This chapter first lays out some context about the significance of this aspect of transition. Second, it historicises the discussion, in this case around histories of energy production, particularly from the industrial revolution onwards. Third, it explores the political economies of energy production, looking at the shifting role of the state in the energy sector, the rise of power sector reform and the privatisation of the electricity sector in many countries of the world. Fourth, it looks at the ecologies of energy production, both as metaphor for interconnected global production networks that characterise the production of key energy technologies and in relation to assessing the life cycle of energy production and the patterns of ecologically uneven exchange of which they are often part.