Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T21:18:19.225Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Section 6 - Acute Kidney Injury

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2018

Kate Bramham
Affiliation:
King’s College Hospital, London
Matt Hall
Affiliation:
Nottingham University Hospitals
Catherine Nelson-Piercy
Affiliation:
Guys's & St Thomas's NHS Foundation Trust, London
Get access
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References

Murugan, R, Kellum, JA Acute kidney injury: What’s the prognosis? Nature reviews. Nephrology 2011; 7:4: 209217.Google Scholar
Bellomo, R, Ronco, C, Kellum, JA, et al. Acute renal failure – definition, outcome measures, animal models, fluid therapy and information technology needs: The Second International Consensus Conference of the Acute Dialysis Quality Initiative (ADQI) Group. Critical care (London, England) 2004; 8:4: R204R212.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levin, A, Warnock, DG, Mehta, RL, et al. Improving outcomes from acute kidney injury: Report of an initiative. American journal of kidney diseases: The official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 2007; 50:1: 14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Girling, JC Re-evaluation of plasma creatinine concentration in normal pregnancy. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology: The journal of the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 2000; 20:2: 128131.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bayliss, D, Davison, JM Pregnancy and renal disease. In Comprehensive clinical nephrology., ed. Jurgen, F, Johnson, RJ, Feehally, J 2014. 5th edn., Elsevier, New York. 498505.Google Scholar
Brown, MA, Mangos, GJ, Peek, M, Plaat, F Renal disease In De Swiet’s medical disorders in obstetric practice. ed. Powrie, R, Greene, MF, Camann, W 2010. 5th edn., Chichester: Blackwell, 182209.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Millache, A, Ateka, O, Palma Reis, I, et al. Acute kidney injury in pregnancy: Experience from a large tertiary care referral centre. American Society of Nephrology, San Diego, CA, USA. Oct 30–Nov 4, 2012.Google Scholar
American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists & Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy. Hypertension in pregnancy. Report of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists’ Task Force on Hypertension in Pregnancy Obstetrics and gynecology 2013; 122:5: 11221131.Google Scholar
Acharya, A, Santos, J, Linde, B, et al. Acute kidney injury in pregnancy-current status. Advances in chronic kidney disease 2013; 20:3: 215222.Google Scholar
Beaman, M, Turney, JH, Rodger, RS, et al. Changing pattern of acute renal failure. The quarterly journal of medicine 1987; 62:237: 1523.Google ScholarPubMed
Stratta, P, Besso, L, Canavese, C, et al. Is pregnancy-related acute renal failure a disappearing clinical entity? Renal failure 1996; 18:4: 575584.Google Scholar
Prakash, J, Niwas, SS, Parekh, A, et al. Acute kidney injury in late pregnancy in developing countries. Renal failure 2010; 32:3: 309313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sivakumar, V, Sivaramakrishna, G, Sainaresh, VV, et al. Pregnancy-related acute renal failure: A ten-year experience. Saudi journal of kidney diseases and transplantation: An official publication of the Saudi Center for Organ Transplantation, Saudi Arabia 2011; 22:2: 352353.Google ScholarPubMed
Gurrieri, C, Garovic, VD, Gullo, A, et al. Kidney injury during pregnancy: Associated comorbid conditions and outcomes. Archives of gynecology and obstetrics 2012; 286:3: 567573.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mehrabadi, A, Liu, S, Bartholomew, S, Hutcheon, JA, et al. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and the recent increase in obstetric acute renal failure in Canada: Population based retrospective cohort study. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 2014; 349: 4731.Google Scholar
Palma-Reis, I, Vais, A, Nelson-Piercy, C, et al. Renal disease and hypertension in pregnancy. Clin Med (Lond). 2013; Feb;13(1):5762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dashe, JS, Ramin, SM, Cunningham, FG The long-term consequences of thrombotic microangiopathy (thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and hemolytic uremic syndrome) in pregnancy. Obstetrics and gynecology 1998; 91:5:P1: 662668.Google ScholarPubMed
