Ahmad, Y., Whitney, I. and Smith, P.K. (1991). A survey service for schools on bully/victim problems. In Smith, P.K. and Thompson, D.A. (eds.), Practical approaches to bullying (pp.103–111). London: David Fulton.Google Scholar

Alsaker, F.D. (2004). Bernese programme against victimisation in kindergarten and elementary school. In Smith, P.K., Pepler, D. and Rigby, K. (eds.), Bullying in schools: How successful can interventions be? (pp.289–306). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ananiadou, K. and Smith, P.K. (2002). Legal requirements and nationally circulated materials against school bullying in European countries. Criminal Justice, 2, 471–491.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Andreou, E. (2004). Bully/victim problems and their association with Machiavellianism and self-efficacy in Greek primary school children. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 297–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arora, C.M.J. and Thompson, D.A. (1987). Defining bullying for a secondary school. Education and Child Psychology, 14, 110–120.Google Scholar

Arseneault, L., Milne, B.J., Taylor, A., Adams, F., Delgado, K., Caspi, A. and Moffitt, T.E. (2008). Being bullied as an environmentally mediated contributing factor to children’s internalizing problems: A study of twins discordant for victimization. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 162, 145–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Atria, M., Strohmeier, D., and Spiel, C. (2007). The relevance of the school class as social unit for the prevalence of bullying and victimization. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4, 372–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ball, H.A., Arseneault, L., Taylor, A., Maughan, B., Caspi, A. and Moffitt, T.E. (2008). Genetic and environmental influences on victims, bullies and bully-victims in childhood. Journal of Child Psychiatry and Psychiatry 49, 104–112.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berne, S., Frisén, A., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Naruskov, K., Luik, P., Katzer, C., Erentaite, R. and Zukauskiene, R. (2013). Cyberbullying assessment instruments: A systematic review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18, 320–334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Besag, V.E. (2006). Understanding girls’ friendships, fights and feuds: A practical approach to girls’ bullying. Maidenhead: Open University Press.Google Scholar

Bibou-Nakou, I., Tsiantis, J., Assimopoulos, H. and Chatzilambou, P. (2012). Bullying/victimization from a family perspective: a qualitative study of secondary school student’ views. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 28, 53–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Björkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K.M.J. and Kaukiainen, A. (1997). Do girls manipulate and boys fight? Developmental trends in regard to direct aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 18, 117–27.Google Scholar

Boulton, M.J. (2013). The effects of victim of bullying reputation on adolescents’ choice of friends: Mediation by fear of becoming a victim of bullying, moderation by victim status, and implications for befriending interventions. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 114, 146–160.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bowes, L., Arseneault, L., Maughan, B., Taylor, A., Caspi, A. and Moffitt, T.E. (2009). School, neighborhood, and family factors are associated with children’s bullying involvement: A nationally representative longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 545–553.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bowes, L., Maughan, B., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E. and Arseneault, L. (2010). Families promote emotional and behavioural resilience to bullying: Evidence of an environmental effect. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51, 809–817.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bowers, L., Smith, P.K. and Binney, V. (1992). Family relationships as perceived by children involved in bully/victim problems at school. Journal of Family Therapy, 14, 371–387.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brighi, A., Melotti, G., Guarini, A., Genta, M.L., Ortega, R., Mora- Merchán, J. A., Smith, P.K. and Thompson, F. (2012). Self-esteem and loneliness in relation to cyberbullying in three European countries. In Li, Q., Cross, D. and Smith, P.K. (eds.), Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives (pp.32–56). Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caravita, S., DiBlasio, P. and Salmivalli, C. (2009). Unique and interactive effects of empathy and social status on involvement in bullying. Social Development, 18, 140–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cowie, H. (1998). Perspective of teachers and pupils on the experience of peer support against bullying. Educational Research and Evaluation, 4, 108–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Craig, W., Harel-Fisch, Y., Fogel-Grinvald, H., Dostaler, S., Hetland, J., Simons-Morton, B., Molcho, B., Gaspar de Mato, M., Overpeck, M., Due, P., Pickett, W., HBSC Violence & Injuries Prevention Focus Group & HBSC Bullying Writing Group (2009). A cross-national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries. International Journal of Public Health, 54 (Suppl 2), 216–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Currie, C. et al. (eds.). (2012). Social determinants of health and well-being among young people. Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: International report from the 2009/2010 survey. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe.Google Scholar

DCSF (2009). Staying Safe Survey: Key findings: Bullying. London: DCSF.Google Scholar

DfE (2010). The Importance of Teaching: The Schools White Paper 2010. www.education.gov.uk/publications/eOrderingDownload/CM-7980.pdfGoogle Scholar

DfE (2014). Preventing and tackling bullying: Advice for headteachers, staff and governing bodies. www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/444862/Preventing_and_tackling_bullying_advice.pdfGoogle Scholar

Duncan, N. (1999). Sexual bullying: Gender conflict and pupil culture in secondary schools. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Endresen, I.M. and Olweus, D. (2001). Self-reported empathy in Norwegian adolescents: Sex differences, age trends, and relationship to bullying. In Bohart, A.C., Arthur, C. and Stipek, D.J. (eds.), Constructive and destructive behavior: Implications for family, school and society (pp.147–165). Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farrington, D. (1993). Understanding and preventing bullying. In Tonry, M (ed.), Crime and justice: A review of research, vol. 17 (pp.381–458). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Farrington, D. P., Lösel, F., Ttofi, M.M. and Theodorakis, N. (2012). School bullying, depression and offending behaviour later in life: An updated systematic review of longitudinal studies. Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention.Google Scholar

Fisher, H.L., Moffitt, T.E., Houts, R.M., Belsky, D.W., Arseneault, L. and Caspi, A. (2012). Bullying victimisation and risk of self harm in early adolescence: longitudinal cohort study. British Medical Journal, 344, e2683.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fox, C.L. and Boulton, M.J. (2006). Friendship as a moderator of the relationship between social skills problems and peer victimisation. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 110–121.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Genta, M.L., Brighi, A. and Guarini, A. (2009). Bullying and cyberbullying in adolescence. Rome: Carocci.Google Scholar

Genta, M.L., Brighi, A. and Guarini, A. (eds.) (2013). Cyberbullismo: Ricerche e strategie di intervento (Cyberbullying: research and intervention strategies). Milano: Franco Angeli.Google Scholar

Genta, M. L., Smith, P. K., Ortega, R., Brighi, A., Guarini, A., Thompson, F., Tippett, N., Mora-Merchan, J. and Calmaestra, J. (2012). Comparative aspects of cyberbullying in Italy, England and Spain: Findings from a DAPHNE project. In Li, Q., Cross, D. and Smith, P.K. (eds.), Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives (pp. 15–31). Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gini, G. (2006). Social cognition and moral cognition in bullying: What’s wrong? Aggressive Behavior, 32, 528–539.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heinemann, P.P. (1972). Mobbning – Gruppvåld bland barn och vuxna. Stockholm: Natur och Kultur.Google Scholar

House of Commons Education and Skills Committee (2007). Bullying: Third report of Session 2006-07. London: The Stationery Office.Google Scholar

Hughes, T. (1857). Tom Brown’s schooldays. Cambridge: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Huitsing, G. and Veenstra, R. (2012). Bullying in classrooms: Participant roles from a social network perspective, Aggressive Behavior, 38, 494–509.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hunter, S.C. and Boyle, J.M.E. (2004). Appraisal and coping strategy use of victims of school bullying. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 83–107.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Jolliffe, D. and Farrington, D.P. (2011). Is low empathy related to bullying after controlling for individual and social background variables? Journal of Adolescence, 34, 59–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kaenel-Platt, J and Douglas, T. (2012). Cybermentoring. In Costabile, A. and Spears, B.A. (eds.), The impact of technology on relationships in educational settings (pp.151–157). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Livingstone, S., Haddon, L., Görzig, A. and Ólafsson, K. (2011). Risks and safety on the internet: The perspective of European children. Full findings. LSE, London: EU Kids Online.Google Scholar

Lowenstein, L.F. (1978a). Who is the bully? Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 31, 147–149.Google Scholar

