Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Preface
- Contents
- 1 The Sources of Algebra
- 2 How to Measure the Earth
- 3 Numerical solution of equations
- 4 Completing the Square through the Millennia
- 5 Adapting the Medieval “Rule of Double False Position” to the Modern Classroom
- 6 Complex Numbers, Cubic Equations, and Sixteenth-Century Italy
- 7 Shearing with Euclid
- 8 The Mathematics of Measuring Time
- 9 Clear Sailing with Trigonometry
- 10 Copernican Trigonometry
- 11 Cusps: Horns and Beaks
- 12 The Latitude of Forms, Area, and Velocity
- 13 Descartes' Approach to Tangents
- 14 Integration à la Fermat
- 15 Sharing the Fun: Student Presentations
- 16 Digging up History on the Internet: Discovery Worksheets
- 17 Newton vs. Leibniz in One Hour!
- 18 Connections between Newton, Leibniz, and Calculus I
- 19 A Different Sort of Calculus Debate
- 20 A ‘Symbolic’ History of the Derivative
- 21 Leibniz's Calculus (Real Retro Calc.)
- 22 An “Impossible” Problem, Courtesy of Leonhard Euler
- 23 Multiple Representations of Functions in the History of Mathematics
- 24 The Unity of all Science: Karl Pearson, the Mean and the Standard Deviation
- 25 Finding the Greatest Common Divisor
- 26 Two-Way Numbers and an Alternate Technique for Multiplying Two Numbers
- 27 The Origins of Integrating Factors
- 28 Euler's Method in Euler's Words
- 29 Newton's Differential Equation ẏ/ẋ = 1 − 3x + y + xx + xy
- 30 Roots, Rocks, and Newton-Raphson Algorithms for Approximating √2 3000 Years Apart
- 31 Plimpton 322: The Pythagorean Theorem, More than a Thousand Years before Pythagoras
- 32 Thomas Harriot's Pythagorean Triples: Could He List Them All?
- 33 Amo, Amas, Amat! What's the sum of that?
- 34 The Harmonic Series: A Primer
- 35 Learning to Move with Dedekind
- About the Editors
1 - The Sources of Algebra
- Frontmatter
- Preface
- Contents
- 1 The Sources of Algebra
- 2 How to Measure the Earth
- 3 Numerical solution of equations
- 4 Completing the Square through the Millennia
- 5 Adapting the Medieval “Rule of Double False Position” to the Modern Classroom
- 6 Complex Numbers, Cubic Equations, and Sixteenth-Century Italy
- 7 Shearing with Euclid
- 8 The Mathematics of Measuring Time
- 9 Clear Sailing with Trigonometry
- 10 Copernican Trigonometry
- 11 Cusps: Horns and Beaks
- 12 The Latitude of Forms, Area, and Velocity
- 13 Descartes' Approach to Tangents
- 14 Integration à la Fermat
- 15 Sharing the Fun: Student Presentations
- 16 Digging up History on the Internet: Discovery Worksheets
- 17 Newton vs. Leibniz in One Hour!
- 18 Connections between Newton, Leibniz, and Calculus I
- 19 A Different Sort of Calculus Debate
- 20 A ‘Symbolic’ History of the Derivative
- 21 Leibniz's Calculus (Real Retro Calc.)
- 22 An “Impossible” Problem, Courtesy of Leonhard Euler
- 23 Multiple Representations of Functions in the History of Mathematics
- 24 The Unity of all Science: Karl Pearson, the Mean and the Standard Deviation
- 25 Finding the Greatest Common Divisor
- 26 Two-Way Numbers and an Alternate Technique for Multiplying Two Numbers
- 27 The Origins of Integrating Factors
- 28 Euler's Method in Euler's Words
- 29 Newton's Differential Equation ẏ/ẋ = 1 − 3x + y + xx + xy
- 30 Roots, Rocks, and Newton-Raphson Algorithms for Approximating √2 3000 Years Apart
- 31 Plimpton 322: The Pythagorean Theorem, More than a Thousand Years before Pythagoras
- 32 Thomas Harriot's Pythagorean Triples: Could He List Them All?
- 33 Amo, Amas, Amat! What's the sum of that?
- 34 The Harmonic Series: A Primer
- 35 Learning to Move with Dedekind
- About the Editors
Summary
Introduction
Nowadays we recognize written algebra by the presence of letters (called variables) standing for unspecified numbers, and especially by the presence of equations involving those letters. These two features—letters and equations—reveal the techniques of algebra, but algebra itself is not these techniques. Rather, algebra consists of problems in which the goal is to find a number knowing certain indirect information about it. If you were told to multiply 7 by 3, then add 26 to the product, you would be doing arithmetic, that is, you would be given not only the data, but also told which operations you must perform (multiplication followed by addition). But if you were asked for a number having the property that if it is multiplied by 3 and 26 is added to the product, the result is 57, you would be facing an algebra problem. In an algebra problem, the operations and some of the data are given to you, but these operations are not for you to perform. Rather, you assume someone else has performed them, and you need to find the number(s) on which they were performed. Using this definition, we can recognize algebra problems in very ancient texts that contain no equations at all.
But how do such problems arise?Why were people interested in solving them? Those are questions that any student who looks beyond the horizon of tomorrow's homework assignment is bound to ask. In the following paragraphs, we shall look at some examples and see if we can answer such questions.
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- Information
- Mathematical Time CapsulesHistorical Modules for the Mathematics Classroom, pp. 1 - 6Publisher: Mathematical Association of AmericaPrint publication year: 2011