Index
Adamczyk, Kazimierz 146–147
advanced industrial states 23
Allianz Capital 96–97
Allied Irish Bank 96–97
AOAR (Businessman’s Association of Romania) 80–81
Bakurdzhiev, Evgeni 109–110
Bank Gdansky (Poland) 94
Bank Staropolski (Poland) 135
Bank Zachodni (Poland) 96–97
BANU (Bulgarian Agrarian National Union) 141
Basescu, Traian 192–193
BBB (Bulgarian Business Block) 141
BDK (Poland) 96–97
Becali, Gigi 101
Beckert, J. 37–38
Berle, A. A. 57
Berlusconi, Silvio 193
BGZ Cooperative Bank (Poland) 96–97
BIG (Poland) 94
Boc, Emil 192
book plan 24–25
Bozhkov, Aleksandur 108
BPH (Bank Przemyslowo-Handlowy) (Poland) 93–94
Brasco Inc. 146–147
broad business groups 64–65
broad distributive policies 132
BSK (Bank Slaski) (Poland) 95
budget constraints 13
Bulgaria
administrative weakness 191–192
broadly distributive institutions 10
business collective action 70–76
business leaders’ influence 83
capital sources 173
collective action and self-interest 78
direct control struggles 107–110
elite career networks 188
elite network ties 152
embeddedness breadth 152
firms against the state 141–143
firms and political parties 102
GDP in private sector 15–17
hierarchical ownership 127
horizontal ties 123–127
ideological turnover 174
imperial legacies 19–20
informal groups 82–83
lobbying 81–82
national investment funds 105–107
network breadth, effects of 158–164
network ties 113–114
organizations as irrelevant 69
owners by type 89
ownership decentralization 91
ownership types 186–187
path to privatization 102–110
post-transition 191–192
Privatization Act (1992) 102
privatization funds 106
and Russian financial crisis 105
shifting party system 141–143
socialist re-election 102–103
stakeholders 127
state/private mobility of individuals 152
tobacco industry 107–110
transaction law 9
Bulgarian Agrarian People’s Union 142
Bulgarian Industrial Association 81
Bulgarian Industrial Capital Association 81
Bulgarian miracle 108
Bulgarian Social Democratic Party 142
bureaucratic institutions 23
bureaucrats’ careers and influence 25
Business Centre Club 79
business collective action 70–76
business political action 67
businesspeople and politicians 43
BUSORG analysis variable 172–173
Buzek, Jerzy 2
Bykowski, Piotr 135
capital markets development 86–87
career politicians, Poland 45–46
careers
bureaucrats’ careers and influence 25
elite bureaucrats and influence 25
elite networks 145–164
overlapping career paths 56
strategic behaviour 151
Carruthers, B. G. 86–87
case study selection 22–23
CCIR (Romanian Chamber of Commerce) 81
Ceausescu, Nicolae 137
Chimco 145–146
CIGNA 97–98
Cigna STU 146–147
Cimoszewicz, Włodzimierz 135
Ciorbea, Victor 100
civil society role, in democracy 48–49
cluster analysis, and state types 170–175
collective action
between firms and parties 131–144
and broad networks 187
and institutional factors 76–77
and privatization 77
COMPET analysis variable 172–173
competition law 31
competition levels 11
competition policy 175–177
competition problems 37–38
complex adaptive systems 41
concertation, as collective action 131–132
concertation states 25, 84, 164, 167–168
banking reform 179
cluster analysis 172–173
competition policy 175–177
institutional development 187
political party system changes 189–190
rule of law 183
stability 189
uncertainty type 174
conditionality, and reform 11
Confindustria (Italy) 193
contractual governance 64
cooperation problems 37–38
credible commitments 56
cross-ownership 64
cultural legacies 17–21
customer-supplier relations 173
Czech Republic
effectiveness contrast with Albania 168
networks and uncertainty 173
uncertainty type 174
Czerwinski, Roman 146–147
DA (Justice and Truth Alliance) (Romania) 192
DC (Christian Democratic) party (Italy) 193
debt/equity swaps 92
democracy, civil society role 48–49
Democratic Left alliance (Bulgaria) 142
democratic states, institutional development in 167–184
dispute resolution 7
dynamic of insubordination 108
east Asian growth 185
Ecoglasnost Movement (Bulgaria) 142
economic governance, and embeddedness 37
economic policy, and incorporation of networks 30–31
economic/political stakeholders, interaction patterns 84–85
electoral volatility 48
elites
agencies’ role in network structure 11