Lowenstein, L.F. (1978b). The bullied and non-bullied child. Bulletin of the British Psychological Society, 31, 316–318.Google Scholar

Machmutow, K., Perren, S., Sticca, F. and Alsaker, F.D. (2012). Peer victimisation and depressive symptoms: Can specific coping strategies buffer the negative impact of cybervictimisation? Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17, 403–420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mahdavi, J. and Smith, P.K. (2007). Individual risk factors or group dynamics? An investigation of the scapegoat hypothesis of victimisation in school classes. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4, 353–371.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McGuckin, C., Perren, S., Corcoran, L., Cowie, H., Dehue, F., Ševčiková, A., Tsatsou, P. and Vollink, T. (2013). Coping with cyberbullying: How can we prevent cyberbullying and how victims can cope with it. In Smith, P.K. and Steffgen, G. (eds.), Cyberbullying through the new media: Findings from an international network (pp.121–135). Hove: Psychology Press.Google Scholar

McLeod, M. and Morris, S. (1996). Why me? Children talking to ChildLine about bullying. ChildLine, Royal Mail Building, Studd Street, London N1 0QW.Google Scholar

Menesini, E., Codecasa, E., Benelli, B. and Cowie, H. (2003). Enhancing children’s responsibility to take action against bullying: evaluation of a befriending intervention in Italian middle schools. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Menesini, E., Eslea, M., Smith, P.K., Genta, M.L., Giannetti, E., Fonzi, A. and Costabile, A. (1997). A cross-national comparison of children’s attitudes towards bully/victim problems in school. Aggressive Behavior, 23, 245–257.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Menesini, E., Nocentini, A., Palladino, B. E., Frisén, A., Berne, S., Ortega Ruiz, R., Calmaestra, J., Scheithauer, H., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Luik, P., Naruskov, K., Blaya, C., Berthaud, J. and Smith, P.K. (2012). Cyberbullying definition among adolescents: A comparison across six European countries. Cyberpsychology, Behavior and Social Networking, 15, 455–463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mora-Merchán, J. and Jäger, T. (eds.) (2010). Cyberbullying: A cross-national comparison. Landau: Verlag Emprische Padagogik.Google Scholar

Muñoz, L.C., Qualter, P. and Padgett, G. (2011). Empathy and bullying: Exploring the influence of callous-unemotional traits. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42, 183–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Naylor, P. and Cowie, H. (1999). The effectiveness of peer support systems in challenging school bullying: the perspectives and experiences of teachers and pupils. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 467–479.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Naylor, P., Cowie, H. and del Rey, R. (2001). Coping strategies of secondary school children in response to being bullied. Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review, 6, 114–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Olweus, D. (1973). Forskning om skolmobbning. Stockholm, Sweden: Almqvist and Wiksell.Google Scholar

Olweus, D. (1978). Aggression in the schools: Bullies and whipping boys. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.Google Scholar

Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Olweus, D. (1999a). Sweden. In Smith, P.K., Morita, Y., Junger-Tas, J., Olweus, D., Catalano, R. and Slee, P. (eds.) (1999). The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp. 7–27). London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Olweus, D. (1999b). Norway. In Smith, P.K., Morita, Y., Junger-Tas, J., Olweus, D., Catalano, R. and Slee, P. (Eds.) (1999). The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp. 28–48). London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Olweus, D. (2012). Cyberbullying: an overrated phenomenon? European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 520–538.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Olweus, D. and Limber, S. (2010). The Olweus Bullying Prevention Program: Implementation and evaluation over two decades. In Jimerson, S., Swearer, S. and Espelage, D. (eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 377–401). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

O’Moore, M. and Minton, S.J. (2004). Ireland: the Donegal Primary Schools’ anti-bullying project. In Smith, P.K., Pepler, D. and Rigby, K. (eds.), Bullying in schools: How successful can interventions be? (pp.275–287). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ortega, R., del Rey, R. and Mora-Merchan, J. (2004). SAVE model: An anti-bullying intervention in Spain. In Smith, P.K., Pepler, D. and Rigby, K. (eds.), Bullying in schools: How successful can interventions be? (pp.167–185). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peeters, M., Cillessen, A.H.N. and Scholte, R.H.J. (2010). Clueless or powerful? Identifying subtypes of bullies in adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 1041–1052.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Perren, S., Corcoran, L., Cowie, H., Dehue, F., Garcia, D., Mc Guckin, C., Ševčíková, A., Tsatsou, P. and Völlink, T. (2012). Tackling cyberbullying: Review of empirical evidence regarding successful responses by students, parents and schools. International Journal of Conflict and Violence, 6, 283–293.Google Scholar

Pikas, A. (1989). A pure concept of mobbing gives the best results for treatment. School Psychology International, 10, 95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pikas, A. (2002). New developments of the Shared Concern Method. School Psychology International, 23, 307–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Renati, R., Berrone, C. and Zanetti, M.A. (2012). Morally disengaged and unempathic: Do cyberbullies fit these definitions? An exploratory study. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 15, 391–398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Research and discussion on scapegoating and classroom dynamics (2007). Special Section of European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4(4).Google Scholar

Rivers, I. (2011). Homophobic bullying: Research and theoretical perspectives. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roland, E. (2011). The broken curve: Norwegian manifesto against bullying. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 35, 383–388.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

RSM McClure Watters (2011). The nature and extent of pupil bullying in schools in the North of Ireland, Volume 56, Bangor, UK: Department of Education for Northern Ireland.Google Scholar

Saarento, S., Kärnä, A., Hodges, E.V.E. and Salmivalli, C. (2013). Student-, classroom-, and school-level risk factors for victimization. Journal of School Psychology, 51, 421–434.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Salmivalli, C. (2010). Bullying and the peer group: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15, 112–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Björkqvist, K., Österman, K. and Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1–15.3.0.CO;2-T>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A. and Poskiparta, E. (2010). From peer putdowns to peer support: A theoretical model and how it translated into a national anti-bullying program. In Jimerson, S., Swearer, S., and Espelage, D. (eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 441–454). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Salmon, G., James, A. and Smith, D.M. (1998). Bullying in schools: Self reported anxiety, depression, and self esteem in secondary school children. British Medical Journal 317, 924–925.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schuster, B. (1999). Outsiders at school: The prevalence of bullying and its relation with social status. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 2, 175–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Slonje, R., and Smith, P.K. (2008). Cyberbullying: Another main type of bullying? Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49, 147–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smith, P.K. (ed.) (2003). Violence in schools: The response in Europe. Routledge: London.Google Scholar

Smith, P.K., Madsen, K. and Moody, J. (1999). What causes the age decline in reports of being bullied at school? Towards a developmental analysis of risks of being bullied. Educational Research, 41, 267–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, P.K., Mahdavi, J., Carvalho, M., Fisher, S., Russell, S. and Tippett, N. (2008). Cyberbullying: its nature and impact in secondary school pupils. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 376–385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smith, P.K., Morita, Y., Junger –Tas, J., Olweus, D., Catalano, R. and Slee, P. (eds) (1999). The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Smith, P.K. and Sharp, S. (eds.) (1994). School bullying: Insights and perspectives. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Smith, P.K. and Steffgen, G. (eds.) (2013). Cyberbullying through the new media: Findings from an international network. Hove: Psychology Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, P.K., Talamelli, L., Cowie, H., Naylor, P. and Chauhan, P. (2004). Profiles of non-victims, escaped victims, continuing victims and new victims of school bullying. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 74, 565–581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Solberg, M.E. and Olweus, D. (2003). Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 239–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stevens, V. and Van Oost, P. (1994). Pesten op school: Een actieprogramma [Bullying at school: An action programme]. Kessel-Lo: Garant Uitgevers.Google Scholar

