National Research Council, Separation & Purification: Critical Needs and Opportunities (National Academy Press, 1987)

Chemical and Engineering News, December 1, 1997

Byers, Charles H. and Ammi Amarnath, Understand the potential of electro-separations, Chem. Eng. Prog., February 1995

Zofnass, P., 1993 National Congress for the Advancement of Minorities in the Environmental Professions, Washington, DC, February 24–26, 1993

Holmes, G., B. R. Singh, and L. Theodore, Handbook of Environmental Management and Technology (J. Wiley & Sons, 1993)

Chemical Manufacturers Association, Designing Pollution Prevention into the Process, © CMA (1993)

Mulholland, K. L. and J. A. Dyer, Reduce waste and make money, Chem. Eng. Prog., January 2000

Environment Canada website on acid rain – http://www.ns.ec.gc.ca/aeb/ssd/acid/acidfaq.html

Cowling, E. B., Acid rain in historical perspective, Environ. Sci. Tech., 16(2) (1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Middleman, S., An Introduction to Mass and Heat Transfer (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1998)

Keller, G., Separations: New Directions for an Old Field, AIChE Monograph Series, Vol. 83, No. 17 (New York: AIChE, 1987)

Null, H. R.,Handbook of Separation Processes, Chap. 22, R. W. Rousseau, ed. (New York: Wiley–Interscience, 1986)

Wankat, P. C., Equilibrium Staged Separations (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1988)

Wankat, P. C., Rate-Controlled Separations (London: Elsevier, 1990)

Belhatecke, D. H., Choose appropriate wastewater treatment technologies, Chem. Eng. Prog., August 1995, pp. 32–51Google Scholar

Zinkus, C. A., Byers, W. D., and Doerr, W. W., Identify appropriate water reclamation technologies, Chem. Eng. Prog., May 1998, pp. 19–31Google Scholar

Fitch, B., Choosing a separation technique, Chem. Eng. Prog., December 1974, pp. 33–37Google Scholar

King, C. J., Handbook of Separation Processes, Chap. 15, R. W. Rousseau, ed. (New York: Wiley–Interscience, 1986)

Hyman, M. and Bagaasen, L., Select a site cleanup technology, Chem. Eng. Prog., August 1997, pp. 22–43Google Scholar

King, C. J., Separation Processes, 2nd edn (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980)

King, C. J., From unit operations to separation processes, Sep. Pur. Methods, 29(2), 2000, pp. 233–245CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilson equation: Wilson, G. M., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 86, 127 (1964)CrossRef

NRTL equation: Renon, H. and Prausnitz, J. M., AIChE J, 14, 135 (1968)CrossRef

UNIQUAC equation: Abrams, D. S. and Prausnitz, J. M., AIChE J, 21, 116 (1975)CrossRef

David Clough, personal communication

Yang, R. T., Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes (Boston: Butterworths, 1987)

Tien, C., Adsorption Calculations and Modeling (Boston: Butterworth–Heinemann, 1994)

Ruthven, D. M., Principles of Adsorption and Adsorption Processes (New York: J. Wiley and Sons, 1984)

Dobbs, R. A. and J. M. Cohen, Carbon Adsorption Isotherms for Toxic Organics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 600/8-80-023

Knaebel, K. S., For your next separation consider adsorption, Chem. Engg, 102(11), November 1995, pp. 92–102Google Scholar

Seader, J. D. and E. J. Henley, Separation Process Principles (J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1998)

King, C. J., Separation Processes (McGraw-Hill, 1971)

Cussler, E. L., Diffusion: Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems (Cambridge University Press, 1984)

Bird, R. B., W. E. Stewart, and E. N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, 2nd edn (J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2002)

Middleman, S., An Introduction to Mass and Heat Transfer (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1998)

Humphrey, J. L., Separation processes playing a critical role, Chem. Eng. Prog., 91(10), October 1995, pp. 31–42Google Scholar

Wankat, P. C., Equilibrium Staged Separations (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1988)

Geankpolis, C. J., Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd edn (Boston: Prentice-Hall, 1993)

Los Alamos National Laboratories, written communications

McCabe, W. L., J. C. Smith, and P. Harriott, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1985)

Transactions AIChE, 36, 1940, pp. 628–629

Wankat, P. C., Equilibrium Staged Separations (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1988)

Foust, A. S., L. A. Wenzel, C. W. Clump, L. Maus, and L. B. Anderson, Principles of Unit Operations, 2nd edn (New York: Wiley and Sons, 1980)