balance of 87–88
and banks 63
bureaucrats’ careers and influence 25
competition 39
concentrated ownership 67–68
conflict between 37
cooperation between 86–87
coordination of 39–40
dispersed 68–69
elections and personnel movement 150
exchanges between 63
functioning of networks 145–147
individuals’ networks 148–152
in state building 38–39
state leaders’ motivations 35
and state reconception 151
embeddedness 32–33
breadth 152
and economic governance 37
multiple forms of 36–38
of owners 123–127
post-communist lack of 48
state 148
and state policy 151
emerging markets 38–39
employee buyouts 91
employer coordination 58
Energia Invest 145–146
“Enterprise and Bank Financial Restructuring Program” (Poland) 94
EuRoPolgaz 146–147
export sector size 58
external actors, influence of 21–22
factor analysis, and state types 170
Faniţa, Triţa 140
financial capitalism 58
financial transaction regulation 31
firm–firm networks 171
firms
authority structures 58
behavior of 24
business collective action 70–76
in central and eastern Europe 69–76
coalition of 35
collaboration 83
competition policy 175–177
coordination 55
coordinated political action 67
credible commitments 56
director networks 24
German 193–194
hierarchically integrated 64–65
involvement with state 56–57
and legal system 59
network structure types 186–187
and party finance 131–144
and party network density 131–132
in post-communist Europe 69–76
sanitizing 93
state capture 56–57
Ganchev, Georges 141
GDP in private sector 15–17
geographic proximity to West 20
Germany, as concertation state 193–194
government turnover, and rule of law 46–47
“grabbing hand” approach 14
gradualism 11–17
Granovetter, M. S. 40–41
Grzymała-Busse, A. 46–47
guilds tradition 58
Gwiazda, A. 190
IDTURN analysis variable 172–173
Iliescu, Ion 100
Iliescu, Valentin 140
Iliev, Vasil 104
imperial legacy inconsistencies 19–20
industrial capitalism 58
inflation 12
informal coalitions 21–22
information sharing 37
insider interests 13
insider networks 35
institutional bargains 64
institutional capitalism 58
institutional choice 42–43
institutional design 42–43
institutional development 10–11
captured states 183
competition policy 175–177
effects on governance 174–183
effects of networks 40–44
effects of ownership structures 57
in new democracies 167–184
institutional factors, and collective action 76–77
institutions
definition 3
and economic reform 33
financial institutions 45
formal 3
and geography 17–21
hardened 189
and historical legacies 17–22
incomplete 5
market institutions and political struggle 87–88
redistributive consequences 3
selective advantage 3
interaction patterns 84–85
interest groups, and external pressures 22
investment distortions 12
investors 60–62
Italy, as patronage state 193
Jacoby, W. 21–22
k-means cluster analysis 171
Kaczynski brothers 134
Kamela-Sowińska, Aldona 133–134
Kang, D. C. 37
key findings 186–189
Kitschelt, H. 21
Kostov, Georgi 109
Kostova, Elena 106–107
Krackhardt, D. 42
Kremikovtsi 145–146
Kyulev, Emil 104–105
labor mobility 35
labor reallocation/layoffs 12
Law on Campaign Finance (1997) (Poland) 134
leadership coalitions 47
legal regime uncertainty 15
legal systems, inherited 23
Lewandowski, Janusz 136
Lipton, D. 12–13
LMEs (liberal market economies) 33–35
Lukanov, Andre 141
managerial capitalism 58
market institutions and political struggle 87–88
markets and networks 170
Matei Agathon, Dan 138
Means, G. C. 57
Meciar, Valdimir 20
Michailov, Dako 107
Minchev, Ognyan 103
Moore, B. 86
MRF (Turkish Movement for Rights and Freedoms) 141–142
Musetescu, Ovidiu 101
mutual hostages 37
mutual interests 51
mutual monitoring 37
National Gas Company (Bulgaria) 145–146
NEC (National Electric Company) (Bulgaria) 109–110
network advantages 30–31
network breadth, effects of 158–164
network capital sources 172
network reconfigurations 87
network reputational monitoring 194
network-sourced capital 41
networks
acquaintance relationships 41
actors 148–149
businesspeople and politicians 43
and diversity 41–42
effect on institutional development 40–44
elite career networks 145–164
elite individuals 148–152
and external stimuli 87
firm–firm 171
and firms’ behavior 24
and firms’ ownership/director networks 24
