Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-84b7d79bbc-g5fl4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-25T20:13:08.991Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 December 2009

Peter W. Price
Affiliation:
Northern Arizona University
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2002

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abrahamson, W. G. (ed.). 1989. Plant–animal interactions. McGraw-Hill, New York
Abrahamson, W. G., and Gadgil, M.. 1973. Growth form and reproductive effort in goldenrods (Solidago, Compositae). Am. Nat. 107: 651–661CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allee, W. C., A. E. Emerson, O. Park, T. Park, and K. P. Schmidt. 1949. Principles of animal ecology. Saunders, Philadelphia
van Alphen, J. J. M., and L. E. M. Vet. 1986. An evolutionary approach to host-finding and selection. pp. 23–61. In J. Waage and D. Greathead (eds.). Insect parasitoids. Academic Press, San Diego
Åman, I. 1984. Oviposition and larval performance of Rhabdophaga terminalis on Salix spp. with special consideration of bud size of host plants. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 35: 129–136CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, M. 1984. The evolution of eusociality. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15: 165–189CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, R. S., Davis, R. B., Miller, N. G., and Stuckenrath, R.. 1986. History of late- and post-glacial vegetation and disturbance around Upper South Branch Pond, northern Maine. Can. J. Bot. 64: 1977–1986CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrewartha, H. G., and L. C. Birch. 1954. The distribution and abundance of animals. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Angevine, M. W., and B. F. Chabot. 1979. Seed germination syndromes in higher plants. pp. 188–206. In O. T. Solbrig, S. Jain, G. B. Johnson, and P. H. Raven (eds.). Topics in plant population biology. Columbia University Press, New York
Anholt, B. R. 1997. How should we test for the role of behaviour in population dynamics?Evol. Ecol. 11: 633–640CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anonymous. 1982. The locust and grasshopper agricultural manual. Center for Overseas Pest Research, London
Arnett, R. H. 1993. American insects: A handbook of the insects of America north of Mexico. Sandhill Crane Press, Gainesville
Auer, C. 1961. Ergebnisse zwölfjähriger quantitativer Untersuchungen der Populationsbewegung des Grauen Lärchenwichlers (Zeiraphera griseana Hb.) im Oberengadin, 1949–1958. Mitt. schweiz. Anst. forstl. Vers. Wes. 37: 175–263Google Scholar
Auerbach, M. J., E. F. Connor, and S. Mopper. 1995. Minor miners and major miners: Population dynamics of leaf-mining insects. pp. 83–110. In N. Cappuccino and P. W. Price (eds.). Population dynamics: New approaches and synthesis. Academic Press, San Diego
Baker, R. R. 1972. Territorial behaviour of the nymphalid butterflies, Aglais urticae (L.) and Inachis io (L.). J. Anim. Ecol. 41: 459–469CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, R. R. 1983. Insect territoriality. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 28: 65–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baker, W. L. 1972. Eastern forest insects. U.S. Dept. Agr. For. Serv. Misc. Pub. 1175. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Bakker, K. 1964. Backgrounds and controversies about population theories and their terminologies. Z. angew. Entomol. 53: 187–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balda, R. P., Kamil, A. C., and Bednekoff, P. A.. 1996. Predicting cognitive capacity from natural history: Examples from four species of corvids. Current Ornithol. 13: 33–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baltensweiler, W. 1968. The cyclic population dynamics of the grey larch tortrix, Zeiraphera griseana Hübner (= Semasia diniana Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). pp. 88–97. In T. R. E. Southwood (ed.). Insect abundance. Symp. R. Entomol. Soc. London 4. Royal Entomological Society, London
Baltensweiler, W., and A. Fischlin. 1988. The larch budmoth in the Alps. pp. 331–351. In A. A. Berryman (ed.). Dynamics of forest insect populations: Patterns, causes, implications. Plenum Press, New York
Banerjee, B. 1979. A key factor analysis of population fluctuations in Andraca bipunctata Walker (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Bull. Entomol. Res. 69: 195–201CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbosa, P., and J. C. Schultz (eds.). 1987. Insect outbreaks. Academic Press, San Diego
Barbosa, P., Krischik, V., and Lance, D.. 1989. Life history traits of forest-inhabiting flightless Lepidoptera. Am. Midl. Nat. 122: 262–274CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barbour, D. A. 1988. The pine looper in Britain and Europe. pp. 291–308. In A. A. Berryman (ed.). Dynamics of forest insects populations: Patterns, causes, implications. Plenum Press, New York
Begon, M., J. L. Harper, and C. R. Townsend. 1996. Ecology: Individuals, populations and communities. Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K.
