Avari, H, Hiebert, RJ, Ryzynski, AA, et al. Quantitative assessment of viral dispersion associated with respiratory support devices in a simulated critical care environment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021;203(9):1112–1118. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.202008-3070OCCrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brower, RG, Matthay, MA, Morris, A, et al. Ventilation with lower tidal volumes as compared with traditional tidal volumes for acute lung injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome. New Engl J Med 2000;342(18):1301–1308.Google ScholarPubMed

Gottlieb, RL, Nirula, A, Chen, P, et al. Effect of bamlanivimab as monotherapy or in combination with etesevimab on viral load in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2021;325(7):632–644. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.0202CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Janiaud, P, Axfors, C, Schmitt, AM, et al. Association of convalescent plasma treatment with clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2021;325(12):1185–1195. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2021.2747CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Korley, FK, Durkalski-Mauldin, V, Yeatts, SD, et al. Early convalescent plasma for high-risk outpatients with COVID-19. N Engl J Med 2021;385(21):1951–1960. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2103784CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Libster, R, Pérez, MG, Wappner, D, et al. Early high-titer plasma therapy to prevent severe COVID-19 in older adults. N Engl J Med 2021;384(7):610–618. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2033700CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Saniasiaya, J, Islam, MA, Abdullah, B. Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A meta-analysis of 27,492 patients. Laryngoscope 2021;131(4):865–878. https://doi.org/10.1002/lary.29286CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Silva, FAFD, Brito, BB, Santos, MLC, et al. COVID-19 gastrointestinal manifestations: A systematic review. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020;53:e20200714. https://doi.org/10.1590/0037-8682-0714-2020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Solomon, IH, Normandin, E, Bhattacharyya, S, et al. Neuropathological features of Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2020;383(10):989–992. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2019373CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wong, HYF, Lam, HYS, Fong, AHT, et al. Frequency and distribution of chest radiographic findings in patients positive for COVID-19. Radiology 2020;296(2):E72–E78.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Zhao, W, Zhong, Z, Xie, X, et al. Relation between chest CT findings and clinical conditions of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pneumonia: A multicenter study. Am J Roentgenol 2020;214(5):1072–1077.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

ARISE Investigators, ANZICS Clinical Trials Group, Peake, SL, et al. Goal-directed resuscitation for patients with early septic shock. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1496–1506.Google ScholarPubMed

Evans, L, Rhodes, A, Alhazzani, W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Intensive Care Med 2021;47(11):1181–1247. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-021-06506-yCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

ProCESS Investigators, Yealy, DM, Kellum, JA, et al. A randomized trial of protocol-based care for early septic shock. N Engl J Med 2014;370:1683–1693.Google ScholarPubMed

ProMISe Investigators, Mouncey, PR, Osborn, TM, et al. Trial of early, goal-directed resuscitation for septic shock. N Engl J Med 2015;372:1301–1311.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rhodes, A, Evans, LE, Alhazzani, W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock: 2016. Crit Care Med 2017;45:486–552.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rivers, E, Nguyen, B, Havstad, S, et al. Early goal-directed therapy in the treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock. N Engl J Med 2001;345:1368–1377.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Singer, M, Deutschman, CS, Seymour, CW, et al. The third international consensus definitions for sepsis and septic shock (Sepsis-3). JAMA 2016;315:801–810.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kalil, AC, Metersky, ML, Klompas, M, et al. Management of adults with hospital-acquired and ventilator-associated pneumonia: 2016 Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the American Thoracic Society [published correction appears in Clin Infect Dis 2017;64(9):1298] [published correction appears in Clin Infect Dis 2017;65(8):1435] [published correction appears in Clin Infect Dis 2017;65(12):2161]. Clin Infect Dis 2016;63(5):e61–e111. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciw353Google Scholar

Metlay, J P, Waterer, GW, Long, AC, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of adults with community-acquired pneumonia. An official clinical practice guideline of the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2019;200(7):e45–e67. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201908-1581STCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Walls, RM, Hockberger, RS, & Gausche-Hill, M. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier, 2018.Google Scholar

Attia, J, Hatala, R, Cook, DJ, et al. Does this adult patient have acute meningitis? JAMA 1999;282:175–181.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