Sutton, J. and Keogh, E. (2000). Social competition in school: Relationships with bullying, Machiavellianism and personality. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 70, 443–456.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sutton, J., Smith, P.K. and Swettenham, J. (1999). Social cognition and bullying: Social inadequacy or skilled manipulation? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 435–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Van Roekel, E., Scholte, R.H.J. and Didden, R. (2009). Bullying among adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: Prevalence and perception. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 40, 63–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Veenstra, R., Lindenberg, S., Zijlstra, B.J.H., De Winter, A.F., Verhulst, F.C. and Ormel, J. (2007). The dyadic nature of bullying and victimization: Testing a dual-perspective theory. Child Development, 78, 1843–1854.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Williams, K., Chambers, M., Logan, S. and Robinson, D. (1996). Association of common health symptoms with bullying in primary school children. British Medical Journal, 313, 17–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zwierzynska, K., Wolke, D. and Lereya, T.S. (2013). Peer victimization in childhood and internalizing problems in adolescence: A prospective longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 309–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Abundez, G.M. (2008). School violence in Mexico and other countries. Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa, 13, 1195–1228.Google Scholar

Atlas, R. S. and Pepler, D. J. (1998). Observations of bullying in the classroom. The Journal of Educational Research, 92, 86–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A cognitive social theory. Englewood Cliffs, New York: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar

Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 193–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bandura, A. (2002a). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology, 51, 269–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bandura, A. (2002b). Social cognitive theory of mass communication. In Bryant, J., and Zillman, D. (eds.), Media effects: Advances in theory and research, second edition (pp. 121–153). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Bauman, S., Walker, J., and Cross, D. (eds.) (2013). Principles of cyberbullying research: Definition, methods, and measures. NY: Routledge.Google Scholar

Bauman, S. and Del Rio, A. (2006). Preservice teachers’ responses to bullying scenarios: Comparing physical, verbal, and relational bullying. Journal of Educational Psychology, 98, 219–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bauman, S. and Newman, M. L. (2013). Testing assumptions about cyberbullying: Perceived distress associated with acts of conventional and cyberbullying. Psychology of Violence, 3, 27–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bauman, S. and Pero, H. (2011). Bullying and cyberbullying among deaf students and their hearing peers: An exploratory study. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 16, 236–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berlan, E. D., Corliss, H. L., Field, A. E., Goodman, E., and Bryn Austin, S. (2010). Sexual orientation and bullying among adolescents in the Growing Up Today Study. Journal of Adolescent Health, 46, 366–371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Beran, T.T. and Li, Q. (2007). The relationship between cyberbullying and school bullying. Journal of Student Wellbeing, 1, 15–33.Google Scholar

Blais, J. (2008). Chatting, befriending, and bullying: Adolescents’ Internet experiences and associated psychosocial outcomes (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kingston, Ontario: Queen’s University.Google Scholar

Bonanno, R. A. and Hymel, S. (2013). Cyber bullying and internalizing difficulties: Above and beyond the impact of traditional forms of bullying. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). Contexts of child rearing: Problems and prospects. American Psychologist, 34, 844–850.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cassidy, W., Brown, K., and Jackson, M. (2012). “Under the radar”: Educators and cyberbullying in schools. School Psychology International, 33, 520–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Charach, A., Pepler, D., and Ziegler, S. (1995). Bullying at school: A Canadian perspective. Education Canada, 35, 12–19.Google Scholar

Craig, et al., (2009). A cross-national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries. International Journal of Public Health, 54, 216–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Craig, W. M., Henderson, K., and Murphy, J. G. (2000). Prospective teachers’ attitudes toward bullying and victimization. School Psychology International, 21, 5–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Craig, W. and Pepler, D. (1997). Naturalistic observations of bullying and victimization on the playground (unpublished report). York University, Toronto, Ontario: LaMarsh Research Centre on Violence and Conflict Resolution.Google Scholar

Craig, W. M. and Pepler, D. J. (2003). Identifying and targeting risk for involvement in bullying and victimization. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 48, 577–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Craig, W. M., Pepler, D., and Atlas, R. (2000). Observations of bullying in the playground and in the classroom. School Psychology International, 21, 22–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Craig, W. M., Pepler, D. J., Connolly, J., and Henderson, K. (2001). Developmental context of peer harassment in early adolescence. In Juvonen, J. and Graham, S. (eds.). Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 242–261). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar

Crick, N. R. and Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 74–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crick, N. R. and Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social‐psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66, 710–722.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cullen, D. (2009). Columbine. New York: Hachette Digital, Inc.Google Scholar

Dodge, K. A. (1986). A social information processing model of social competence in children. In Perlmutter, M. (Ed.), Minnesota symposium on child psychology, 18 (pp. 77–125). New York: RoutledgeGoogle Scholar

Dooley, J. J., Pyzalski, J., and Cross, D. (2009). Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review. Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217, 182–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Espelage, D. L., Aragon, S. R., Birkett, M., and Koenig, B. W. (2008). Homophobic teasing, psychological outcomes, and sexual orientation among high school students: What influence do parents and schools have? School Psychology Review, 37, 202–216.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Espelage, D. L. and Asidao, C. S. (2001). Conversations with middle school students about bullying and victimization: Should we be concerned? Journal of Emotional Abuse, 2, 49–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Espelage, D. L., Hong, J. S., Rao, M. A., and Thornberg, R. (2015). Understanding ecological factors associated with bullying across the elementary to middle school transition in the United States. Violence and Victims, 30, 470–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Espelage, D. L. and Swearer, S. (eds.) (2004). Bullying in American schools. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Graham, S. and Juvonen, J. (2002). Ethnicity, peer harassment, and adjustment in middle school: An exploratory study. Journal of Early Adolescence, 22, 173–199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haynie, D. L., Nansel, T., Eitel, P., Crump, A. D., Saylor, K., Yu, K., and Simons-Morton, B. (2001). Bullies, victims, and bully/victims: Distinct groups of at-risk youth. Journal of Early Adolescence, 21, 29–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hinduja, S. and Patchin, J. W. (2012). Cyberbullying: Neither an epidemic nor a rarity. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 539–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hodges, E. V. E., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., and Bukowski, W. M. (1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35, 94–101.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hodges, E. V. E., Malone, M., and Perry, D. (1997). Individual risk and social risk as interacting determinants of victimization in the peer group. Developmental Psychology, 33, 1032–1039.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hodges, E. V. E. and Perry, D. G. (1999). Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 677–685.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Holfeld, B. and Grabe, M. (2012). Middle school students’ perceptions of and responses to cyberbullying. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 46, 395–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hong, J. S. and Espelage, D. L. (2012). A review of research on bullying and peer victimization in school: An ecological system analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 311–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoover, J. H. and Hazler, R. J. (1991). Bullies and victims. Elementary School Guidance and Counseling, 25, 212–219.Google Scholar

Hoover, J. H., Oliver, R., and Hazler, R. J. (1992). Bullying: Perceptions of adolescent victims in the Midwestern USA. School Psychology International, 13, 5–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hymel, S., Rocke-Henderson, N., and Bonanno, R. A. (2005). Moral disengagement: A framework for understanding bullying among adolescents. Journal of Social Sciences, 8, 1–11.Google Scholar

Jacobsen, K. E. and Bauman, S. (2007). Bullying in schools: School counselors’ responses to three types of bullying incidents. Professional School Counseling, 11, 1–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Johnson, G. M. (2010). Internet use and child development: Validation of the ecological techno-subsystem. Educational Technology and Society, 13, 176–185.Google Scholar