Chem. Eng. Prog., April 1996, p. 56

Kohl, A. L., Absorption and stripping, Handbook of Separation Process Technology, R. W. Rousseau, ed. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1987), pp. 340–404

Lee, S.-Y. and Tsui, Y. P., Succeed at gas–liquid contacting, Chem. Eng. Prog., July 1999, pp. 23–49

Perry, R. H., C. H. Chilton, and S. O. Kirkpatrick, eds. Chemical Engineering Handbook, 4th edn (McGraw-Hill, 1963)

Foust, A. S., L. A. Wenzel, C. W. Clump, L. Maus, and L. B. Anderson, Principles of Unit Operations, 2nd edn (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1980)

Wankat, P. C., Equilibrium Stage Separations (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1988)

Seader, J. D. and E. J. Henley, Separation Process Principles (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1998)

Shaeiwitz, J. A., written communications

Keller, G. E. II, Adsorption: building upon a solid foundation, Chem. Eng. Prog., 91(10), October 1995, pp. 56–67Google Scholar

Randey, R. A. and Malhotra, S., Desulfurization of gaseous fuels with recovery of elemental sulfur: an overview, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology, 29(3), 1999, pp. 237–238Google Scholar

Loretta, Y. and Li, F., “Heavy metal sorption and hydraulic conductivity studies using three types of bentonite admixes, J. Environ. Engg, 127(5), May 2001, pp. 420–423Google Scholar

Yang, R. T., Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes (Boston: Butterworths, 1987)

Ruthven, D. M., Zeolites as selective adsorbents, Chem. Eng. Prog., 84(2), February 1988, pp. 42–50Google Scholar

Knaebel, K. S., For your next separation consider adsorption, Chem. Eng. Prog., 102(11), November 1995, pp. 92–102Google Scholar

Keller II, G. E., R. A. Anderson, and C. M. Yon, Adsorption, Handbook of Separation Process Technology, R. W. Rousseau, ed. (New York: Wiley, 1987), pp. 644–696

Keller II, G. E., Separations, New Directions for an Old Field, AIChE Monograph Series, Vol. 83, No. 17 (New York: AIChE, 1987)

Marcus, B. K. and Cormier, W. E., Going green with zeolites, Chem. Eng. Prog., 95(6), June 1999, pp. 47–53Google Scholar

Basmadjian, D., The Little Adsorption Book: A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists (CRC Press, 1996)

Thomas, H. C., Chromatography: a problem in kinetics, Annals New York Acad. Sci., 49 (1948), pp. 161–182CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Streat, M. and F. L. D. Cloete, Ion exchange, Handbook of Separation Process Technology, R. W. Rousseau, ed. (New York: Wiley, 1987), pp. 697–732

Helfferich, F., Ion Exchange (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962)

Helfferich, F. and Plesset, M. S., J. Chem. Phys., 28, 418 (1958)CrossRef

Montgomery, Water Treatment Principles and Design (Consulting Engineers, 1985)

Kunin, R., Ion-Exchange Resins, 2nd edn (New York: Wiley, 1958)

Wankat, P. C., Rate Controlled Separations, Chap. 9 (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990)

Reynolds, T. D., Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering (Boston: PWS Publishing Co., 1982)

Helfferich, F. and G. Klein, Multicomponent Chromatography (New York: Marcel-Dekker, 1970)

Klein, G., Tondeur, D., and Vermeulen, T., Multicomponent ion exchange in fixed beds, I. E. C. Fund., 6(3), 351–361 (1967)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clifford, D. A. and Weber, W. J., Multi-component ion exchange: nitrate removal process with land disposal regenerant, Ind. Water Eng., 15(2), 18–26 (March, 1978)Google Scholar

Brignal, W. J., A. K. Gupta, and M. Streat, The Theory and Practice of Ion Exchange (Paper 11) (London: Society of Chemical Industry, 1976)

Smith, R. P. and Woodburn, E. T., AIChE J., 24, 577 (1978)CrossRef

Robinson, R. A. and R. H. Stokes, Electrolyte Solutions (London: Butterworths, 1959)

Wilson, G. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86, 127 (1964)CrossRef

Schaeiwitz, J. A., written communications, 1997

Noble, R. D., An overview of membrane separations, Sep. Sci. Tech., 22, 731–743 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mulder, M., Basic Principles of Membrane Technology (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1991)

Koros, W. J., Membranes: learning lessons from nature, Chem. Eng. Prog., 91(10), October 1995Google Scholar

