood, L. (1987). Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome: How to Proceed. Biotechnology, 5, 933–939.Google Scholar
Sneed, J. (1971). The Logical Structure of Mathematical Physics. Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sober, E. (1981). Holism, Individualism, and the Units of Selection. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association 1980, 2, 93–121.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1984). The Nature of Selection. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1990). The Poverty of Pluralism: A Reply to Sterelny and Kitcher. The Journal of Philosophy, 87(3),151–158.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sober, E., and Lewontin, R. C. (1982). Artifact, Cause and Genic Selection. Philosophy of Science, 49, 157–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sober, E., and Wilson, D. S. (1994). A Critical Review of Philosophical Work on the Units of Selection Problem. Philosophy of Science, 61, 534–555.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sober, E., and Wilson, D. S. (1998). Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Spencer, H. G. (2001). Optimization, Limitations of. In Smelser, N. J. and Baltes, P. B. (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences. Oxford: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Spencer, H., and J. Masters (1992). Sexual Selection: Contemporary Debates. In Keller, E. F. and Lloyd, E. A. (Eds.), Keywords in Evolutionary Biology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Stanford, P. K. (2001). The Units of Selection and the Causal Structure of the World. Erkenntnis, 54, 215–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S., and Yang, X. (1987). Approximate Evolutionary Stasis for Bivalve Morphology Over Millions of Years: A Multivariate, Multilineage Study. Paleobiology, 13, 113–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. (1975a). Clades versus Clones in Evolution: Why We Have Sex. Science, 190, 382–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. (1975b). A Theory of Evolution above the Species Level. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 72(2), 646–650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stanley, S. (1979). Macroevolution: Pattern and Process. New York: Freeman.Google Scholar
Starfield, A. M., et al. (1980). An Exploratory Model of Impala Population Dynamics. In Levin, S. (Ed.), Mathematical Modelling in Biology and Ecology, Vol. 33 of Lecture Notes in Biomathematics. Berlin and New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Stegmuller, W. (1976). The Structure and Dynamics of Theories. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, H. (1993). On Philosophy and Natural Philosophy in the Seventeenth Century. In French, P., Uehling, T. Jr., and Wettstein, H. (Eds.), Midwest Studies in Philosophy, Volume XVIII: Philosophy of Science, pp. 177–201.
Sterelny, K., and Kitcher, P. (1988). The Return of the Gene. Journal of Philosophy, 85, 339–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stich, S. (1983). From Folk Psychology to Cognitive Science: The Case against Belief. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Strawson, P. (1959). Individuals. London: Methuen.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strong, D. R. (1983). Natural Variability and the Manifold Mechanisms of Ecological Communities. American Naturalist, 122, 636–660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroud, B. (1980). Berkeley v. Locke on Primary Qualities. Philosophy, 55, 149–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroud., B. (1984). The Significance of Philosophical Scepticism. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strum, S. (1987). Almost Human: A Journey into the World of Baboons. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Suppe, F. (1972). What's Wrong with the Received View on the Structure of Scientific Theories?Philosophy of Science, 39, 1–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suppe, F. (1973). Theories, Their Formulations, and the Operational Imperative. Synthese, 25, 129–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suppe, F. (1974). Theories and Phenomena. In Leinfellner, W. and Kohler, E. (Eds.), Developments of the Methodology of Social Science (pp. 45–92). Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suppe, F. (1974a). Some Philosophical Problems in Biological Speciation and Taxonomy. In Wojcieckowski, (Ed.), Conceptual Basis of the Classification of Knowledge (pp. 190–243). Munich: Verlag Dokumentation.Google Scholar
Suppe, F. (1976). Theoretical Laws. In Przelecki, M. et al. (Eds.), Formal Methods in the Methodology of Empirical Sciences (pp. 247–267). Dordrecht, Boston: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suppe, F. (Ed.) (1977). The Structure of Scientific Theories (2nd ed.). Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Suppe, F. (1979). Theory Structure. In Current Research in Philosophy of Science (pp. 317–338). East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Suppes, P. (1957). Introduction to Logic. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand and Co.Google Scholar
Suppes, P. (1961). A Comparison of the Meaning and Use of Models in Mathematics and the Empirical Sciences. In Freudenthal, H. (Ed.), The Concept and the Role of the Model in Mathematics and Natural and Social Sciences (pp. 163–177). Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suppes, P. (1962). Models of Data. In Nagel, E., Suppes, P., and Tarski, A. (Eds.), Logic, Methodology, and the Philosophy of Science. Proceedings of the 1960 International Congress, Vol. 1 (pp. 252–261). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Suppes, P. (1967). What Is a Scientific Theory? In Morgenbesser, S. (Ed.), Philosophy of Science Today. New York: Meridian Books.Google Scholar
Suppes, P. (1978). The Plurality of Science. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association. East Lansing, MI: Philosophy of Science Association.Google Scholar