Bejer, B. 1988. The nun moth in European spruce forests. pp. 211–231. In A. A. Berryman (ed.). Dynamics of forest insect populations: Patterns, causes, implications. Plenum Press, New York
Benson, R. B. 1963. Wear and damage of sawfly saws (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Natulae Entomol. 43: 137–138Google Scholar
Bernays, E. A. 1971a. The vermiform larva of Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal): Form and activity (Insecta, Orthoptera). Z. Morphol. Tiere 70: 183–200Google Scholar
Bernays, E. A. 1971b. Hatching in Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal) (Orthoptera, Acrididae). Acrida 1: 44–60Google Scholar
Bernays, E. A. 1972a. The muscles of newly hatched Schistocerca gregaria larvae and their possible functions in hatching, digging and ecdysial movements (Insecta: Acrididae). J. Zool. Lond. 166: 144–158Google Scholar
Bernays, E. A. 1972b. The intermediate moult (first ecdysis) of Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal). Z. Morphol. Tiere 71: 160–197CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernays, E. A. 1972c. Changes in the first instar cuticle of Schistocerca gregaria before and associated with hatching. J. Insect Physiol. 18: 897–912CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berryman, A. A. 1982. Population dynamics of bark beetles. pp. 264–314. In J. B. Mitton and K. B. Sturgeon (eds.). Bark beetles in North American conifers: A system for the study of evolutionary biology. University of Texas Press, Austin
Berryman, A. A. 1986. Forest insects: Principles and practices of population management. Plenum Press, New York
Berryman, A. A. 1987. The theory and classification of outbreaks. pp. 3–30. In P. Barbosa and J. C. Schultz (eds.). Insect outbreaks. Academic Press, San Diego
Berryman, A. A. (ed.). 1988. Dynamics of forest insect populations: Patterns, causes, implications. Plenum Press, New York
Berryman, A. A. 1991. Population theory: An essential ingredient in pest prediction, management, and policy-making. Am. Entomol. 37: 138–142CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berryman, A. A. 1996. What causes population cycles of forest Lepidoptera?Trends in Ecol. Evol. 11: 28–32CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Berryman, A. A. 1997. On the principles of population dynamics and theoretical models. Am. Entomol. 43: 147–151CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berryman, A. A. 1999. Principles of population dynamics and their application. Stanley Thorne, Cheltenham, U.K.
Berryman, A. A., and Stark, R. W.. 1985. Assessing the risk of forest insect outbreaks. Z. angew. Entomol. 99: 199–208CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berryman, A. A., M. Lima, and B. A. Hawkins. In press. A requiem for density dependence
Betts, E. 1976. Forecasting infestations of tropical migrant pests: The desert locust and the African armyworm. pp. 113–134. In R. C. Rainey (ed.). Insect flight. Symp. R. Entomol. Soc. London 7. Wiley, New York
Birch, L. C. 1958. The role of weather in determining the distribution and abundance of animals. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 22: 203–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blais, J. R. 1952. The relationship of the spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana Clem.) to the flowering condition of balsam fir (Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.)Can. J. Zool. 30: 1–29CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blais, J. R. 1958. Effects of defoliation of spruce budworm on radial growth at breast height of balsam fir and white spruce. For. Chron. 34: 39–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blais, J. R. 1962. Collection and analysis of radial growth data from trees as evidence of past spruce budworm outbreaks. For. Chron. 38: 474–484CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blais, J. R. 1965. Spruce budworm outbreaks in the past three centuries in the Laurentide Park, Quebec. For. Sci. 11: 130–138Google Scholar
Blais, J. R., and Parks, G. H.. 1964. Interaction of evening grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina) and spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) in a localized budworm outbreak treated with DDT in Quebec. Can. J. Zool. 42: 1017–1024CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blais, J. R., and Price, P. W.. 1965. Further evidence of a relationship between spruce budworm and evening grosbeak populations. Can. Dept. For. Bi-monthly Prog. Rep. 21(3): 1Google Scholar