Zolandz, R. R. and G. K. Fleming, Design of gas permeation systems, Membrane Handbook, Chap. 4, W. S. W. Ko and K. K. Sirkar, eds. (Chapman & Hall, 1992)

Seader, J. D. and E. J. Henley, Separation Process Principles (J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998)

Hestekin, J. A., D. Bhattacharyya, S. K. Sikdar, and B. M. Kim, Membranes for treatment of hazardous wastewater, Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation, R. A. Meyers, ed. (J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998)

Drioli, E., with permission

Osmonics, Inc., with permission

Bilstad, T., E. Espedal, A. H. Haaland, and M. Madland, Ultrafiltration of oily wastewater, Second. Int. Conf. on Health, Safety & Environment in Oil & Gas Exploration Production, Jakarta, Indonesia (1994)

http://www.wqa.org (current as of 19 June, 2003)

Reynolds, T. D., Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering (Boston: PWS Publishing, 1982)

Chapman-Wilbert, M., F. Leitz, E. Abart, B. Boegli, and K. Linton, The Desalting and Water Treatment Membrane Manual: A Guide to Membranes for Municipal Water Treatment, 2nd edn, Water Treatment Technology Program Report N. 29 (US Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, July 1998)

Membrane Separations Systems, US Dept. of Energy Report DOE/ER/30133-H1,PS-1 (1990)

Baker, R. W. et al., Development of Pervaporation to Recover and Reuse Volatile Organic Compounds from Industrial Waste Streams, US Dept. of Energy Final Report DOE/AL/98769-1 (DE97006846) March 1997

Sherwood, T., Brian, P., and Fisher, R., Desalination by Reverse Osmosis, Ind. Engg Chem. Fundamentals, 6, 2 (1967)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gekas, V. and Hallstrom, B., Mass transfer in the membrane concentration polarization layer under turbulent cross-flow, J. Mem. Sci., 30, 153 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, R. H., Cross-flow microfiltration with backpulsing, Membrane Separations in Biotechnology, 2nd edn, W. K. Wang, ed. (New York: Marcel-Dekker Pub. Co., 2000)

National Research Council, Separation & Purification: Critical Needs and Opportunities (National Academy Press, 1987)

Chemical and Engineering News, December 1, 1997

Byers, Charles H. and Ammi Amarnath, Understand the potential of electro-separations, Chem. Eng. Prog., February 1995

Zofnass, P., 1993 National Congress for the Advancement of Minorities in the Environmental Professions, Washington, DC, February 24–26, 1993

Holmes, G., B. R. Singh, and L. Theodore, Handbook of Environmental Management and Technology (J. Wiley & Sons, 1993)

Chemical Manufacturers Association, Designing Pollution Prevention into the Process, © CMA (1993)

Mulholland, K. L. and J. A. Dyer, Reduce waste and make money, Chem. Eng. Prog., January 2000

Environment Canada website on acid rain – http://www.ns.ec.gc.ca/aeb/ssd/acid/acidfaq.html

Cowling, E. B., Acid rain in historical perspective, Environ. Sci. Tech., 16(2) (1982)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Middleman, S., An Introduction to Mass and Heat Transfer (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1998)

Keller, G., Separations: New Directions for an Old Field, AIChE Monograph Series, Vol. 83, No. 17 (New York: AIChE, 1987)

Null, H. R.,Handbook of Separation Processes, Chap. 22, R. W. Rousseau, ed. (New York: Wiley–Interscience, 1986)

Wankat, P. C., Equilibrium Staged Separations (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1988)

Wankat, P. C., Rate-Controlled Separations (London: Elsevier, 1990)

Belhatecke, D. H., Choose appropriate wastewater treatment technologies, Chem. Eng. Prog., August 1995, pp. 32–51Google Scholar

Zinkus, C. A., Byers, W. D., and Doerr, W. W., Identify appropriate water reclamation technologies, Chem. Eng. Prog., May 1998, pp. 19–31Google Scholar

Fitch, B., Choosing a separation technique, Chem. Eng. Prog., December 1974, pp. 33–37Google Scholar

King, C. J., Handbook of Separation Processes, Chap. 15, R. W. Rousseau, ed. (New York: Wiley–Interscience, 1986)

Hyman, M. and Bagaasen, L., Select a site cleanup technology, Chem. Eng. Prog., August 1997, pp. 22–43Google Scholar

King, C. J., Separation Processes, 2nd edn (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980)