Sibai, BM. Imitators of severe preeclampsia. Obstetrics and gynecology 2007; 109:4: 956966.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Martin, JN Jr, Bailey, AP, Rehberg, JF et al. Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura in 166 pregnancies: 1955–2006. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology 2008; 199:2: 98104.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ganesan, C, Maynard, SE Acute kidney injury in pregnancy: The thrombotic microangiopathies. Journal of nephrology 2011; 24:5: 554563.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scully, M, Yarranton, H, Liesner, R, et al. Regional UK TTP registry: Correlation with laboratory ADAMTS 13 analysis and clinical features. British journal of haematology 2008; 142 5: 819826.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fujimura, Y, Matsumoto, M, Kokame, K, et al. Pregnancy-induced thrombocytopenia and TTP, and the risk of fetal death, in Upshaw-Schulman syndrome: A series of 15 pregnancies in 9 genotyped patients. British journal of haematology 2009; 144:5: 742754.Google Scholar
Scully, M, Hunt, BJ, Benjamin, S, Liesner, R, et al. Guidelines on the diagnosis and management of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura and other thrombotic microangiopathies. British journal of haematology 2012; 58:3: 323335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hyrich, KL, Verstappen, SM Biologic therapies and pregnancy: The story so far. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2014; 53:8: 13771385.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vesely, SK, Li, X, McMinn, JR, et al. Pregnancy outcomes after recovery from thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura-hemolytic uremic syndrome. Transfusion 2004; 44: 11491158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fakhouri, F, Roumenina, L, Provot, F, et al. Pregnancy-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome revisited in the era of complement gene mutations. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2010; 21:5: 859867.Google Scholar
De Sousa Amorim, E, Blasco, M, Quintana, L, Sole, M, de Cordoba, SR, Campistol, JM Eculizumab in pregnancy-associated atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome: insights for optimizing management. Journal of nephrology 2015; Feb 25: [Epub ahead of print].CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cervera, R, Serrano, R, Pons-Estel, GJ, et al. Morbidity and mortality in the antiphospholipid syndrome during a 10-year period: A multicentre prospective study of 1000 patients. Annals of the rheumatic diseases 2015; 74:6: 10111018.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hanouna, G, Morel, N, Le Thi Huong, D, et al. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome and pregnancy: An experience of 13 cases. Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2013; 52:9: 16351641.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kronbichler, A, Frank, R, Kirschfink, M, Szilagyi, A, Csuka, D, Prohaszka, Z, Schratzberger, P, Lhotta, K, Mayer, G Efficacy of eculizumab in a patient with immunoadsorption-dependent catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: A case report. Medicine 2014; 93:26: pp. e143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, M, Nelson-Piercy, C, Kurinczuk, JJ, et al. A prospective national study of acute fatty liver of pregnancy in the UK. Gut 2008; 57:7: 951956.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilcken, B, Leung, LC, Hammond, J, et al. Pregnancy and fetal long-chain 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase deficiency. Lancet 1993; 341:8842: 407408.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ch’ng, CL, Morgan, M, Hainsworth, I, et al. Prospective study of liver dysfunction in pregnancy in Southwest Wales. Gut 2002; 51:6: 876880.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Acosta, CD, Kurinczuk, JJ, Lucas, DN, et al. Severe maternal sepsis in the UK, 2011–2012: A national case-control study. PLoS medicine 2014; 11:7: e1001672.Google Scholar
Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska, J, Malyszko, J, Wieliczko, M Urinary tract infections in pregnancy: Old and new unresolved diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Archives of medical science: AMS 2015; 11:1: 6777.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jolley, JA, Wing, DA Pyelonephritis in pregnancy: An update on treatment options for optimal outcomes. Drugs 2010; 70:13: 16431655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dotters-Katz, SK, Heine, RP, Grotegut, CA Medical and infectious complications associated with pyelonephritis among pregnant women at delivery. Infectious diseases in obstetrics and gynecology 2013; 124102:6.Google Scholar
Chugh, KS, Singhal, PC, Sharma, BK, et al. Acute renal failure of obstetric origin. Obstetrics and gynecology 1976; 48:6: 642646.Google ScholarPubMed