Symons, D. (1987). If We're All Darwinians, What's the Fuss About? In Crawford, C., Krebs, D., and Smith, M. (Eds.), Sociobiology and Psychology.Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Teller, P. (1992). Subjectivity and Knowing What It's Like: Emergence or Reduction? In J. Kim (Ed.), Essays on the Prospects of Nonreductive Physicalism. Berlin, GR: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Temkin, O. (1977). The Double Face of Janus. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar
Thagard, P. (1978). The Best Explanation: Criteria for Theory Choice. Journal of Philosophy, 75, 78–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thagard, P. (1992). Conceptual Revolutions. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Thoday, J. M. (1953). Components of Fitness. Symposium of the Society for Experimental Biology, 7, 96–113.Google Scholar
Thompson, P. (1983). The Structure of Evolutionary Theory: a Semantic Approach. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 14, 215–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, P. (1985). Sociobiological Explanation and the Testability of Sociobiological Theory. In Fetzer, James H. (Ed.), Sociobiology and Epistemology. Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Toft, C. A., and Shea, P. J. (1983). Detecting Communitywide Patterns: Estimating Power Strengthens Statistical Inference. American Naturalist, 122, 618–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tooby, J. (1985). The Emergence of Evolutionary Psychology. In Pines, D. (Ed.), Emerging Syntheses in Science. Proceedings of the Founding Workshops of the Santa Fe Institute (pp. 67–75). Santa Fe, NM: The Santa Fe Institute.Google Scholar
Tooby, J., and Cosmides, L. (1989). Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture, Part I: Theoretical Considerations. Ethology and Sociobiology, 10, 29–49. Pt II: Case Study: A Computational Theory of Social Exchange. Ethology and Sociobiology, 10, 51–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tooby, J., and Cosmides, L. (1990a). The Past Explains the Present: Emotional Adaptations and the Structure of Ancestral Environments. Ethology and Sociobiology, 11, 375–424.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tooby, J., and Cosmides, L. (1990b). On the Universality of Human Nature and the Uniqueness of the Individual: The Role of Genetics and Adaptation. Journal of Personality, 58, 17–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tooby, J., and L. Cosmides (1992). The Psychological Foundations of Culture. In Barkow, J., Cosmides, L., and Tooby, J. (Eds.), The Adapted Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and the Generation of Culture (pp. 19–136). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tooby, J., and I. DeVore (1987). The Reconstruction of Hominid Behavioral Evolution through Strategic Modeling. In Kinzey, W. G. (Ed.), The Evolution of Human Behavior: Primate Models (pp. 183–237). New York:State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Traweek, S. (1988). Beamtimes and Lifetimes: The World of High Energy Physicists. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Trivers, R. (1971). The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism. Quarterly Review of Biology, 46, 35–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tuana, N. (Ed.). (1989). Feminism and Science. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Tuana, N. (1995). The Values of Science: Empiricism from a Feminist Perspective. Synthese, 104(3), 441–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, J. (1986). In Raup, D. M. and D. Jablonski, (Eds.), Patterns and Processes in the History of Life (pp. 183–207). Berlin: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uyenoyama, M. K. (1979). Evolution of Altruism under Group Selection in Large and Small Populations in Fluctuating Environments. Theoretical Population Biology, 15, 58–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uyenoyama, M. K., and Feldman, M. W. (1980). Evolution of Altruism under Group Selection in Large and Small Populations in Fluctuating Environments. Theoretical Population Biology, 17, 380–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Steen, W. J. and Berg, H. A. (1999). Dissolving Disputes over Genic Selectionism. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 12, 184–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraassen, B. C. (1969). Meaning Relations and Modalities. Nous, 3, 155–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraassen, B. C. (1970). On the Extension of Beth's Semantics of Physical Theories. Philosophy of Science, 37, 325–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Fraassen, B. C. (1972). A Formal Approach to the Philosophy of Science. In Colodny, R. E. (Ed.), Paradigms and Paradoxes. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar
van Fraassen, B. C. (1974). The Labyrinth of Quantum Logic. In Cohen, R. S. and Wartofsky, M. (Eds.), Logical and Epistemological Studies in Contemporary Physics. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, Vol XIII. Dordrecht, Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraassen, B. C. (1980). The Scientific Image. Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraassen, B. C. (1989). Laws and Symmetry. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fraassen, B. C. (1986). Aim and Structure of Scientific Theories. In R. B. Marcus, G. Dorn, and P. Weingartner (Eds.), Proceedings of the Seventh International Congress of Logic, Methodology, and Philosophy of Science (pp. 397–318). Amsterdam: North-Holland Publishing Company.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vehrencamp, S. L., and J. W. Bradbury (1984). Mating Systems and Ecology. In Krebs, J. R. (Ed.), Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach (pp. 251–278). Sunderland, MA: Sinauer.Google Scholar
Vicedo, M. (MS, 1991). The History, Scientific Value, and Social Implications of the Human Genome Project.