King, C. J., From unit operations to separation processes, Sep. Pur. Methods, 29(2), 2000, pp. 233–245CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Wilson equation: Wilson, G. M., J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 86, 127 (1964)CrossRef

NRTL equation: Renon, H. and Prausnitz, J. M., AIChE J, 14, 135 (1968)CrossRef

UNIQUAC equation: Abrams, D. S. and Prausnitz, J. M., AIChE J, 21, 116 (1975)CrossRef

David Clough, personal communication

Yang, R. T., Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes (Boston: Butterworths, 1987)

Tien, C., Adsorption Calculations and Modeling (Boston: Butterworth–Heinemann, 1994)

Ruthven, D. M., Principles of Adsorption and Adsorption Processes (New York: J. Wiley and Sons, 1984)

Dobbs, R. A. and J. M. Cohen, Carbon Adsorption Isotherms for Toxic Organics, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 600/8-80-023

Knaebel, K. S., For your next separation consider adsorption, Chem. Engg, 102(11), November 1995, pp. 92–102Google Scholar

Seader, J. D. and E. J. Henley, Separation Process Principles (J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1998)

King, C. J., Separation Processes (McGraw-Hill, 1971)

Cussler, E. L., Diffusion: Mass Transfer in Fluid Systems (Cambridge University Press, 1984)

Bird, R. B., W. E. Stewart, and E. N. Lightfoot, Transport Phenomena, 2nd edn (J. Wiley and Sons, Inc., 2002)

Middleman, S., An Introduction to Mass and Heat Transfer (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1998)

Humphrey, J. L., Separation processes playing a critical role, Chem. Eng. Prog., 91(10), October 1995, pp. 31–42Google Scholar

Wankat, P. C., Equilibrium Staged Separations (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1988)

Geankpolis, C. J., Transport Processes and Unit Operations, 3rd edn (Boston: Prentice-Hall, 1993)

Los Alamos National Laboratories, written communications

McCabe, W. L., J. C. Smith, and P. Harriott, Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1985)

Transactions AIChE, 36, 1940, pp. 628–629

Wankat, P. C., Equilibrium Staged Separations (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1988)

Foust, A. S., L. A. Wenzel, C. W. Clump, L. Maus, and L. B. Anderson, Principles of Unit Operations, 2nd edn (New York: Wiley and Sons, 1980)

Chem. Eng. Prog., April 1996, p. 56

Kohl, A. L., Absorption and stripping, Handbook of Separation Process Technology, R. W. Rousseau, ed. (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1987), pp. 340–404

Lee, S.-Y. and Tsui, Y. P., Succeed at gas–liquid contacting, Chem. Eng. Prog., July 1999, pp. 23–49

Perry, R. H., C. H. Chilton, and S. O. Kirkpatrick, eds. Chemical Engineering Handbook, 4th edn (McGraw-Hill, 1963)

Foust, A. S., L. A. Wenzel, C. W. Clump, L. Maus, and L. B. Anderson, Principles of Unit Operations, 2nd edn (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1980)

Wankat, P. C., Equilibrium Stage Separations (New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1988)

Seader, J. D. and E. J. Henley, Separation Process Principles (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1998)

Shaeiwitz, J. A., written communications

Keller, G. E. II, Adsorption: building upon a solid foundation, Chem. Eng. Prog., 91(10), October 1995, pp. 56–67Google Scholar

Randey, R. A. and Malhotra, S., Desulfurization of gaseous fuels with recovery of elemental sulfur: an overview, Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology, 29(3), 1999, pp. 237–238Google Scholar

Loretta, Y. and Li, F., “Heavy metal sorption and hydraulic conductivity studies using three types of bentonite admixes, J. Environ. Engg, 127(5), May 2001, pp. 420–423Google Scholar

Yang, R. T., Gas Separation by Adsorption Processes (Boston: Butterworths, 1987)

Ruthven, D. M., Zeolites as selective adsorbents, Chem. Eng. Prog., 84(2), February 1988, pp. 42–50Google Scholar

Knaebel, K. S., For your next separation consider adsorption, Chem. Eng. Prog., 102(11), November 1995, pp. 92–102Google Scholar

Keller II, G. E., R. A. Anderson, and C. M. Yon, Adsorption, Handbook of Separation Process Technology, R. W. Rousseau, ed. (New York: Wiley, 1987), pp. 644–696

Keller II, G. E., Separations, New Directions for an Old Field, AIChE Monograph Series, Vol. 83, No. 17 (New York: AIChE, 1987)