functioning of elite networks 48–49
and individials’ ability 42
information sharing 37
inter-firm 32–34
joint memberships 56
and key job movement 149–150
long-term 6–7
and markets 170
mutual monitoring 37
as obstacles to institutions 29
and opportunity 50
overlapping career paths 56
party–society linkage 47–48
personal ties 133–134
personnel network development 153–155
public administration 148–149
reasons for emergence 5
reasons for variations in 5
as resources 11
social network analysis 194–195
and social structures 43
state–economy ties 36–37
strong ties 40
tight 40
types of 6
and violence 8–9
VoC (varieties of capitalism) research literature 32–33
New Generation Party (Romania) 101
NFIs (national investment funds) (Poland) 94
Niculae, Ioan 101
nonmarket modes of coordination 34
North, D. 194–195
Oleksy, Josef 2–3
Orion group 105
outsider stakeholders 13
ownership
broad business groups 64–65
cross-holdings 6
cross-ownership 64–65
decreasing concentration 69
director networks 24
dispersed 68–69
diversified 65
and economic development 86–88
elite 67–68
external stakeholders 58–59
hybrid 85
owners by type 89
and privatization 84
ownership development 88–92
ownership reconfigurations 87
ownership ties 55
ownership types 186–187
Palikot’s Movement (Poland) 190
Patriciu, Dinu 139
patronage states 25, 84, 164, 168
cluster analysis 173
Italy as western European example 193
political elites 183–184
rule of law 183–184
stability 189
Paunescu, Adrian 140
PBG (Poland) 96–97
PBK (Poland) 96
PBKS (Poland) 96–97
PC (Centrum Alliance) (Poland) 134
PC (Conservative Party) (Romania) 192
PDSR (Party of Social Democracy of Romania) 9
PEKAO (Poland) 96–97
personal ties 133–134
personnel network development 153–155
PKN Orlen 146–147
PKO BP 96–97
planning structure collapse 13
PO (Civic Action) (Poland) 190
PO–PSL coalition (Poland) 190
Poland
banks 70, 85, 90–98
centrality 118
foreign 114–116
inefficiency 168–169
key role of 186–187
privatization 93–97
broad organizations 78
broadly devised institutions 7
business associations 72–79
business collective action 70–76
business groups 97–98
business and political left 135
business and political right 135–136
business–party alliances 132–137
and capitalist competition 190–191
career politicians 45–46
Civil Service Law 190
collective action organizations 69
common owners 78
communist influence, post-transition 133
cross-ownership networks 92
debt/equity swaps 92
decentralized structures 94
dispute resolution 41
economic reform 4
effectiveness contrast with Albania 168–169
elite career networks 188
elite network ties 152
embeddedness breadth 152
financial institutions 118
financial law 7
firm networks 118
firms’ collaboration 83
firms’ management and active role of state 190–191
foreign banks 114–116
gas supply and Gazprom 1–3
gas supply and Gudzwaty 1–3
GDP in private sector 15–17
ideological turnover 174
imperial legacies 19–20
industrial policy 133–134
leadership coalitions 47
lobbying 7
long-term networks 6–7
mutual interests 51
narrow networks 148–149
national investment funds 106
network breadth, effects of 158–164
network emergence 29–30
network formation 3–5
network-sourced capital 7
owners by type 89
ownership development 90–91
ownership ties 113–114
ownership transformation 110–116
ownership types 186–187
party finance “arms race” 133–134
party patronage 190
party system volatility 190
party–business alliances 132–137
party–society connections 48–49
path to privatization 92–98
political competition 4–5
political parties and elections 45–46
political party system changes 189–190
politicized appointments 6
post-transition institutions 189–191
redistributive consequences 3
rule of law 183
selective advantage institutions 3
state authority 7
state ownership 118
state–economy connections 190
state firm ownership 118
state/private mobility of individuals 152
uncertainty type 174
Polanyi, K. 37–38
PolGaz Telekom 146–147
policy-making areas 31
Polish Business Roundtable (PRB) 78
Polish Confederation of Employers (KPP) 78
Polish Confederation of Private Employers Leviathan (PKPP) 78
political capitalism 2–3
political and economic elites 24
political economy, literatures in 24
political interference 13–15
political legacies 17–21