Johnson, G. M. and Puplampu, P. (2008). A conceptual framework for understanding the effect of the Internet on child development: The ecological techno-subsystem. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 34, 19–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Juvonen, J. and Gross, E. F. (2008). Extending the school grounds? Bullying experiences in cyberspace. Journal of School Health, 78, 496–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kowalski, R. M. and Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, S22–S30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kowalski, R. M. and Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53, S13–S20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Larochette, A. C., Murphy, A. N., and Craig, W. M. (2010). Racial bullying and victimization in Canadian school-aged children: Individual and school level effects. School Psychology International, 31, 389–408.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Law, D. M., Shapka, J. D., Domene, J. F., and Gagné, M. H. (2012). Are cyberbullies really bullies? An investigation of reactive and proactive online aggression. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 664–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Law, D. M., Shapka, J. D., Hymel, S. S., Olson, B. F., and Waterhouse, T. (2012). The changing face of bullying: An empirical comparison between traditional and internet bullying and victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 28, 226–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Leary, M. R., Kowalski, R. M., Smith, L., and Phillips, S. (2003). Teasing, rejection, and violence: Case studies of the school shootings. Aggressive Behavior, 29, 202–214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Li, Q. (2006). Cyberbullying in schools: A research of gender differences. School Psychology International, 27, 157–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Li, Q. (2007). Bullying in the new playground: Research into cyberbullying and cyber victimisation. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 23, 435–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mishna, F. (2003). Learning disabilities and bullying: Double jeopardy. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 36, 336–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mishna, F., Khoury-Kassabri, M., Gadalla, T., and Daciuk, J. (2012). Risk factors for involvement in cyber bullying: Victims, bullies and bully-victims. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 63–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nansel, T. R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R. S., Ruan, W. J., Simons-Morton, B., and Scheidt, P. (2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth. JAMA: Journal of the American Medical Association, 285, 2094–2100.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Patchin, J. W. and Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4, 148–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pellegrini, A. D. (1998). Bullies and victims in school: A review and call for research. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 19, 165–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pellegrini, A. D. and Long, J. D. (2002). A longitudinal study of bullying, dominance, and victimization during the transition from primary school through secondary school. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 20, 259–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pepler, D. J. and Craig, W. M. (1995). A peek behind the fence: Naturalistic observations of aggressive children with remote audiovisual recording. Developmental Psychology, 31, 548–553.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pepler, D. J., Craig, W. M., Connolly, J. A., Yuile, A., McMaster, L., and Jiang, D. (2006). A developmental perspective on bullying. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 376–384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pepler, D., Jiang, D., Craig, W., and Connolly, J. (2008). Developmental trajectories of bullying and associated factors. Child Development, 79, 325–338.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Perry, D. C., Williard, J. C., and Perry, L. C. (1990). Peers’ perceptions of the consequences that victimized children provide aggressors. Child Development, 61, 1310–1325.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Perry, D. G., Kusel, S. J., and Perry, L. C. (1988). Victims of peer aggression. Developmental Psychology, 24, 807–814.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Poteat, V. P. and Espelage, D. L. (2005). Exploring the relation between bullying and homophobic verbal content: The Homophobic Content Agent Target (HCAT) Scale. Violence and Victims, 20, 513–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rose, C. A., Espelage, D. L., and Monda-Amaya, L. E. (2009). Bullying and victimisation rates among students in general and special education: A comparative analysis. Educational Psychology, 29, 761–776.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ryan, T., Kariuki, M., and Yilmaz, H. (2011). A comparative analysis of cyberbullying perceptions of pre-service educators: Canada and Turkey. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 10, 1–10.Google Scholar

Suler, J. (2004). The online disinhibition effect. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 7, 321–326.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tokunaga, R. S. (2010). Following you home from school: A critical review and synthesis of research on cyberbullying victimization. Computers in Human Behavior, 26, 277–287.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trachtenbroit, M. L. B. (2011). Cyberbullying, school violence, and youth suicide. Dissertations. Paper 879. Retrieved Nov 6, 2015 from http://aquila.usm.edu/theses_dissertations/879Google Scholar

Vaillancourt, T., Clinton, J., McDougall, P., Schmidt, L. A., and Hymel, S. (2010). The neurobiology of peer victimization and rejection. In Jimerson, S., Swearer, S. M. and Espelage, D. L. (eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 293–327). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Vaillancourt, T., Duku, E., Decatanzara, D., MacMillan, H., Muir, C., and Schmidt, L. A. (2008). Variation in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity among bullied and non-bullied children. Aggressive Behavior, 34, 294–305.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wang, J., Nansel, T. R., and Iannotti, R. J. (2011). Cyber bullying and traditional bullying: Differential association with depression. Journal of Adolescent Health, 45, 368–375.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ybarra, M. L. (2004). Linkages between depressive symptomatology and Internet harassment among young regular Internet users. CyberPsychology and Behavior, 7, 247–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ybarra, M. L., Boyd, D., Korchmaros, J. D., and Oppenheim, J. (2012). Definition and measuring cyberbullying within the larger context of bullying victimization. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 53–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ybarra, M. L., Diener-West, M., and Leaf, P. J. (2007). Examining the overlap in Internet harassment and school bullying: Implications for school intervention. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, S42–S50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ybarra, M. L. and Mitchell, K. J. (2007). Prevalence and frequency of Internet harassment instigation: Implications for adolescent health. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 189–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yoon, J. S. and Kerber, K. (2003). Bullying: Elementary teachers’ attitudes and intervention strategies. Research in Education, 69, 27–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Zimbardo, P. G. (1969). The human choice: Individuation, reason, and order versus deindividuation, impulse, and chaos. In Arnold, W. J. and Levine, D. (eds.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 17, (pp. 237–307). Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar

Adolescent Health Research Group. (2013). Youth’12: The health and wellbeing of secondary school students in New Zealand: Youth’12 prevalence tables. Auckland: University of Auckland.Google Scholar

Blacklock, D. (1995). Comet vomit. Sydney, Australia: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar

Campbell, M. A. (2005). Cyber bullying: An old problem in a new guise? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling. 15, 68–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, M. A., Cross, D., Spears, B. and Slee, P. (2010). Cyberbullying: legal implications for schools. CSE Occasional Paper, 118. Melbourne: Centre for Strategic Education.Google Scholar

Campbell, M., Spears, B., Slee, P. T., Butler, D. and Kift, S. (2012). Victims’ perceptions of traditional and cyberbullying, and the psychosocial correlates of their victimisation. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17, 161–173.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carroll-Lind, J. (2009). School safety: An inquiry into the safety of students at school. Wellington: Office of the Children’s Commissioner.Google Scholar

Carroll-Lind, J. and Kearney, A. (2004). Bullying: What do students say? Kairaranga, 5, 19–24.Google Scholar

Cross, D., Campbell, M., Slee, P.T., Spears, B. and Barnes, A. (2012). Australian research to encourage school students’ positive use of technology to reduce cyberbullying. In Smith, P. K. and Steffgen, G. (eds.), Cyberbullying through the new media, (pp. 222–243). Hove, UK: Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Cross, D., Epstein, M., Hearn, L., Slee, P. T., Shaw, T., Monks, H. and Schwartz, T. (2011). National safe schools framework: Policy and practice to reduce bullying in Australian schools. International Journal of Behavioural Development, 35, 398–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cross, D., Shaw, T., Hearn, L., Epstein, M., Monks, H., Lester, L. and Thomas, L. (2009). Australian covert bullying prevalence study (ACBPS). Retrieved 4 June 2009, from www.deewr.gov.au/Schooling/NationalSafeSchools/Pages/research.aspx.Google Scholar

Darlow, N. (2011). Schools and the right to discipline: A guide for parents and caregivers. 5th edition. Wellington: Wellington Community Law CentreGoogle Scholar

Denny, S., Peterson, E. R., Stuart, J., Utter, J., Bullen, P., Fleming, T., Ameratunga, S., Clark, T. and Milfont, T. (2015). Bystander intervention, bullying, and victimization: A multilevel analysis of New Zealand high schools. Journal of School Violence, 14, 245–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fenaughty, J. and Harré, N. (2013). Factors associated with young people’s successful resolution of distressing electronic harassment. Computers and Education, 61, 242–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goodman, R. (2005). Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Retrieved 7 August 2007, from www.sdqinfo.com/questionnaires/austral/aus10.pdfGoogle Scholar

Green, V. A., Harcourt, S. E., Mattioni, L. and Prior, T. (2013). Bullying in New Zealand schools: A final report. Wellington: Victoria University of Wellington.Google Scholar

Jose, P. E., Kljakovic, M., Scheib, E. and Notter, O. (2011). The joint development of traditional bullying and victimization with cyber bullying and victimization in adolescence. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22, 301–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marsh, L., McGee, R., Hemphill, S. A. and Williams, S. (2011). Content analysis of school anti-bullying policies: A comparison between New Zealand and Victoria, Australia. Health Promotion Journal of Australia, 22, 172–77.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Marsh, L., McGee, R., Nada-Raja, S. and Williams, S. (2010). Brief report: Text bullying and traditional bullying among New Zealand secondary school students. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 237–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McGee, D. (Ombudsman) (2011). Complaints arising out of bullying at Hutt Valley High School in December 2007. (Presented to the House of Representatives, 2011). Retrieved 6 November 2015, from www.ombudsman.parliament.nz/resources-and-publications/latest-reportsGoogle Scholar

