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1 - Diffusion and its measurement

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 August 2010

William S. Price
William S. Price
Affiliation:
University of Western Sydney
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Summary

Introduction

This chapter introduces the concept of diffusion and other associated forms of translational motion such as flow, together with their physical significance. Measurements of translational motion and their interpretation are necessarily tied to a mathematical framework. Consequently, a detailed coverage of the mathematics, including the partial differential equation known as the diffusion equation, is presented. Finally, the common techniques for measuring diffusion are discussed.

Types of translational motion – physical interpretation and significance

‘Diffusion’ is used in the scientific literature with imprecision and ambiguity as there are a number of types of diffusion. With respect to molecular motion, diffusion is used to denote self-diffusion, mutual diffusion and ‘distinct’ (not in the sense of individual to a species) diffusion coefficients. Confusion arises since, although related and having the same units (i.e., m2s−1), these phenomena are physically distinct. The confusion is exacerbated in the NMR literature with the term ‘spin-diffusion’ which is a distinct NMR cross relaxation – based phenomenon involving the random migration of magnetisation via mutual spin flips in neighbouring nuclei, even though it can be measured using techniques related to those outlined in this book. In this book ‘diffusion’ signifies self-diffusion, which will also be referred to as translational diffusion, although some consideration will be given to mutual diffusion since many of the alternative methods for measuring diffusion, especially those based on scattering, provide information on mutual diffusion which is often compared with the results of NMR measurements of translational diffusion.

Type
Chapter
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NMR Studies of Translational Motion
Principles and Applications
 , pp. 1 - 68
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2009

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