political parties
alliances 48
connections to state 48–49
finance “arms race” 133–134
public funding 49
public regulation of 49
rent seeking 49–50
as representative actors 47–48
society connections 47–49
political resources, and lobbying 58
political/economic stakeholders, interaction patterns 84–85
Popescu-Tariceanu, Calin 192
post-communist states, as case studies 23
post-post-socialism 84
price liberalization 12
private economy size 15–17
privatization 4, 12–13
and bureaucracy 15
and collective action 77
and ownership 84
and stakeholders 84
productivity 12
Pruteanu, George 140
PSL (Polish Peasant Party) 190
Purvanov, Georgi 141–142
“red bourgeoisie” 105
reform
compensation costs 14
and conditionality 11
during transition 31–32
EBDR reform index 1–19
influence of state actors 13
and new institutions 33
partial reform 13
political sustainability of 10
relational contracting 34
retail shortages 12
Roman, Petre 99–100
Romania
asset redistribution 98–102
banks 70
bureaucracy and business 51–52
business collective action 70–76
business elites 138
business groups 100–102
business leaders’ influence 83
corruption 138
dominant party election 132
elite career networks 188
elite network ties 152
embeddedness breadth 152
employee buyouts 91
EU trade 99
exports 99
firm networks 118
firms against the state 137–140
firms and political parties 102
foreign investment/ownership 91
GDP in private sector 15–17
and IMF 100
imperial legacies 19–20
imports 99
inflation 99
MPPs (mass privatization programs) 98–100
national investment funds 106
network breadth, effects of 158–164
networks and uncertainty 173
owners by type 89
ownership development 91
ownership, hierarchical 127
ownership types 186–187
path to privatization 98–102
personnel network development 153–155
political defection/migration 140
political instability 192–193
political leadership inertia 192–193
political party finance White Paper 139–140
political party financial statements 137
political party inertia 46
private ownership funds 98–99
RAs (regies autonomes) 99
SOEs (state-owned enterprises) 99
state ownership 118
state ownership funds 98–99
state privatization funds 85
state/private mobility of individuals 152
transition period 9
Sachs, J. 12–13
search theory 40–41
secured transaction policy 179
Severin, Adrian 140
Shervashidze, Nikita 145–146
Shilyashki, Ivan 109–110
shock program 12
SIC 104–105
Simeon II, Tsar (Bulgaria) 103
Smietanko, Andrzej 146–147
social network analysis 194–195
Sofianski, Stefan 142
Solorz-Zak, Zygmunt 97–98
Soskice, D. W. 35
stakeholder groups 87
stakeholder interaction patterns 84–85
Stamboliyski, Aleksandar 142
state borrowing 86–87
state capture 56–57
state embeddedness 148
state leaders, motivations 35
state reconception, and elites 151
state structures, and market construction 150
state–business relations 83
state–economy ties 36–37
Stoichev, Krassimir 104–105
Stoilov, Georgi 109–110
“tabula rasa” approach 48
Tangentopoli scandal (Italy) 193
tax authority inspections 172
TAXINS analysis variable 172–173
Telegraf 134
Tomov, Alexander 108
Tourist Sports Bank (Bulgaria) 104–105
TPSA 3
transnational capital flow 23
TRON group 104–105
Tsvetanov, Tsvetan 191
UDMR (Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania) 192
UGIR (General Union of Romanian Industrialists) 80–81
UGIR-1903 (General Union of Romanian Industrialists 1903) 80–81
uncertainty
and broad networks 187
and business–party alliances 133
and cooperation 131–144
correct balance of 39–40
and elections 186
and elite career networks 145–164
and future 45–47
and institutional development 38–40
and political changes 46–47
and political competition 45–46
and privatization 90
types 174
Ungureanu, Mihai Razvan 192
Unicredito Italiano 96–97
USD (Union of Social Democrats) (Romania) 100
USL (Social-Liberal Union) (Romania) 192
UtdDF (United Democratic Forces) (Bulgaria) 142
valley of transition 31–32
Vasile, Radu 100
VoC (varieties of capitalism) 33–36
voter volatility 48
voter–party attachment 47–48
Wałęsa, Lech 3
Washington Consensus 169
WBK (Wielkopolski Bank Kredytowy) (Poland) 94
weak ties theory 40–41
workout agreements 92
Zhelev, Zhelyu 141
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