Menesini, E. and Nocentini, A. (2009). Cyberbullying definition and measurement: Some critical considerations. Zeitschrift für Psychologie/Journal of Psychology, 217, 230–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mullis, I. V. S., Martin, M. O., Foy, P. and Arora, A. (2012). TIMSS 2011 International results in mathematics. Chestnut Hill, MA., USA: TIMSS and PIRLS International Study Center, and Amsterdam, The Netherlands: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA).Google Scholar

Murray, L. (2009). Killing the black dog. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.Google Scholar

Netsafe: The Internet Safety Group. (2005). The text generation: Mobile phones and New Zealand youth. Auckland: Author.Google Scholar

OECD (2009) Doing better for children: Comparative child well-being across the OECD. OECD: Paris.Google Scholar

Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying in schools: What we know and what we can do. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Owens, L., Shute, R. and Slee, P.T. (2004). ‘You just stare at them and give them daggers’: Nonverbal expressions of social aggression in teenage girls. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 10, 353–372.Google Scholar

Owens, L., Shute, R and Slee, P.T (2007). ‘They do it just to show off.’ Year 9 girls’, boys’ and their teachers’ explanations for boys’ aggression to girls. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 13, 343–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Patchin, J. W. and Hinduja, S. (2006). Bullies move beyond the schoolyard: A preliminary look at cyberbullying. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 4, 148–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Raskauskas, J. (2007). Text bullying among early adolescents. Kairaranga, 8, 17–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Raskauskas, J. (2010). Text-bullying: Associations with traditional bullying and depression among New Zealand adolescents. Journal of School Violence, 9, 74–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Raskauskas, J., Carroll-Lind, J. and Kearney, A. (2005). Text-bullying: Is it related to relational or verbal aggression? SET: Research Information for Teachers, 3, 7–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Raskauskas, J., Gregory, J., Harvey, S. T., Rifshana, F. and Evans, E. (2010). Bullying among primary school children in New Zealand: relationships with prosocial behaviour and classroom climate. Educational Research, 52, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Raskauskas, J. and Prochnow, J. E. (2007). Text-bullying in New Zealand: A mobile twist on traditional bullying. New Zealand Annual Review of Education, 16, 89–104.Google Scholar

Rigby, K. and Slee, P. T. (1993). Dimensions of interpersonal relations among Australian children and implications for psychological well-being. Journal of Social Psychology, 133, 33–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rigby, K. and Slee, P. T. (1999). Australia. In Smith, P. K., Morita, Y., Junger-tas, J., Olweus, D., Catalano, R. and Slee, P. T. (eds.), The nature of school bullying. A cross-national perspective (pp. 324–440). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Skrzypiec, G., Slee, P. T., Murray-Harvey, R. and Pereira, B. (2011). School bullying by one or more ways: Does it matter and how do students cope? School Psychology International, 32, 288–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Slee, P. T. (2001). The P.E.A.C.E. Pack. A program for reducing bullying in our schools. Adelaide: Flinders University.Google Scholar

Slee, P. T., Bottroff, V., Wotherspoon, A. and Martin, J. (2013). Aspergers and bullying: An inclusive educational approach. Adelaide: DVD, Flinders University. Retrieved Dec 3^rd 2015 from http://ncab.org.au/aspergersbullying/Google Scholar

Smith, P. K and Sharp, S. (eds.) (1994). School bullying: Insights and perspectives. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Smith, P. K. and Steffgen, G. (2012) (eds.) Cyberbullying through the new media. Hove: Psychology Press.Google Scholar

Spears, B. A, Kofoed, J., Bartolo, M. G., Palermiti, A. and Costabile, A. (2012). Positive uses of social networking sites: Youth voice perspectives. In Costabile, A. and Spears, B. (eds.), The impact of technology on relationships in educational settings (pp. 7–21). Routledge: London.Google Scholar

Spears, B. A., Slee, P. T., Owens, L. and Johnson, B. (2008). Behind the scenes: Insights into the human dimension of covert bullying. Report prepared for DEEWR: Canberra.Google Scholar

Spears, B., Slee, P., Owens, L. and Johnson, B. (2009). Behind the scenes and screens: Insights into the human dimension of covert and cyberbullying. Zeitschrift für Psychologie/ Journal of Psychology, 217, 189–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Araki, T. (2005). Resilience in a personal history of peer victimization : What factors contribute to victims’ adjustment in young adulthood? Japanese Journal of Personality, 14, 54–68 (in Japanese).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar

Brunstein-Klomek, A., Marrocco, F., Kleinman, M., Schonfeld, I. S. and Gould, M. S. (2007). Bullying, depression, and suicidality in adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46, 40–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Finkelhor, D., Turner, D., Hamby, S. and Ormrod, R. (2011). Polyvictimization: Children’s exposure to multiple types of violence, crime, and abuse. Juvenile Justice Bulletin, US Department of Justice. www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/235504.pdfGoogle Scholar

Hara, H. (2002). Justifications for bullying among Japanese schoolchildren. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 5, 197–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hashimoto, S. (1999). The dynamic process in ‘ijime’ situations: Focusing on the bystanders. Journal of Educational Sociology, 64, 123–142 (in Japanese).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hatakeyama, M. and Yamazaki, A. (2003). Bullying in early childhood: Preschooler aggression, rejection behaviors, and teacher intervention. Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology, 14, 284–293 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Hayama, D. and Sakurai, S. (2010). Rejection sensitivity and situational factors as determinants of listeners’ reactions to aversive jokes. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 58, 393–403 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Hayashi, A. and Tobin, J. (2011). The Japanese preschool’s pedagogy of peripheral participation. Ethos, 39, 139–164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Honma, T. (2003). Cessation of bullying and intervention with bullies: Junior High School students. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 51, 390–400 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Inosaki, A. and Nosaka, S. (2010). Perpetration experience of bullying and dating DV among junior high and high school students: victimisation, allowance for violence, and narcissism. Japanese Association for Sex Education Proceedings, 22, 40–51 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Inoue, K., Toda, Y. and Nakamatsu, M. (1986). Roles in bullying situation. Bulletin of the Faculty of Education, University of Tokyo, 26, 89–106 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Ishibashi, S., Wakabayashi, S., Naito, T. and Shikano, T. (1999). An investigation of the lasting effects of peer victimization in college students: Relationship to anthropophobic tendencies. Bulletin of Christian Culture Studies, Kinjo Gakuin University, 3, 11–19 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rimpel, M., Marttunen, M., Rimpel, A. and Rantanen, P. (1999). Bullying, depression, and suicidal ideation in Finnish adolescents: School survey. British Medical Journal, 319, 348–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kaltiala-Heino, R., Rimpel, M., Rantanen, P. and Rimpel, A. (2000). Bullying at school: An indicator of adolescents at risk for mental disorders. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 661–674.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kameda, H. and Sagara, J. (2011). Effect of past bullied experiences and factors that help develop feelings of self-growth: Examination of the development process involving past bullied experiences and the current awareness of self-growth. Japanese Journal of Counseling Science, 44, 277–287 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Kano, K. and Arisaka, O. (2006). Clinical application of the Stress Barometer in the field of pediatrics. Dokkyo Journal of Medical Sciences, 33, 249–254 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Kasai, T. (1998). Cognition of bullying (ijime) by primary and secondary school pupils. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 46, 77–85 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Kawabata, N. (2001). Adolescent trauma in Japanese schools: Two case studies of Ijime (bullying) and school refusal. Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis, 29, 85–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kin, S. (1980). Boku mou gaman dekinai yo: Aru ‘ijimerarekko’ no jisatsu [I cannot stand any more: Suicide of an ijime victim]. Tokyo: Ikkoh-sha (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Kubota, M. (2004). Can the coping behaviors of bullied children provide effective alternatives to bullying? Attempts to modify the stigmatic labels given by gangs of bullies. Journal of Educational Sociology, 74, 249–268 (in Japanese).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kurokawa, M. (2010). Relationships between victimization and psychological stress, peer relationships, and enjoyment of school life: Traditional and cyber bullying. Japanese Journal of Counseling Science, 43, 171–181 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Larkin, R. W. (2013). Legitimated adolescent violence: Lessons from Columbine. In Böckler, N., Seeger, T., Sitzer, P. and Heitmeyer, W. (Eds.), School shootings: International research, case studies, and concepts for prevention (pp. 159–176). New York, US: Springer Science + Business Media.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mainichi-shimbun, shakaibu (1995). Souryoku shuzai ‘ijime’ jiken [Team reports on the ijime incident]. Tokyo: Mainichi-shimbun sha.Google Scholar

