Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-r6qrq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-29T22:05:32.770Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

35 - Common Electrolyte Disorders (Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium)

from Section 7 - Renal Emergencies

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 November 2023

By
Christine K. Chan  and
John E. Arbo
Edited by
Kaushal Shah  and
Jarone Lee
Edited in association with
Clark G. Owyang  and
Benjamin Christian Renne
Kaushal Shah
Affiliation:
Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York
Jarone Lee
Affiliation:
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
Clark G. Owyang
Affiliation:
Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York
Benjamin Christian Renne
Affiliation:
Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
Get access

Summary

Serum sodium (Na) concentration is mediated by free water intake, circulating levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and renal filtration of sodium. Disorders of potassium, especially hyperkalemia, are the most feared electrolyte disorders due to their ability to cause life-threatening cardiac arrhythmia. Release of calcium stores into the circulation is regulated by extracellular calcium concentration, parathyroid hormone (PTH), vitamin D metabolites and calcitonin. Magnesium is one of the most abundant cations in the body and plays a large role in cardiac contractility as well as nerve conduction.

Keywords

electrolyteshyponatremiahypernatremiahypokalemiahyperkalemiahypocalcemiahypercalcemiahypomagnesemiahypermagnesemiahypertonic saline
Type
Chapter
Information
Practical Emergency Resuscitation and Critical Care , pp. 333 - 364
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

al-Ghamdi, SM, Cameron, EC, Sutton, RA. Magnesium deficiency: pathophysiologic and clinical overview. Am J Kidney Dis 1994;24(5):737–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0272-6386(12)80667-6CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braun, M, Barstow, C, Pyzocha, N, et al. Diagnosis and management of sodium disorders: hyponatremia and hypernatremia. AAFP Guidelines, 2015.Google ScholarPubMed
Bullard, Z, Dattero, J, Zimmerman, LH, et al. In-hospital hypocalcemia. Crit Care Med 2019;47:126. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ccm.0000551044.21178.02CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grams, ME, Hoenig, MP, Hoorn, EJ. Evaluation of hypokalemia. JAMA 2021;325(12):1216–1217. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.17672CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levis, JT. ECG diagnosis: hypokalemia. Perm J 2012;16(2):57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pepe, J, Colangelo, L, Biamonte, F, et al. Diagnosis and management of hypocalcemia. Endocrine 2020;69(3):485–495. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-020-02324-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepshelovich, D, Leibovitch, C, Klein, A, et al. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion: distribution and characterization according to etiologies. Eur J Int Med 2015;26(10):819–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejim.2015.10.020CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shepshelovich, D, Schechter, A, Calvarysky, B, et al. Medication-induced SIADH: distribution and characterization according to medication class. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2017;83(8):1801–1807. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.13256CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sood, L, Sterns, RH, Hix, JK, et al. Hypertonic saline and desmopressin: a simple strategy for safe correction of severe hyponatremia. Am J Kidney Dis 2013;61(4):571–578; https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.11.032CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spasovski, G, Vanholder, R, Allolio, B, et al. Hyponatraemia Guideline Development Group. Clinical practice guideline on diagnosis and treatment of hyponatraemia. Eur J Endocrinol 2014;170(3):G1–G47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×