Bodenheimer, F. S. 1925a. On predicting the developmental cycles of insects. ⅰ. Ceratitis capitata, Wied. Bull. Soc. Entomol. Egypte 1924: 149–157Google Scholar
Bodenheimer, F. S. 1925b. Ueber die Voraussage der Generationenzahl von Insekten. ⅱ. Die Temperaturentwicklungskurve bei medizinisch wichtigen Insekten. Zbl. Bakt. i. 93: 474–480Google Scholar
Bodenheimer, F. S. 1926. Ueber die Voraussage der Generationenzahl von Insekten. ⅲ. Die Bedeutung der Klimas für die landwirtschaftliche Entomologie. Z. angew. Entomol. 12: 91–122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodenheimer, F. S. 1927. Über die ökologischen Grenzen der Verbreitung von Calandra oryzae, L., und Calandra granaria, L. Z. Wiss. Insekt Biol. 22: 65–73Google Scholar
Bodenheimer, F. S. 1930. Über die Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Epidemiologie der Insektenkalamitäten. Z. angew. Entomol. 16: 433–450CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonner, J. T. 1965. Size and cycle: An essay on the structure of biology. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Booth, W. C., G. G. Colomb, and J. M. Williams. 1995. The craft of research. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Brokaw, N. V. L. 1985. Treefalls, regrowth, and community structure in tropical forests. pp. 53–69. In S. T. A. Pickett and P. S. White (eds.). The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego
Brown, J. H. 1981. Two decades of homage to Santa Rosalia: Toward a general theory of diversity. Am. Zool. 21: 877–888CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J. H. 1984. On the relationship between abundance and distribution of species. Am. Nat. 124: 255–279CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J. H. 1995. Macroecology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Brown, J. H., and M. V. Lomolino. 1998. Biogeography. 2nd edn. Sinauer, Sunderland
Brown, J. H., and Maurer, B. A.. 1987. Evolution of species assemblages: Effects of energetic constraints and species dynamics on the diversification of North American avifauna. Am. Nat. 130: 1–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, J. H., and Maurer, B. A.. 1989. Macroecology: The division of food and space among species on continents. Science 243: 1145–1150CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bush, G. L. 1975a. Sympatric speciation in phytophagous parasitic insects. pp. 187–206. In P. W. Price (ed.). Evolutionary strategies of parasitic insects and mites. Plenum Press, New York
Bush, G. L. 1975b. Modes of animal speciation. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 6: 339–364CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bush, G. L., and Smith, J. J.. 1998. The genetics and ecology of sympatric speciation: A case study. Res. Popul. Ecol. 40: 175–187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calder, W. A. 1984. Size, function and life history. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Caouette, M. R., and Price, P. W.. 1989. Growth of Arizona rose and attack and establishment of gall wasps Diplolepis fusiformans and D. spinosa (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Environ. Entomol. 18: 822–828CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cappuccino, N., and P. W. Price (eds.). 1995. Population dynamics: New approaches and synthesis. Academic Press, San Diego
Carr, T. G. 1995. Oviposition preference–larval performance relationships in three free-feeding sawflies. Masters thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff
Carr, T. G., Roininen, H., and Price, P. W.. 1998. Oviposition preference and larval performance of Nematus oligospilus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) in relation to host plant vigor. Environ. Entomol. 27: 615–625CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caswell, H. 1988. Theory and models in ecology: A different perspective. Ecological Modelling 43: 33–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, R. F. 1998. The insects: Structure and function. 4th edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Chapman, R. F., and G. A. Sword. 1997. Polyphagy in the Acridomorpha. pp. 183–195. In S. K. Gangwere, M. C. Muralirangan, and M. Muralirangan (eds.). The bionomics of grasshoppers, katydids and their kin. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K.
