Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Contributors
- Editor's Preface
- Part 1 The mechanism of human facial expression or an electrophysiological analysis of the expression of the emotions
- Preface
- A Introduction
- B Scientific section
- Foreword
- Chapter 5 Anatomical preparations, and portraits of the subjects who underwent electrophysiological experiments
- Chapter 6 The muscle of attention (m. frontalis)
- Chapter 7 The muscle of reflection (superior part of m. orbicularis oculi, that part of the muscle called the sphincter of the eyelids)
- Chapter 8 The muscle of aggression (m. procerus)
- Chapter 9 The muscle of pain (m. corrugator supercilii)
- Chapter 10 The muscles of joy and benevolence (m. zygomaticus major and the inferior part of m. orbicularis oculi)
- Chapter 11 The muscle of lasciviousness (transverse part of m. nasalis)
- Chapter 12 The muscle of sadness (m. depressor anguli oris)
- Chapter 13 The muscles of weeping and whimpering (m. zygomaticus minor and m. levator labii superioris)
- Chapter 14 The muscles complementary to surprise (muscles that lower the mandible)
- Chapter 15 The muscle of fright, of terror (m. platysma)
- Chapter 16 A critical study of several antiquities from the point of view of m. corrugator supercilii and m. frontalis
- C Aesthetic section
- Part 2 Commentary chapters
- Index
Chapter 12 - The muscle of sadness (m. depressor anguli oris)
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 10 November 2010
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Contributors
- Editor's Preface
- Part 1 The mechanism of human facial expression or an electrophysiological analysis of the expression of the emotions
- Preface
- A Introduction
- B Scientific section
- Foreword
- Chapter 5 Anatomical preparations, and portraits of the subjects who underwent electrophysiological experiments
- Chapter 6 The muscle of attention (m. frontalis)
- Chapter 7 The muscle of reflection (superior part of m. orbicularis oculi, that part of the muscle called the sphincter of the eyelids)
- Chapter 8 The muscle of aggression (m. procerus)
- Chapter 9 The muscle of pain (m. corrugator supercilii)
- Chapter 10 The muscles of joy and benevolence (m. zygomaticus major and the inferior part of m. orbicularis oculi)
- Chapter 11 The muscle of lasciviousness (transverse part of m. nasalis)
- Chapter 12 The muscle of sadness (m. depressor anguli oris)
- Chapter 13 The muscles of weeping and whimpering (m. zygomaticus minor and m. levator labii superioris)
- Chapter 14 The muscles complementary to surprise (muscles that lower the mandible)
- Chapter 15 The muscle of fright, of terror (m. platysma)
- Chapter 16 A critical study of several antiquities from the point of view of m. corrugator supercilii and m. frontalis
- C Aesthetic section
- Part 2 Commentary chapters
- Index
Summary
Plates 43, 44, 45
Plate 43: To study the movements, lines, and skin folds produced by the isolated action of m. depressor anguli oris compared with the opposite side, which is in repose, in an old man (also shown in Plates 3, 7, 8, 9, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 37, 38, and 39). On the right, strong electrical contraction of m. depressor anguli oris: disgust. On the left, a relaxed expression.
Plate 44: To study the expressive qualities of maximally contracting both mm. depressor anguli oris in the same subject.
Very strong electrical contraction of mm. depressor anguli oris: disgust.
Plate 45: To study the combined contraction of mm. depressor anguli oris and mm. corrugator supercilii, in the same individual.
Strong electrical contraction of mm. depressor anguli oris and of mm. corrugator supercilii: pain and despair.
Further notes on these plates
Technical details
The localized electrical stimulation of m. depressor anguli oris (M, Plate 1) is performed by positioning the electrodes, as in Plates 43, 44, and 45, over the muscle (2 cm inferior and 1 cm lateral to the angle of the mouth). If the current is so intense as to traverse the thickness of this muscle, it can reach the motor branch that supplies m. mentalis, m. depressor labii inferioris, and m. orbicularis oris, and consequently stimulate all these muscles at once.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Mechanism of Human Facial Expression , pp. 78 - 80Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 1990