NB: These references are also meant to indicate ‘suggested further reading’. I have extensively relied on, without separately noting, general surveys and studies (cf. below, notes 1-6) and on a number of reference works. Whenever I trace the changing semantics of our cultural and political vocabulary, I have made use of the Oxford English Dictionary. For biographical background information, I have made use of the Dictionary of National Biography and of the old Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie. For the details of historical developments, a very useful reference book was Raymond Pearson's The Longman Companion to European Nationalism, 1789-1920 (London: Longman, 1994), now unfortunately out of print. In my summaries or paraphrases from widely known and readily-available primary sources (such as Montesquieu's De l’Esprit des Lois, Fichte's Reden an die deutsche Nation and Wordsworth's Preface to the Lyrical Ballads), I have dispensed with specific source-references; these have been given only in the case of literal quotations. The acronym ERNiE refers to the Encyclopedia of Romantic Nationalism in Europe (2 vols.; Amsterdam University Press, 2018; online at ernie.uva.nl), which has been frequently relied upon.

• 1. The classic authorities in nationalism studies, mentioned here and in the next pages, are Anderson 1983, Breuilly 1993, Gellner 1983, Kedourie 1960, Kohn 1946 and 1967, Hobsbawm 1990, Smith 1971, 1986, 1991, 1998. An excellent survey of the history of nationalism studies is Lawrence 2005. For the debates around Gellner's work and his ‘modernist’ thesis, see also Hall 1998.

• 2. In this respect, the approach applied here is an application of the comparatist specialism of ‘imagology’, the study of cross-cultural perceptions and stereotypes as formulated in literature. For imagology, cf. Dyserinck 1991 and 2015, Beller & Leerssen 2007, and the website imagologica. eu.

• 3. For instance, Agnew 1993 and Bugge 1994 (on Czechia), Alvárez Junco 2001 and Andreu Muralles 2017 (Spain), Balcells 1991 and Samper 2016 (Catalonia), Boyce 1991 (Ireland), Citron 1987 (France), Faensen 1980 and Skendi 1967 (Albania), Sampimon 2006 (Bulgaria), Simonsen 2012 (Faroe Islands), Breuker 2017 (Friesland), Fewster 2006 (Finland), Herzfeld 1986 (Greece), Juaristi 1998 (Basque), Krapauskas 2000 (Lithuania), Lindheim & Luckyj 1996 (Ukraine), Samuel 1989 and 1994-1998 (Britain), Eile 2003 and Walicki 1994 (Poland).