In their quest to define and safeguard urban order, regimes across later medieval Italy staked claims on sites that were either understood or promoted as impacting upon communal health and welfare. Magistrates accordingly endowed infrastructures such as streets, sewers, fountains, and walls with life-preserving and life-threatening qualities, and denunciations and litigation concerning their misuse regularly invoked the protection, not only of a general public good (bonum communis), but also of local populations’ health (sanitas hominum). Central, if hardly exclusive, agents bringing offenders to justice in this context were small outfits of ‘works’ or ‘roads’ officials, often known as viarii. In some cases, their remit came to include the maintenance and supervision of urban infrastructures and the right to fine people who appeared to undermine them by creating safety hazards and spreading pollution. To be sure, these efforts were only one aspect of an evolving and multi-pronged approach to urban healthscaping. Yet, while the hiring of communal physicians, the foundation of leprosaria and hospitals, and the implementation of emergency anti-plague measures have won the lion's share of scholarly attention, the somewhat pedestrian routines of Italian viarii provide fresh insights into premodern approaches to public health. From this volume's perspective, moreover, viarii's actions certainly included prosecutions and above all summary judicial procedures, whose role and function in the context of urban policing on the one hand and population-level prophylactic interventions on the other remain understudied.