Masataka, N. (1998). Ijime wo yurusu shinri (Psychology on allowing bullying). Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Matsumoto, M., Yamamoto, M. and Hayamizu, T. (2009). Relation between assumed competence and bullying in High School students. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 57, 432–441 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Mayama, H. (2002). Discourse analysis as conceptual study: Toward the dismantling of ijime suicide. Journal of Educational Sociology, 70, 145–163 (in Japanese).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meyer, E. J. (2008). Gendered harassment in secondary schools: Understanding teachers’ (non) interventions. Gender and Education, 20, 555–570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mishima, K. (2008). Long-term influence of ‘bullying’ received from intimate friends during upper elementary school grades: Focusing on retrospect of high school students. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 91–104 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Mishima, K. (2003). Bullying amongst close friends in elementary school. Japanese Journal of Social Psychology, 19, 41–50 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Miyake, K. (2004). Adult attachment and victimization of bullying. Journal of Kyushu University of Health and Welfare, 5, 1–10 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Monks, C. P. and Coyne, I. (Eds.) (2011). Bullying in different contexts. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morita, Y. and Kiyonaga, K. (1986). Ijime: Kyousitsu no yamai [Ijime: The disease of the classroom]. Tokyo: Kaneko Shobo (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Morita, Y., Soeda, H., Soeda, K. and Taki, M. (1999). Japan. In Smith, P. K., Morita, Y., Junger-Tas, J., Olweus, D., Catalano, R. and Slee, P. (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp. 309–323). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Morita, Y., Soeda, H., Taki, M., Hoshino, K., Takemura, K., Matsu’ura, Y., Hata, M. Yonezato, S., Takekawa, I. and Soeda, K. (2001). Cross-national studies on bullying. Tokyo: Kaneko Shobo (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Naito, T. and Gielen, U. P. (2005). Bullying and ijime in Japanese schools: A sociocultural perspective. In Denmark, F. L., Krauss, H. H., Wesner, R. W., Midlarsky, E. and Gielen, U. P. (Eds.), Violence in schools: Cross-national and cross-cultural perspectives. (pp. 169–190). New York, NY, US: Springer Science + Business Media; US.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nakai, H. (1997). Ariadone kara no ito [Ariadne’s thread]. Tokyo: Misuzu Shobo.Google Scholar

Ogura, M., Okada, K., Hamada, S., Asaga, R. and Honjo, S. (2012). Ijime in Japan. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 24, 69–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Okayasu, T. and Takayama, I. (2000). Psychological stress of victims and bullies in junior high school. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 48, 410–421 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Onishi, A., Kawabata, Y., Kurokawa, M. and Yoshida, T. (2012). A mediating model of relational aggression, narcissistic orientations, guilt feelings, and perceived classroom norms. School Psychology International, 33, 367–390.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Onishi, A., Kurokawa, M. and Yoshida, T. (2009). Influences of students’ teacher recognition on abuse. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 57, 324–335 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Ono, A. and Saito, F. (2008). Educational psychological review about understanding and coping with cyber bullying. Journal of Senri Kinran University, 5, 35–47 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Ono, T. and Hasegawa, Y. (2001). Physical stereotypes of ijime victims. Japanese Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40, 87–94 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Osofsky, M. J., Bandura, A. and Zimbardo, P. G. (2005). The role of moral disengagement in the execution process. Law and Human Behavior, 29, 371–393.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pepler, D. J. (2006). Bullying interventions: A binocular perspective. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 15, 16–20.Google Scholar

Rivers, I., Poteat, V.P., Noret, N., and Ashurst, N. (2009). Observing bullying at school: The mental health implications of witness status. School Psychology Quarterly, 24, 211–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Roland, E. (2002). Bullying, depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts. Educational Research, 44, 55–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sakane, K. and Aoyama, I. (2011). Perceived prevalence of bullying incidents, teachers’ training, and regional differences: Based on the survey from school districts. The Japanese Journal of the Study of Guidance and Counseling, 10, 47–56 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Salmivalli, C. (1999). Participant role approach to school bullying: Implications for interventions. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 453–459.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Salmivalli, C., Kärnä, A. and Poskiparta, E. (2010). Development, evaluation, and diffusion of a national anti-bullying program, KiVa. In Doll, B., Pfohl, W. and Yoon, J. (Eds.) Handbook of youth prevention science (pp. 238–252). New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

Slee, P. T. (1996). The P.E.A.C.E. Pack: a programme for reducing bullying in our schools. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 6, 63–69.Google Scholar

Smith, P. K., Cowie, H., Olafsson, R. F., Liefooghe, A. P. D. et al. (2002). Definitions of bullying: A comparison of terms used, and age and gender differences, in a fourteen-country international comparison. Child Development, 73, 1119–1133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, P. K. and Sharp, S. (Eds.) (1994). School bullying: Insights and perspectives. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Sugawara, Y., Katsurada, E., Sibata, S. and Terui, N. (2003). Dating violence, bullying at school and family-of-origin violence among Japanese college students. Bulletin of the Center for Educational Research and Practice, Faculty of Education and Human Studies, Akita University, 25, 83–87 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Sutton, J., Smith, P. K. and Swettenham, J. (1999). Social cognition and bullying: Social inadequacy or skilled manipulation? British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 435–450.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Takemura, K. and Takagi, O. (1988). Psychological factors of ijime phenomenon: Negative attitude toward deviant and conformity to majority. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 36, 57–62 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Takenoyama, K. and Haraoka, K. (2003). The comparison among the bullying judgements on the viewpoints when imagining a bullying situation. Kurume University Psychological Research, 2, 49–62 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Takeuchi, K., Kanayama, K., Ogiso, M., Minemoto, K. and Toda, Y. (2012). Smartphone as a new gateway to cyberbullying and related problems: Collaborative views on problems and interventions by experts in Japan. Joint Conference COST Action IS0801 on Cyberbullying, Austrian Federal Ministry for Education, the Arts and Culture, Vienna, Austria, 19 October, 2012.Google Scholar

Toda, M. and Watanabe, K. (2012). Social information processing and development of interpretative and reactive behavior toward ambiguous attacks. Japanese Journal of Developmental Psychology, 23, 214–223 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Toda, Y. (2010). Review of research trends on the development of school-age and adolescence and perspectives on ijime study. Annual Report of Educational Psychology in Japan, 49, 55–66 (in Japanese).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Toda, Y., Strohmeier, D. and Spiel, C. (2008). Hito wo oitsumeru ijime (Process model of bullying). In Katoh, T. and Taniguchi, H. (Eds.), Taijin kankei no da’aku saido [Darkside of interpersonal relationships] (pp.117–131). Kyoto: Kitaohji-Shobo (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Utsumi, S. (2010). Cyberbullying among middle-school students: Association with children’s perception of parental control and relational aggression. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 58, 12–22 (in Japanese).Google Scholar

Yoneyama, S. and Naito, A. (2003). Problems with the Paradigm: the school as a factor in understanding bullying (with special reference to Japan). British Journal of Sociology of Education, 24, 315–330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Björkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K. M. and Kaukiainen, A. (1992). Do girls manipulate and boys fight? Developmental trends in regard to direct and indirect aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 18, 117–127.3.0.CO;2-3>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowers, L., Smith, P.K. and Binney, V. (1994). Perceived family relationships of bullies, victims, and bully/victims in middle childhood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationship, 11, 215–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Choi, Y. and Kim, A. (2003). A study on middle school students’ bullying behaviors in relations to self-concept and attribution style. The Korean Journal of Educational Psychology, 17, 149–166.Google Scholar