Marcus, B. K. and Cormier, W. E., Going green with zeolites, Chem. Eng. Prog., 95(6), June 1999, pp. 47–53Google Scholar

Basmadjian, D., The Little Adsorption Book: A Practical Guide for Engineers and Scientists (CRC Press, 1996)

Thomas, H. C., Chromatography: a problem in kinetics, Annals New York Acad. Sci., 49 (1948), pp. 161–182CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Streat, M. and F. L. D. Cloete, Ion exchange, Handbook of Separation Process Technology, R. W. Rousseau, ed. (New York: Wiley, 1987), pp. 697–732

Helfferich, F., Ion Exchange (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962)

Helfferich, F. and Plesset, M. S., J. Chem. Phys., 28, 418 (1958)CrossRef

Montgomery, Water Treatment Principles and Design (Consulting Engineers, 1985)

Kunin, R., Ion-Exchange Resins, 2nd edn (New York: Wiley, 1958)

Wankat, P. C., Rate Controlled Separations, Chap. 9 (Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1990)

Reynolds, T. D., Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering (Boston: PWS Publishing Co., 1982)

Helfferich, F. and G. Klein, Multicomponent Chromatography (New York: Marcel-Dekker, 1970)

Klein, G., Tondeur, D., and Vermeulen, T., Multicomponent ion exchange in fixed beds, I. E. C. Fund., 6(3), 351–361 (1967)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clifford, D. A. and Weber, W. J., Multi-component ion exchange: nitrate removal process with land disposal regenerant, Ind. Water Eng., 15(2), 18–26 (March, 1978)Google Scholar

Brignal, W. J., A. K. Gupta, and M. Streat, The Theory and Practice of Ion Exchange (Paper 11) (London: Society of Chemical Industry, 1976)

Smith, R. P. and Woodburn, E. T., AIChE J., 24, 577 (1978)CrossRef

Robinson, R. A. and R. H. Stokes, Electrolyte Solutions (London: Butterworths, 1959)

Wilson, G. M., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 86, 127 (1964)CrossRef

Schaeiwitz, J. A., written communications, 1997

Noble, R. D., An overview of membrane separations, Sep. Sci. Tech., 22, 731–743 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mulder, M., Basic Principles of Membrane Technology (Boston: Kluwer Academic, 1991)

Koros, W. J., Membranes: learning lessons from nature, Chem. Eng. Prog., 91(10), October 1995Google Scholar

Zolandz, R. R. and G. K. Fleming, Design of gas permeation systems, Membrane Handbook, Chap. 4, W. S. W. Ko and K. K. Sirkar, eds. (Chapman & Hall, 1992)

Seader, J. D. and E. J. Henley, Separation Process Principles (J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998)

Hestekin, J. A., D. Bhattacharyya, S. K. Sikdar, and B. M. Kim, Membranes for treatment of hazardous wastewater, Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation, R. A. Meyers, ed. (J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1998)

Drioli, E., with permission

Osmonics, Inc., with permission

Bilstad, T., E. Espedal, A. H. Haaland, and M. Madland, Ultrafiltration of oily wastewater, Second. Int. Conf. on Health, Safety & Environment in Oil & Gas Exploration Production, Jakarta, Indonesia (1994)

http://www.wqa.org (current as of 19 June, 2003)

Reynolds, T. D., Unit Operations and Processes in Environmental Engineering (Boston: PWS Publishing, 1982)

Chapman-Wilbert, M., F. Leitz, E. Abart, B. Boegli, and K. Linton, The Desalting and Water Treatment Membrane Manual: A Guide to Membranes for Municipal Water Treatment, 2nd edn, Water Treatment Technology Program Report N. 29 (US Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, July 1998)

Membrane Separations Systems, US Dept. of Energy Report DOE/ER/30133-H1,PS-1 (1990)

Baker, R. W. et al., Development of Pervaporation to Recover and Reuse Volatile Organic Compounds from Industrial Waste Streams, US Dept. of Energy Final Report DOE/AL/98769-1 (DE97006846) March 1997

Sherwood, T., Brian, P., and Fisher, R., Desalination by Reverse Osmosis, Ind. Engg Chem. Fundamentals, 6, 2 (1967)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gekas, V. and Hallstrom, B., Mass transfer in the membrane concentration polarization layer under turbulent cross-flow, J. Mem. Sci., 30, 153 (1987)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davis, R. H., Cross-flow microfiltration with backpulsing, Membrane Separations in Biotechnology, 2nd edn, W. K. Wang, ed. (New York: Marcel-Dekker Pub. Co., 2000)