Non-verbal communication, often referred to as body language, refers to the myriad of cues and signals we send and receive each and every moment, every day of our lives. A three-month-old baby will reciprocate a smile as the process of communicating begins the moment we are born and our mastery of interpretation and composition grows exponentially over time. As such, we are all experts in communication. It is agreed that some of us are exquisitely sensitive, the majority are at very least aware and competent, while a minority, often due to specific impairments, can struggle. With this in mind, what follows in this section is an appraisal of non-verbal communication, the work that has been carried out to help us understand how we interact, and the signalling, interpretation and dynamic interaction that might help us in managing procedure-induced anxiety (PIA).