Voss, S. (Ed.) (1993). Essays on the Philosophy and Science of Rene Descartes. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrba, E. (1980). Evolution, Species and Fossils: How Does Life Evolve?South African Journal of Science, 76, 61–84.Google Scholar
Vrba, E. (1983). Macroevolutionary Trends: New Perspectives on the Roles of Adaptation and Incidental Effect. Science, 221, 387–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vrba, E. (1984). What Is Species Selection?Systematic Zoology, 33, 318–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrba, E. (1989). Levels of Selection and Sorting with Special Reference to the Species Level. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, 6, 111–168.Google Scholar
Vrba, E., and Eldredge, N. (1984). Individuals, Hierarchies and Processes: Towards a More Complete Evolutionary Theory. Paleobiology, 10, 146–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vrba, E., and Gould, S. J. (1986). The Hierarchical Expansion of Sorting and Selection: Sorting and Selection Cannot Be Equated. Paleobiology, 12, 217–228.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waddington, C. H. (1956). Genetic Assimilation of the Bithorax Phenotype. Evolution, 10, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, M. J. (1976). Group Selection Among Laboratory Populations of Tribolium. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 73(12), 4604–4607.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade, M. J. (1977). An Experimental Study of Group Selection. Evolution, 31, 134–153.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade, M. J. (1978). A Critical Review of the Models of Group Selection. Quarterly Review of Biology, 53, 101–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, M. J. (1980). Kin Selection: Its Components. Science, 210, 665–667.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade, M. J. (1985). Soft Selection, Hard Selection, Kin Selection, and Group Selection. American Naturalist, 125, 61–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wade, M. J., and Breden, F. (1981). The Effect of Inbreeding on the Evolution of Altruistic Behavior by Kin Selection. Evolution, 35, 844–858.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wade, M. J., and McCauley, D. E. (1980). Group Selection: The Phenotypic and Genotypic Differentiation of Small Populations. Evolution, 34, 799–812.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, K. (1986). Models of Natural Selection: From Darwin to Dawkins. Ph.D. diss., History and Philosophy of Science Department. Bloomington:Indiana University.Google Scholar
Waters, K. (1991). Tempered Realism About the Force of Selection. Philosophy of Science 58(4), 553–573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watson, J. D. (1990). The Human Genome Project: Past, Present, and Future. Science, 248, 44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wessels, L. (1976). Laws and Meaning Postulates (in van Fraassen's View of Theories). In Cohen, R. S. et al. (Eds.), PSA 1974 (pp. 215–235). Dordrecht: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitbeck, C. (1984). A Different Reality: Feminist Ontology. In Gould, C. (Ed.), Beyond Domination: New Perspectives on Women and Philosophy. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allenheld.Google Scholar
Wiggins, D. (1976). Truth, Invention and the Meaning of Life. Proceedings of the British Academy, LXII, 331–378.Google Scholar
Wiggins, D. (1980). What Would Be a Substantial Theory of Math? Philosophical Subjects: Essays Presented to P. F. Strawson. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wiggins, D. (1987). Needs, Values, Truth: Essays in the Philosophy of Value. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Williams, B. (1978). Descartes: The Project of Pure Enquiry. Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.Google Scholar
Williams, B. (1981). Moral Luck: Philosophical Papers, 1973–1980. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, B. (1985). Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1966). Adaptation and Natural Selection. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1975). Sex and Evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Williams, G. C. (1985). A Defense of Reductionism in Evolutionary Biology. Oxford Surveys in Evolutionary Biology, 2, 1–27.Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1992). Natural Selection: Domains, Levels, and Challenges. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, M. B. (1982). The Importance of Prediction Testing in Evolutionary Biology. Erkenntnis, 17, 291–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1975). A General Theory of Group Selection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 72, 143–146.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1980). The Natural Selection of Populations and Communities. Menlo Park, CA: Benjamin Cummings.