Iglesias, MH, Giesbrecht, EM, von Dadelszen, P, et al. Postpartum hyperkalemia associated with magnesium sulfate. Hypertension in pregnancy 2011; 30:4: 481484.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrade, R., McGwin, G Jr, Alarcon, GS, et al. Predictors of post-partum damage accrual in systemic lupus erythematosus: Data from LUMINA, a multiethnic US cohort (XXXVIII). Rheumatology (Oxford, England) 2006; 45:11: 13801384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jena, M, Mitch, WE Rapidly reversible acute renal failure from ureteral obstruction in pregnancy. American journal of kidney diseases: The official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 1996; 28:3: 457460.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brandes, JC, Fritsche, C Obstructive acute renal failure by a gravid uterus: A case report and review. American journal of kidney diseases: The official journal of the National Kidney Foundation 1991; 18:3: 398401.Google Scholar
Yossepowitch, O, Baniel, J, Livne, PM Urological injuries during cesarean section: Intraoperative diagnosis and management. The journal of urology 2004; 172:1: 196199.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
London Acute Kidney Injury Network. 2016. Obstetric AKI. Available at: http://londonaki.net/downloads/LondonAKInetwork-obstetric.pdf. (Accessed 8 February 2018).Google Scholar
Tsui, A, Rajani, C, Doshi, R, et al. Improving recognition and management of acute kidney injury. Acute medicine 2013; 13:3: 108112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

References

Sims, E. A. and Krantz, K. E., Serial studies of renal function during pregnancy and the puerperium in normal women. J Clin Invest, 1958. 37(12): pp. 17641774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Davison, J. M. and Noble, M. C., Serial changes in 24 hour creatinine clearance during normal menstrual cycles and the first trimester of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol, 1981. 88(1): pp. 1017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karumanchi, S. A., et al., Preeclampsia: A renal perspective. Kidney Int, 2005. 67(6): pp. 21012113.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lafayette, R. A., et al., Nature of glomerular dysfunction in pre-eclampsia. Kidney Int, 1998. 54(4): pp. 12401249.Google Scholar
Moran, P., et al., Glomerular ultrafiltration in normal and preeclamptic pregnancy. J Am Soc Nephrol, 2003. 14(3): pp. 648652.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, M. J., Chronic kidney disease and pregnancy: Maternal and fetal outcomes. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis, 2007. 14(2): pp. 132145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, M., Lindheimer, M. D. and Davison, J. M., Altered glomerular permselectivity to neutral dextrans and heteroporous membrane modeling in human pregnancy. Am J Physiol, 1996. 270(2 Pt 2): pp. F338F343.Google ScholarPubMed
Tranquilli, A. L., et al., The definition of severe and early-onset preeclampsia. Statements from the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP). Pregnancy Hypertens, 2013. 3(1): pp. 4447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bulletins–Obstetrics, A. C. O. P., ACOG practice bulletin. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Number 33, January 2002. Obstet Gynecol, 2002. 99(1): pp. 159167.Google Scholar
Schiff, E., et al., The importance of urinary protein excretion during conservative management of severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1996. 175(5): pp. 13131316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Payne, B., et al., PIERS proteinuria: Relationship with adverse maternal and perinatal outcome. J Obstet Gynaecol Can, 2011. 33(6): pp. 588597.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
von Dadelszen, P., et al., Prediction of adverse maternal outcomes in pre-eclampsia: Development and validation of the full PIERS model. Lancet, 2011. 377(9761): pp. 219227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spargo, B., McCartney, C. P., and Winemiller, R., Glomerular capillary endotheliosis in toxemia of pregnancy. Arch Pathol, 1959. 68: pp. 593599.Google ScholarPubMed
Pollak, V. E. and Nettles, J. B., The kidney in toxemia of pregnancy: A clinical and pathologic study based on renal biopsies. Medicine (Baltimore), 1960. 39: pp. 469526.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, K. A., et al., Hypertension in pregnancy: Clinical-pathological correlations and remote prognosis. Medicine (Baltimore), 1981. 60(4): pp. 267276.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, R. H., et al., Immunofluorescent Studies of Renal Biopsies in the Diagnosis of Toxemia of Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 1964. 24: pp. 3246.Google ScholarPubMed
Mautner, W., et al., Preeclamptic nephropathy: An electron microscopic study. Lab Invest, 1962. 11: pp. 518530.Google Scholar
Garovic, V. D., et al., Urinary podocyte excretion as a marker for preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2007. 196(4): pp. 320 e1-7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Karumanchi, S. A. and Lindheimer, M. D., Preeclampsia and the kidney: Footprints in the urine. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2007. 196(4): pp. 287288.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harper, S. J., et al., Expression of neuropilin-1 by human glomerular epithelial cells in vitro and in vivo. Clin Sci (Lond), 2001. 101(4): pp. 439446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maynard, S. E., et al., Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J Clin Invest, 2003. 111(5): pp. 649658.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eremina, V., et al., Glomerular-specific alterations of VEGF-A expression lead to distinct congenital and acquired renal diseases. J Clin Invest, 2003. 111(5): pp. 707716.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sugimoto, H., et al., Neutralization of circulating vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by anti-VEGF antibodies and soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sFlt-1) induces proteinuria. J Biol Chem, 2003. 278(15): pp. 1260512608.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strevens, H., et al., Glomerular endotheliosis in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. BJOG, 2003. 110(9): pp. 831836.Google ScholarPubMed
Dennis, E. J. 3rd, et al., Percutaneous renal biopsy in eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1963. 87: pp. 364371.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lupton, M. G. and Williams, D. J., The ethics of research on pregnant women: is maternal consent sufficient? BJOG, 2004. 111(12): pp. 13071312.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Report of the National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 183(1): pp. s1s22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chakravarty, E. F., et al., Pregnancy outcomes after maternal exposure to rituximab. Blood, 2011. 117(5): pp. 14991506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolfo, A., et al., Chronic kidney disease may be differentially diagnosed from preeclampsia by serum biomarkers. Kidney Int, 2013. 83(1): pp. 177181.Google Scholar
Qazi, U., et al., Soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase associated with preeclampsia in pregnancy in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol, 2008. 35(4): pp. 631634.Google ScholarPubMed
von Dadelszen, P., et al., Fall in mean arterial pressure and fetal growth restriction in pregnancy hypertension: a meta-analysis. Lancet, 2000. 355(9198): pp. 8792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Magee, L. A., et al., Less-tight versus tight control of hypertension in pregnancy. N Engl J Med, 2015. 372(5): pp. 407417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Umans, J. G., Medications during pregnancy: antihypertensives and immunosuppressives. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis, 2007. 14(2): pp. 191198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lip, G. Y., et al., Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors in early pregnancy. Lancet, 1997. 350(9089): p. 1446–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velazquez-Armenta, E. Y., et al., Angiotensin II receptor blockers in pregnancy: a case report and systematic review of the literature. Hypertens Pregnancy, 2007. 26(1): pp. 5166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maren, T. H. and Ellison, A. C., The teratological effect of certain thiadiazoles related to acetazolamide, with a note on sulfanilamide and thiazide diuretics. Johns Hopkins Med J, 1972. 130(2): pp. 95104.Google Scholar
Bolte, A. C., et al., Lack of agreement between central venous pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy, 2000. 19(3): pp. 261271.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, W. M., et al., The safety and utility of pulmonary artery catheterization in severe preeclampsia and eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2000. 182(6): pp. 13971403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beller, F. K., Dame, W. R., and Witting, C., Renal disease diagnosed by renal biopsy: Prognostic evaluation. Contrib Nephrol, 1981. 25: pp. 6170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sibai, B. M., Mercer, B. and Sarinoglu, C., Severe preeclampsia in the second trimester: recurrence risk and long-term prognosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1991. 165(5 Pt 1): pp. 14081412.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sibai, B. M., et al., Aggressive versus expectant management of severe preeclampsia at 28 to 32 weeks’ gestation: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 1994. 171(3): pp. 818822.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, B. J., et al., Hypertensive diseases of pregnancy and risk of hypertension and stroke in later life: results from cohort study. BMJ, 2003. 326(7394): p. 845.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haukkamaa, L., et al., Risk for subsequent coronary artery disease after preeclampsia. Am J Cardiol, 2004. 93(6): pp. 805808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bellamy, L., et al., Pre-eclampsia and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer in later life: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 2007. 335(7627): p. 974.Google Scholar

References

Alwall, N. Aspiration biopsy of the kidney, including a report of a case of amyloidosis diagnosed through aspiration biopsy of the kidney in 1944 and investigated at an autopsy in 1950. Acta Med Scand 143, 420435, 1952.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Topham, PS. Renal biopsy. In Comprehensive clinical nephrology, edited by Johnson, RJ, Floege, J and Feehally, J. Elsevier Health Sciences 2007, pp. 6976.Google Scholar
Parrish, AE. Complications of percutaneous renal biopsy: A review of 37 years’ experience. Clin Nephrol 38, 135141, 1992.Google Scholar
Hergesell, O, Felten, H, Andrassy, K, Kuhn, K and Ritz, E. Safety of ultrasound-guided percutaneous renal biopsy-retrospective analysis of 1090 consecutive cases. Nephrol Dial Transplant 13, 975977, 1998.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manno, C, Strippoli, GF, Arnesano, L, Bonifati, C, Campobasso, N, Gesualdo, L and Schena, FP. Predictors of bleeding complications in percutaneous ultrasound-guided renal biopsy. Kidney Int 66, 15701577, 2004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eiro, M, Katoh, T and Watanabe, T. Risk factors for bleeding complications in percutaneous renal biopsy. Clin Exp Nephrol 9, 4045, 2005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bennett, AR and Wiener, SN. Intrarenal arteriovenous fistula and aneurysm: A complication of percutaneous renal biopsy. Am J Roentgenol Radium Ther Nucl Med 95, 372382, 1965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, DC and Hayslett, JP. Outcome of pregnancy in women with moderate or severe renal insufficiency. N Engl J Med 335, 226232, 1996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fischer, MJ, Lehnerz, SD, Hebert, JR and Parikh, CR. Kidney disease is an independent risk factor for adverse fetal and maternal outcomes in pregnancy. Am J Kidney Dis 43, 415423, 2004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCartney, CP. Pathological anatomy of acute hypertension of pregnancy. Circulation 30: SUPPL 2, 3742, 1964.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schewitz, LJ, Friedman, IA and Pollak, VE. Bleeding after renal biopsy in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 26, 295304, 1965.Google Scholar
Lindheimer, MD, Spargo, BH and Katz, AI. Renal biopsy in pregnancy-induced hypertension. J Reprod Med 15, 189194, 1975.Google ScholarPubMed
Packham, D and Fairley, KF. Renal biopsy: Indications and complications in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94, 935939, 1987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lindheimer, MD and Davison, JM. Renal biopsy during pregnancy: “To b … or not to b … ?” Br J Obstet Gynaecol 94, 932934, 1987.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuller, JA, D’Andrea, NM and McMahon, MJ. Renal biopsy and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 184, 10931096, 2001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chen, HH, Lin, HC, Yeh, JC and Chen, CP. Renal biopsy in pregnancies complicated by undetermined renal disease. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 80, 888893, 2001.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Day, C, Hewins, P, Hildebrand, S, Sheikh, L, Taylor, G, Kilby, M and Lipkin, G The role of renal biopsy in women with kidney disease identified in pregnancy. Nephrol Dial Transplant 23, 201206, 2008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strevens, H, Wide-Swensson, D, Hansen, A, Horn, T, Ingemarsson, I, Larsen, S, Willner, J and Olsen, S. Glomerular endotheliosis in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 110, 831836, 2003.Google ScholarPubMed
Wide-Swensson, D, Strevens, H and Willner, J. Antepartum percutaneous renal biopsy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet, 98, 8892, 2007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Han, L, Yang, Z, Li, K, Zon, J, Han, J, Zhou, L, Liu, X, Zhang, X, Zheng, Y, Yu, L and Li, L. Antepartum or immediate postpartum renal biopsies in preeclampsia/eclampsia of pregnancy: New morphologic and clinical findings. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 7, 51295143, 2014.Google ScholarPubMed
Piccoli, GB, Daidola, G, Attini, R, Parisi, S, Fassio, F, Naretto, C, Deagostini, MC, Castellucia, N, Ferraresi, M, Roccatello, D and Todros, T. Kidney biopsy in pregnancy: Evidence for counselling? A systematic review. BJOG 120, 412427, 2013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petri, M. Immunosuppressive drug use in pregnancy. Autoimmunity 36, 5156, 2003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seckl, JR and Holmes, MC. Mechanisms of disease: Glucocorticoids, their placental metabolism and fetal programming of adult pathophysiology. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 3, 479488, 2007.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×