Dong-a ilbo (1997). 80% middle school pupils use slang, 52% use habitually. March 26th. Retrieved 10 November 2015, from http://news.donga.com/3/all/19970326/7242621/1.Google Scholar

FPYV (Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence) (2006). 2006 The national survey of hakkyo-pokryuk in Korea. Seoul: Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence.Google Scholar

FPYV (Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence) (2008). 2007 The national survey on the state of school violence. Seoul: Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence.Google Scholar

FPYV (Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence) (2010). 2009 The national survey report on school violence in Korea. Seoul: Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence.Google Scholar

FPYV (Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence) (2011). 2010 Summary report of the national survey of school violence. Retrieved 10 November 2015, from www.edujikim.com/customercenter/board/default/view_b.asp?intBbsSeq=8&Page=1&intArticleSeq=8234.Google Scholar

FPYV (Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence) (2012). 2011 The national research on school violence. Seoul: Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence.Google Scholar

FPYV (Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence) (2013). 2012 The national research of school violence. Seoul: Foundation for Preventing Youth Violence.Google Scholar

Georgiou, S. N. (2008). Bullying and victimization at school: The role of mothers. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 78, 109–125.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Georgiou, S. N., Fousiani, K., Michaelides, M. and Stavrinides, P. (2013). Cultural value orientation and authoritarian parenting as parameters of bullying and victimisation at school. International Journal of Psychology, 48, 69–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hwang, H., Shin, J. and Park, H. (2006). The path analysis among selected eco-systemic factors on the school violence of Korean early adolescents. Journal of Korean Council for Children’s Rights, 10, 497–526.Google Scholar

Jun, M. (2008). The comparison between the self-conception of group-bullying students and that of victimized students according to the subject of recognition. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 8, 71–89.Google Scholar

Kim, H. and Lee, H. (2000). Social and psychological variables affecting the behaviors of bullies and victims of school bullying. Korean Journal of Social and Personality Psychology, 14, 45–64.Google Scholar

Kim, S. (2005). Psychological and social factors influencing bullying and victim tendencies. Korean Journal of Counseling, 6, 359–371.Google Scholar

Kim, S. (2007). A study on the relationships among family, school, peers-related variables, and school violence. Korean Journal of Youth Studies, 14, 101–126.Google Scholar

Kim, Y. and Park, H. (1997). Pupils who do ttadolim and pupils who received ttadolim. Seoul: Youth Communication Plaza.Google Scholar

Koo, B. Y. (1997). Reason of gipdan-ttadolim in youths and instructions for prevention. Korean Youth Counselling Institute, 29, Seoul: Youth Communication Plaza.Google Scholar

Koo, H. (2005). The nature of school bullying in South Korea. Unpublished PhD thesis. London: Goldsmiths, University of London.Google Scholar

Koo, H., Kwak, K. and Smith, P. K. (2008). Victimisation in Korean schools: The nature, incidence and distinctive features of Korean bullying or wang-ta. Journal of School Violence, 7, 119–139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kwon, J. M. (1999). Conceptualization of wangtta in Korea and methodological review of wangtta researches. Korean Journal of Psychology: Social Issues, 5, 59–72.Google Scholar

Lee, B. (2007). The effects of parenting behavior on self-esteem, aggression, school violence experience, violence tolerance as perceived by adolescence. Journal of School Social Work, 13, 25–50.Google Scholar

Lee, C. and Kwak, K. (2000). Gipdan-ttadolim at school: An actual condition and characteristics. Seoul: Gipmoondang.Google Scholar

Lee, C-H. and Song, J. (2009). An ecological approach to bullying: A comparative study between South Korea and the United States. Korean Criminology, 3, 103–143.Google Scholar

Lee, E. (2007). Perceptions of children and parents toward school violence in elementary school. Journal of Korean Council for Children’s Rights, 11, 291–318.Google Scholar

Lee, H-K. and Hong, Y-O. (2002). The characteristics of Korean wang-ta phenomena -the process of behavioral decision making of school violence: The application of Fishbein theory. Studies in Victimology, 10, 101–122.Google Scholar

Lee, S. (2006). A study on influence factor of juveniles school violence. Korean Association for Public Security Administration, 2, 53–78.Google Scholar

Lee, S-H. (2011). Bullying-like behaviours in South Korea: Terms used, origins in early childhood and links to moral reasoning. Unpublished PhD thesis. London: Goldsmiths, University of London.Google Scholar

Lee, S-H., Smith, P. K. and Monks, C. P. (2011). Perceptions of bullying-like phenomena in South Korea: A qualitative approach from a lifespan perspective. Journal of Aggression, Conflict, and Peace Research, 3, 209–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lee, S-H., Smith, P. K. and Monks, C. (2012). Meaning and usage of a term for bullying-like phenomena in South Korea: A lifespan perspective. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 31, 342–349.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nesdale, D. and Naito, M. (2005). Individualism-collectivism and the attitudes to school bullying of Japanese and Australian students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 537–556.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nho, C. and Lee, S. (2003). A study on predictive factors for school violence among junior high school students: Focusing on intraparental violence, child abuse, internal locus of control, and perception of school life. School Social Work, 6, 1–35.Google Scholar

No, S. (2001). Harmful consequences of gipdan-ttadolim. Victimology, 9, 5–29.Google Scholar

No, S., Kim, S., Lee, D. and Kim, J. (1999). A study of adolescents’ gipdan-ttadolim. Seoul: Korean Institute of Criminology.Google Scholar

Park, G., Son, H. and Song, H. (1998). Study of pupils’ wang-ta phenomenon (gipdan-ttadolim and gorophim). (RR 98-19). Seoul: Korean Educational Development Institute.Google Scholar

Park, H., Jung, M., Park, J. and Han, S. (2006). A study of hakkyo-pokryuk (RR 2006-08-04). Seoul: Korean Educational Development Institute.Google Scholar

Park, J. and Chae, K. (2011). The role of parenting behaviors, child’s communication and problem solving skills in bullying/being bullied. The Korean Journal of Psychology, 30, 45–67.Google Scholar

Salmivalli, C. and Kaukiainen, A. (2004). ‘Female aggression’ revisited: Variable and person-centered approaches to studying gender differences in different types of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 258–163.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scheithauer, H., Hayer, T., Petermann, F. and Jugert, G. (2006). Physical, verbal, and relational forms of bullying among German students: age trends, gender differences, and correlates. Aggressive Behavior, 32, 261–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shin, D. (2012). A study of psychological school violence in an elementary school child. Association of Criminal Psychology, 8, 105–138.Google Scholar

Shin, H. (2006). A study on the continual development of aggressive victims, passive victims, and bullies. Studies on Korean Youth, 17, 297–323.Google Scholar

Shin, J-H., Hong, J. S., Yoon, J. and Espelage, D. L. (2014). Interparental conflict, parenting behavior, and children’s friendship quality as correlates of peer aggression and peer victimization among aggressor/victim subgroups in South Korea. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, XX, 1–20.Google Scholar

Smith, P. K., Madsen, K. C. and Moody, J. C. (1999). What causes the age decline in reports of being bullied at school? Towards a developmental analysis of risks of being bullied. Educational Research, 41, 267–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tippett, N. and Kwak, K. (2012). Cyberbullying in South Korea. In Li, Q., Cross, D. and Smith, P. K. (Eds.), Cyberbullying in the global playground: Research from international perspectives (pp. 202–219). Chichester, England: Wiley-Blackwell.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Yang, S. (2009). Pupils awareness and prevalence of hakkyo-pokryuk. Unpublished Master thesis, Gwangju, South Korea: Chonnam National University.Google Scholar

Yom, Y. (2011). A study on difference of school bullying and school bully-victim groups mediating effects of self-esteem. Journal of Future Oriented Youth Society, 8, 117–136.Google Scholar