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. S. (1983). Group Selection Controversy: History and Current Status. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 14, 159–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, D. S., and Colwell, R. K. (1981). Evolution of Sex Ratio in Structured Demes. Evolution, 35, 882–897.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, E. O. (1975). Sociobiology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O., and Simberloff, D. S. (1969). Experimental Zoogeography of Islands: Definition and Monitoring Techniques. Ecology, 50, 267–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, M. D. (1978). Descartes. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, M. D. (1979). Superadded Properties: The Limits of Mechanism in Locke. American Philosophical Quarterly, 16, 143–150.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. D. (1982). Did Berkeley Completely Misunderstand the Basis of the Primary-Secondary Qualities? In Thrbayne, C. (Ed.), Berkeley: Critical and Interpretive Essays (pp. 162–176). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, M. D. (1993). Descartes on the Perception of Primary Qualities. In Voss, S. (Ed.), Essays on the Philosophy and Science of Rene Descartes. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, R. A. (2003). Pluralism, Entwinement, and the Levels of Selection. Philosophy of Science, 70(3), 531–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wimmer, H., and Pemer, J. (1983). Beliefs about Beliefs: Representation and Constraining Function of Wrong Beliefs in Young Children's Understanding of Deception. Cognition, 13, 103–128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wimsatt, W. (1980). Reductionist Research Strategies and Their Biases in the Units of Selection Controversy. In Nickles, T. (Ed.), Scientific Discovery: Case Studies (pp. 213–259). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Reidel.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wimsatt, W. (1981). Units of Selection and the Structure of the Multi-Level Genome. Proceedings of the Philosophy of Science Association 1980, 2, 122–183.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical Investigations. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. (1965). A Lecture on Ethics. Philosophical Review, 74, 3–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolfe, L. (1979). Behavioral Patterns of Estrous Females of the Arachiyama West Troop of Japanese Macaques (Macaca Fuscata). Primates, 20(4), 525–534.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolpert, L. (1992). The Unnatural Nature of Science: Why Science Does Not Make (Common) Sense. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wrangham, R. W., McGrew, W. C., and Waal, F. B. M. (Eds.). (1994). Chimpanzee Cultures. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, C. (1992). Truth and Objectivity. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, S. (1931). Evolution in Mendelian Populations. Genetics, 10, 97–159.Google Scholar
Wright, S. (1945). Tempo and Mode in Evolution: A Critical Review. Ecology, 26, 415–419.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, S. (1980). Genic and Organismic Selection. Evolution, 34, 825–843.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wylie, A. (1988). Methodological Essentialism: Comments on Philosophy, Sex and Feminism. Atlantis, 13(2), 11–14.Google Scholar
Wylie, A. (1989). Archaeological Cables and Tacking: The Implications of Practice for Bernstein's Beyond Objectivism and Relativism. Philosophy of Social Science, 19, 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynne-Edwards, V. C. (1962). Animal Dispersion in Relation to Social Behavior. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar
Ziman, J. (1968). Public Knowledge: An Essay Concerning the Social Dimension of Science. London: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zinder, N. D. (1990). The Genome Initiative: How to Spell Human. Scientific American, 96, July.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Elisabeth A. Lloyd, Indiana University, Bloomington
  • Book: Science, Politics, and Evolution
  • Online publication: 27 February 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511619724.013
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Elisabeth A. Lloyd, Indiana University, Bloomington
  • Book: Science, Politics, and Evolution
  • Online publication: 27 February 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511619724.013
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Elisabeth A. Lloyd, Indiana University, Bloomington
  • Book: Science, Politics, and Evolution
  • Online publication: 27 February 2010
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511619724.013
Available formats
×