McIntyre, PB, Berkey, CS, King, SM, et al. Dexamethasone as adjunctive therapy in bacterial meningitis: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials since 1988. JAMA 1997;278:925–931.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Straus, SE, Thorpe, KE, Holroyd-Leduc, J, et al. How do I perform a lumbar puncture and analyze the results to diagnose bacterial meningitis? JAMA 2006;296:2012–2022.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tunkel, AR, Glaser, CA, Bloch, KC, et al. The management of encephalitis: Clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2008;47:303–327.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tunkel, AR, Hartman, BJ, Kaplan, SL, et al. Practice guidelines for the management of bacterial meningitis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:1267–1284.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

van de Beek, D, de Gans, J, Tunkel, AR, et al. Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults. N Engl J Med 2006;354:44–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

van de Beek, D, Drake, JM, Tunkel, AR. Nosocomial bacterial meningitis. N Engl J Med 2010;362:146–154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Marx, JA, Hockberger, RS, Walls, RM, et al., eds. Rosen’s Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Mosby Elsevier, 2018.Google Scholar

Tintinalli, JE, Stapczynski, JS, Cline, DM, et al., eds. Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide, 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Medical, 2016.Google Scholar

Habib, G, Lancellotti, P, Antunes, MJ, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the Management of Infective Endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2015;36(44):3075–3128.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wang, A, Gaca, JG, Chu, VH. Management considerations in infective endocarditis: A review. JAMA 2018;320(1):72–83. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.7596CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Stevens, DL, Bryant, AE, Goldstein, EJ. Necrotizing soft tissue infections. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2021;35(1):135–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2020.10.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar

AIDSinfo. Guidelines for the use of antiretroviral agents in HIV-1-infected adults and adolescents [Internet]. 2011 [updated March 27, 2012]. Available from: https://clinicalinfo.hiv.gov/en/guidelines [last accessed February 15, 2023).Google Scholar

Ayoade, F, Chandranesan, JAS. HIV-1 associated toxoplasmosis. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island, FL: StatPearls Publishing; 2021. Available from: www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK441877/ [last accessed February 15, 2023].Google Scholar

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1993 Revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. JAMA 1993;269:729–730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chu, C, Pollock, LC, Selwyn, PA. HIV-associated complications: A systems-based approach. Am Fam Physician 2017;96(3):161–169. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28762691/Google ScholarPubMed

Kaplan, JE, Benson, C, Holmes, KK, et al. Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: Recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep 2009;58(RR-4):1–207.Google Scholar

Limper, AH, Adenis, A, Le, T, et al. Fungal infections in HIV/AIDS. Lancet Infect Dis 2017;17(11):e334–e343. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(17)30303-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Marco, CA, Rothman, RE. HIV infection and complications in emergency medicine. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2008;26:367–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Marochi-Telles, JP, Muniz, R Jr, Sztajnbok, J, et al. Disseminated mycobacterium avium on HIV/AIDS: Historical and current literature review. Aids Revs 2020;22(1). https://doi.org/10.24875/aidsrev.20000104Google ScholarPubMed

Munro, M, Yadavalli, T, Fonteh, C, et al. Cytomegalovirus retinitis in HIV and non-HIV individuals. Microorganisms 2019;8(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms8010055CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sarwar, M, Gardezi, SAH, Zaman, G, et al. Evaluation of galactomannan and beta-d-glucan assays for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in clinically suspected cases. J Pak Med Assoc 2020;70(3):442–446. https://doi.org/10.5455/JPMA.1476Google ScholarPubMed

Shiels, MS, Engels, EA. Evolving epidemiology of HIV-associated malignancies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2017;12(1):6–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/COH.0000000000000327CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Venkat, A, Piontkowsky, DM, Cooney, RR, et al. Care of the HIV-positive patient in the emergency department in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Ann Emerg Med 2008;52:274–285.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Wood, B, Sax, , & Mitty, J. The natural history and clinical features of HIV infection in adults and adolescents. Published March 8, 2021. Available from: www.uptodate.com/contents/the-natural-history-and-clinical-features-of-hiv-infection-in-adults-and-adolescents/print [last accessed February 15, 2023].Google Scholar

1993 revised classification system for HIV infection and expanded surveillance case definition for AIDS among adolescents and adults. MMWR Recomm Rep 1992;41(RR-17):1–19.Google Scholar