Berger, K. S. (2007). Update on bullying at school: Science forgotten? Developmental Review, 27, 90–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Biggs, B. K., Vernberg, E. M., Twemlow, S. W., Fonagy, P., and Dill, E. J. (2008). Teacher adherence and its relation to teacher attitudes and student outcomes in an elementary school-based violence prevention program. School Psychology Review, 37, 533–549.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Buhs, E. S. and Ladd, G. W. (2001). Peer rejection in kindergarten as an antecedent of young childen’s school adjustment: An examination of mediating processes. Developmental Psychology, 37, 550–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Byrne, B. J. (1994). Bullies and victims in a school setting with reference to some Dublin schools. Irish Journal of Psychology, 15, 574–586.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cao, W. (2012). Investigation on parenting style to students of senior high schools (in Chinese). Journal of Guizhou Normal University (Nature Sciences), 30(6), 45–49.Google Scholar

Chen, G. H. (2010). The definition and foundamental features of qifu/suffering qifu and its relationship with peer context in indigenous perspective (in Chinese). Shandong: Unpublished Doctor’s thesis, Shandong Normal University.Google Scholar

Chen, S. P. (2003). The relationship between school children’s bully behavior and their personality traits (in Chinese). Psychological Exploration, 23, 55–58.Google Scholar

Chen, S. P. and Yue, G. A. (2002). A survey of bullying in primary and junior middle schools (in Chinese). Psychological Science, 25, 355–356.Google Scholar

Chen, X. Y. and Zhang, R. B. (2007). The current situation of bullying among the vocational college girls and its intervention strategies (in Chinese). China Adult Education, 16, 107–108.Google Scholar

Chen, X., Cen, G., Li, D., and He, Y. (2005). Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children: The imprint of historical time. Child Development, 76, 182–195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Chen, X., Huang, X., Chang, L., Wang, L., and Li, D. (2010). Aggression, social competence, and academic achievement in Chinese children: A 5-year longitudinal study. Development and Psychopathology, 22, 583–592.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cheng, Y., Newman, I. M., Qu, M., Mbulo, L., Chai, Y., Chen, Y., and Shell, D. F. (2010). Being bullied and psychosocial adjustment among middle school students in China. Journal of School Health, 80, 193–199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Craig, W., Harel-Fisch, Y., Fogel-Grinvald, H., Dostaler, S., Hetland, J., Simons-Morton, B., Molcho, B., Gaspar de Mato, M., Overpeck, M., Due, P., Pickett, W., HBSC Violence and Injuries Prevention Focus Group, and HBSC Bullying Writing Group (2009). A cross-national profile of bullying and victimization among adolescents in 40 countries. International Journal of Public Health, 54 (Suppl 2), 216–224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., and Spinrad, T. L. ( 2006 ). Prosocial behavior. In Eisenberg, N. (Vol. Ed.) and Damon, W. and Lerner, R. M. (Series Eds.), Handbook of child psychology, Vol. 3: Social, emotional, and personality development (6th edn.; pp. 646–718). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.Google Scholar

Eslea, M., Menesini, E., Morita, Y., O’Moore, M., Mora-Merchán, J. A., Pereira, B., Smith, P. K., and Zhang, W. X. (2003). Friendship and loneliness among bullies and victims: Data from seven countries. Aggressive Behavior, 30, 71–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Felix, E. D. and Green, J. G. (2010). Popular girls and brawny boys: The role of gender in bullying and victimization experiences. In Jimerson, S. R., Swearer, S. M. and Espelage, D. L. (Eds.), Handbook of bullying in schools: An international perspective (pp. 173–186). London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Fujihara, T., Kohyama, T., Andreu, J. M., and Ramirez, J. M. (1999). Justification of interpersonal aggression in Japanese, American, and Spanish students. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 185–195.3.0.CO;2-K>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Genta, M. L., Menesini, E., Fonz, A., Costablile, A., Smith, P. K. (1996). Bullies and victims in schools in central and southern Italy. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 11, 97–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gu, C. H. and Zhang, W. X. (2003). A survey on the relations of the bullying problem among primary school children to their personality (in Chinese). Acta Psychologica Sinica, 35, 101–105.Google Scholar

Hazemba, A., Siziya, S., Muula, A. S., and Rudatsikira, E. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of being bullied among in-school adolescents in Beijing: results from the 2003 Beijing Global School-Based Health Survey. Annals of General Psychiatry, 7, 1–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ji, L. Q., Chen, L., Xu, F. Z., Zhao, S. Y., and Zhang, W. X. (2011). A longitudinal analysis of the association between peer victimization and patterns of psychosocial adjustment during middle and late childhood (in Chinese). Acta Psychologica Sinica, 43, 1151–1162.Google Scholar

Ji, L., Zhang, W., Jones, K., and Smith, N. (2003). A comparison of children’s attitudes towards bullying between Chinese and British children (in Chinese). Studies of Psychology and Behavior, 1, 122–127.Google Scholar

Ji, L., Zhang, W., Jones, K., and Smith, N. (2004). Gender differences of physical, verbal , and indirect bullying among primary and secondary school children : A cross-cultural comparison between China and Britain (in Chinese). Journal of Shandong Nnormal University (Humanities and Social Sciences), 49, 21–24.Google Scholar

Juvonen, J., Nishina, A., and Graham, S. (2000). Peer harassment, psychological adjustment, and school functioning in early adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 349–359.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lagerspetz, K. M. J. and Björkqvist, K. (1994). Indirect aggression in boys and girls. In Huesmann, L. R. (Ed.), Aggressive behavior: Current perspectives (pp. 131–150). New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lei, L. and Chang, L. (2002). Adolescent victims in school bullying: Some predictors (in Chinese). Exploration of Psychology, 22, 38–43.Google Scholar

Lei, L., Wang, Y., Guo, B. L., and Chang, L. (2004). The influence of classroom norms on the relations between social behaviors and peer victimization (in Chinese). Acta Psychologica Sinica, 36, 563–567.Google Scholar

Lerner, R. M. (2002). Concepts and theories of human development. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar

Liu, J. S., Chen, X. Y., Li, D., and French, D. (2012). Shyness-sensitivity, aggression, and adjustment in urban Chinese adolescents at different historical times. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 22, 393–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mynard, H. and Joseph, S. (1997). Bully/ victim problems and their association with Eysenck’s personality dimensions in 8 to 13 year-olds. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 67, 51–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Menesini, E., Eslea, M., Smith, P. K., Genta, M. L., Giannetti, E., Fonzi, A., and Costabile, A. (1997). Cross-national comparison of children’s attitudes towards bully/victim problems in school. Aggressive Behavior, 23, 245–257.3.0.CO;2-J>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nakamoto, J. and Schwartz, D. (2010). Is peer victimization associated with academic achievement? A meta-analytic review. Social Development, 19, 221–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Olweus, D. (1991). Bullying/Victim problems among school children: Basic facts and effects of a school based intervention programme. In: Pepler, D. J., Rubin, K. H. (Eds.), The development and treatment of childhood aggression (pp. 411–448). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Olweus, D. (2001). Peer harassment: A critical analysis and some important issues. In Juvonen, J. and Graham, S. (Eds.), Peer harassment in schools: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 3-20). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar

Qu, W. (2005). Investigation and remedy of young children’s bullying behavior (in Chinese). Studies in Preschool Education, 29, 1–3.Google Scholar

Rigby, K. and Slee, P. T. (1991). Bullying among Australian school children: Reported behavior and attitudes towards victims. Journal of Social Psychology, 131, 615–627.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schwartz, D., Chang, L., and Farver, J. M. (2001). Correlates of victimization in Chinese children’s peer groups. Developmental Psychology, 37, 520–532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Smith, P. K. (1991). The silent nightmare: Bullying and victimization in school peer groups. The Psychologist, 4, 243–248.Google Scholar

Smith, P. K., Cowie, H., Olafsson, R. F., and Liefooghe, A. (2002). Definitions of bullying: A comparison of terms used, and age gender differences, in a fourteen-country international comparison. Child Development, 73, 1119–1133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, P. K., Madsen, K., and Moddy, J. (1999). What causes the age decline in reports of being bullied at school? Towards a developmental analysis of risks of being bullied. Educational Research, 41, 267–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar