Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-pjpqr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-19T01:12:46.640Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - Sector Theorists Should Consider How Social Values Determine Unmet Needs

from Part II - Reflections and Refinements

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 January 2024

By
Ruth K. Hansen  and
Gregory R. Witkowski
Edited by
Eva Witesman  and
Curtis Child
Eva Witesman
Affiliation:
Brigham Young University, Utah
Curtis Child
Affiliation:
Brigham Young University, Utah
Get access

Summary

Hansen and Witkowski introduce a new theory to understand how societal needs are met. The authors develop the cross-sectoral BIAS theory, an adaptation of the BIAS model, to assess factors that lead to persistent unmet needs among marginalized populations. Drawing on postcolonial theory, the authors indicate that the standard economic model of understanding the provision of services by market, government, and nonprofit sectors (three-failures theory) systematically fails to account for the underprivileged in society. The cross-sectoral BIAS theory explains that societal biases drive the persistent insufficient provision of goods to marginalized populations by all three sectors.

Keywords

social valuesunmet needsBIAS Frameworkcross-sectoral BIAS theorysector theorythree-failure theorypostcolonialismmarginalized populationsstereotypes
Type
Chapter
Information
Reimagining Nonprofits
Sector Theory in the Twenty-First Century
 , pp. 91 - 112
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2024

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

AbouAssi, K., Faulk, L., Tran, L., Shaffer, L., & Kim, M. (2019). Use and perceptions of the availability of local government and nonprofit services in diverse urban settings. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 48(5), 975–997.Google Scholar
Andrew, D. (1989). Philanthropy and police: London charity in the eighteenth century. Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Bekkers, R., & Wiepking, P. (2011). A literature review of empirical studies of philanthropy: Eight mechanisms that drive charitable giving. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 40(5), 924–973.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Ner, A., McCall, B. P., Stephane, M., & Wang, H. (2009). Identity and in-group/out-group differentiation in work and giving behaviors: Experimental evidence. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 72(1), 153–170.Google Scholar
Bhati, A., & Hansen, R. (2020). A literature review of experimental studies in fundraising. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 3(1), 1–19.Google Scholar
Chadborn, D., & Reysen, S. (2018). Moved by the masses: A social identity perspective on inspiration. Current Psychology, 37(3), 625–631.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, C. M., Masser, B. M., & Louis, W. R. (2020). Identity motives in charitable giving: Explanations for charity preferences from a global donor survey. Psychology & Marketing, 37(9), 1277–1291.Google Scholar
Chong, A. (2020). (Self-)Regulation of Muslim Charitable Sectors in the US and the UK in the Post-9/11 Era. Journal of Muslim Philanthropy & Civil Society, 4(2), 180–205.Google Scholar
Cikara, M., Bruneau, E., Bavel, J. V., & Saxe, R. (2014). Their pain gives us pleasure: How intergroup dynamics shape empathic failures and counter-empathic responses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 55(Nov 1), 110–125.Google Scholar
Coule, T. M., Dodge, J., & Eikenberry, A. M. (2022). Toward a typology of critical nonprofit studies: A literature review. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 51(3), 478–506.Google Scholar
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S. T., & Glick, P. (2007). The BIAS Map: Behaviors from intergroup affect and stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(4), 631–648.Google Scholar
Cuddy, A. J. C., Fiske, S., & Glick, P. (2008). Warmth and competence as universal dimensions of social perception: The stereotype content model and the BIAS Map. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 40(2008), 61–149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Beauvoir, S. (1953). The second sex (H. M. Parshley, Trans.). Knopf.Google Scholar
Dorfman, D. (2016). Re-claiming disability: Identity, procedural justice, and the disability determination process. Law & Social Inquiry, 42(1), 195–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dovidio, J. F., Major, B., & Crocker, J. (2000). Stigma: Introduction and overview. In Heatherton, T. F., Kleck, R. E., Hebl, M. R., & Hull, J. G. (Eds.), The social psychology of stigma (pp. 1–28). Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Duclos, R., & Barasch, A. (2014). Prosocial behavior in intergroup relations: How donor self-construal and recipient group-membership shape generosity. Journal of Consumer Research, 41(1), 93–108.Google Scholar
Dunning, C. (2022). Nonprofit neighborhoods: An urban history of inequality and the American state. University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Dyer, R. (2005). The matter of whiteness. In Rothenberg, P. S. (Ed.), White privilege: Essential readings on the other side of racism (2nd ed.) (pp. 9–14). Worth.Google Scholar
Fehrler, S., & Przepiorka, W. (2013). Charitable giving as a signal of trustworthiness: Disentangling the signaling benefits of altruistic acts. Evolution and Human Behavior, 34(2), 139–145.Google Scholar
Fiske, S. (2018). Stereotype content: Warmth and content endure. Association for Psychological Science, 27(2), 67–73.Google Scholar
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish. Vintage Books.Google Scholar
Frumkin, P. (2002). On being nonprofit: A conceptual and policy primer. Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ghatak, M. (2020). Economic theories of the social sector: From nonprofits to social enterprise. In Powell, W. W. & Bromley, P. (Eds.), The nonprofit sector: A research handbook (3rd ed.) (pp. 319–332). Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Glied, S. A., & Frank, R. G. (2009). Better but not best: Recent trends in the well-being of the mentally ill. Health Affairs, 28(3), 637–648.Google Scholar
Go, J. (2016). Postcolonial thought and social theory. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums: Essays on the social situation of mental patients and other inmates. Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Goffman, E. (1986). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Touchstone. (Original work published 1963.)Google Scholar
Gostin, L. O. (2015). A tale of two diseases: Mental health and HIV/AIDS. The Milbank Quarterly, 93(4), 687–690.Google Scholar
Hansen, R. K. (2020). Stories of strangers: Writing donor acquisition letters in the human services. Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 31(1), 153–173.Google Scholar
Hansmann, H. (1987). Economic theories of nonprofit organizations. In Powell, W. W. (Ed.), The nonprofit handbook (pp. 27–42). Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Harris, L. T., & Fiske, S. T. (2006). Dehumanizing the lowest of the low: Neuroimaging responses to extreme out-groups. Psychological Science, 17(10), 847–853.Google Scholar
Haslam, N. (2006). Dehumanization: An integrative review. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(3), 252–264.Google Scholar
Hatemi, P. K., McDermott, R., Eaves, L. J, Kendler, K. S., & Neale, M. C. (2013). Fear as a disposition and an emotional state: A genetic and environmental approach to out-group political preferences. American Journal of Political Science, 57(2), 279–293.Google Scholar
Holstein, J. A. (1993). Court-ordered insanity: Interpretive practice and involuntary commitment. Aldine De Gruyter.Google Scholar
Jenkins, J. C. (2006). Nonprofit organizations and political advocacy. In Powell, W. W. & Steinberg, R. (Eds.), The nonprofit sector: A research handbook (2nd ed.) (pp. 307–331). Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Jones, J. A., & Deitrick, L. (2020). Does the theory of voluntary sector failure provide insight into food pantries? A case study of a network of food pantries in San Diego, CA. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 31(5), 870–880.Google Scholar
Katz, M. B. (2013). The undeserving poor: America’s enduring confrontation with poverty. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Klein, J. (2016, May 4). Long ignored in global development, mental illness is declared a top priority. Voices. Open Society Foundations. www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/long-ignored-global-development-mental-illness-declared-top-priority?utm_source=news&utm_medium=email&utm_content=xrKbOkO7mGJLl7yITLBk4qmfIC8k27TmIGCDMOu2vu8&utm_campaign=news_051416Google Scholar
Kohl-Arenas, E. (2015). The self-help myth: How philanthropy fails to alleviate poverty. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lu, J. (2017). Does population heterogeneity really matter to nonprofit sector size? Revisiting Weisbrod’s demand heterogeneity hypothesis. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 31(3), 1077–1092.Google Scholar
McClintock, A. (1995). Imperial leather: Race, gender, and sexuality in the colonial contest. Routledge.Google Scholar
Mosley, J. E. (2012). Keeping the lights on: How government funding concerns drive the advocacy agendas of nonprofit homeless service providers. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 22(4), 841–866.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, R., & Aggleton, P. (2003). HIV and AIDS-related stigma and discrimination: A conceptual framework and implications for action. Social Science & Medicine, 57, 13–24.Google Scholar
Rocha, M. G. D. L. (2006). Vanishing assets: Cumulative disadvantage among the urban poor. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 606(1), 68–94.Google Scholar
Said, E. W. (1989). Representing the colonized: Anthropology’s interlocutors. Critical Inquiry, 15(2), 205–225.Google Scholar
Salamon, L. M. (1987). Of market failure, voluntary failure, and third-party government: Toward a theory of government-nonprofit relations in the modern welfare state. Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 16(1–2), 29–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneider, A., & Ingram, H. (1990). The behavioral assumptions of policy tools. Journal of Politics, 52(2), 510–529.Google Scholar
Schneider, A., & Ingram, H. (1993). Social construction of target populations: Implications for politics and policy. American Political Science Review, 87(02), 334–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sidel, M. (2010). Counter-terrorism and the Regulation of Civil Society in the USA. Development and Change, 41(2), 293–312.Google Scholar
Silver, I. (2005). Unequal partnerships: Beyond the rhetoric of philanthropic collaboration. Routledge.Google Scholar
Simmel, G. (1964). Conflict & the web of group affiliations (K. H. Wolff & R. Bendix, Trans.). The Free Press.Google Scholar
Spivak, G. C. (1988). In other worlds: Essays in cultural politics. Routledge.Google Scholar
Steinberg, R. (2006). Economic theories of nonprofit organizations. In Powell, W. W. & Steinberg, R. (Eds.), The nonprofit sector: A research handbook (2nd ed.) (pp. 117–139). Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Strub, S. (2014). Body counts: A memoir of politics, sex, AIDS, and survival. Scribner.Google Scholar
Turner, J. C., Brown, R. J., & Tajfel, H. (1979). Social comparison and group interest in ingroup favouritism. European Journal of Social Psychology, 9(2), 187–204.Google Scholar
Weisbrod, B. A. (1977). Toward a theory of the voluntary nonprofit sector in a three sector economy. In Weisbrod, B. A. (Ed.), The voluntary nonprofit sector (pp. 51–76). Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Weisbrod, B. A. (1989). Rewarding performance that is hard to measure: The private nonprofit sector. Science, 244(4904), 541–546.Google Scholar
West, C. (1993). Race matters. Beacon Press.Google Scholar
Witesman, E., & Heiss, A. (2017). Nonprofit collaboration and the resurrection of market failure: How a resource-sharing environment can suppress social objectives. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 28(4), 1500–1528.Google Scholar
Witkowski, G. R. (2022). Hoosier philanthropy: A state history of giving. Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Wu, V. C. S. (2021). The geography and disparities of community philanthropy: A community assessment model of needs, resources, and ecological environment. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, 32(1), 351–371.Google Scholar
Zagefka, H., Noor, M., Brown, R., de Moura, R., & Hopthrow, T. (2011). Donating to disaster victims: Responses to natural and humanly caused events. European Journal of Social Psychology, 41, 353–363.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×