Chitty, D. 1957. Self-regulation of numbers through changes in viability. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 22: 277–280CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chitty, D. 1960. Population processes in the vole and their relevance to general theory. Can. J. Zool. 38: 99–113CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chitty, D. 1967. The natural selection of self-regulating behaviour in animal populations. Proc. Ecol. Soc. Austral. 2: 51–78Google Scholar
Choe, J. C., and B. J. Crespi (eds.). 1997a. The evolution of mating systems in insects and arachnids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Choe, J. C., and B. J. Crespi (eds.). 1997b. The evolution of social behavior in insects and arachnids. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Clancy, K. M., Price, P. W., and Craig, T. P.. 1986. Life history and natural enemies of an undescribed sawfly near Pontania pacifica (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) that forms leaf galls on arroyo willow, Salix lasiolepis. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 79: 884–892CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clancy, K. M., Price, P. W., and Sacchi, C. F.. 1993. Is leaf size important for a leaf-galling sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)?Environ. Entomol. 22: 116–126CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, L. R., P. W. Geier, R. D. Hughes, and R. F. Morris. 1967. The ecology of insect populations in theory and practice. Methuen, London
Cole, L. C. 1957. Sketches of general and comparative demography. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 22: 1–15CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coley, P. D. 1983. Herbivory and defensive characteristics of tree species in a lowland tropical forest. Ecol. Monogr. 53: 209–233CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coley, P. D., and T. M. Aide. 1991. Comparison of herbivory and plant defenses in temperate and tropical broad-leaved forests. pp. 25–49. In P. W. Price, T. M. Lewinsohn, G. W. Fernandes, and W. W. Benson (eds.). Plant–animal interactions: Evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. Wiley, New York
Coley, P. D., and T. A. Kursar. 1996. Anti-herbivore defenses of young tropical leaves: Physiological constraints and ecological trade-offs. pp. 305–336. In S. S. Mulkey, R. L. Chazdon, and A. P. Smith (eds.). Tropical forest plant ecophysiology. Chapman and Hall, New York
Coley, P. D., Bryant, J. P., and Chapin, F. S.. 1985. Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense. Science 230: 895–899CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Colinvaux, P. 1993. Ecology 2. Wiley, New York
Collins, J. P. 1986. Evolutionary ecology and the use of natural selection in ecological theory. J. Hist. Biol. 19: 257–288CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conlong, D. E. 1990. A study of pest–parasitoid relationships in natural habitats: An aid towards the biological control of Eldana saccharina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in sugar cane. Proc. S. Afr. Sugar Tech. Assoc.June: 111–115Google Scholar
Cornell, H. V., and Hawkins, B. A.. 1995. Survival patterns and mortality sources of herbivorous insects: Some demographic trends. Am. Nat. 145: 563–593CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Courtney, S. P., and T. T. Kibota. 1990. Mother doesn't know best: Selection of hosts by ovipositing insects. pp. 161–188. In E. A. Bernays (ed.). Insect–plant interactions, vol. 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Craig, T. P. 1994. Effects of intraspecific plant variation on parasitoid communities. pp. 205–227. In B. A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan (eds.). Parasitoid community ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Craig, T. P., and Ohgushi, T.. In press. Preference and performance are correlated in the spittlebug, Aphrophora pectoralis (Homoptera: Cercopoidea) on four species of willows. Ecol. Entomol.Google Scholar
Craig, T. P., Price, P. W., and Itami, J. K.. 1986. Resource regulation by a stem-galling sawfly on the arroyo willow. Ecology 67: 419–425CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, T. P., P. W. Price, K. M. Clancy, G. M. Waring, and C. F. Sacchi. 1988a. Forces preventing coevolution in the three trophic level system: Willow, a gall-forming herbivore, and parasitoid. pp. 57–80. In K. Spencer (ed.). Chemical mediation of coevolution. Academic Press, San Diego
Craig, T. P., Itami, J. K., and Price, P. W.. 1988b. Plant wound compounds from oviposition scars used in host discrimination by a stem-galling sawfly. J. Insect Behav. 1: 343–356CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, T. P., Itami, J. K., and Price, P. W.. 1989. A strong relationship between oviposition preference and larval performance in a shoot-galling sawfly. Ecology 70: 1691–1699CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, T. P., Itami, J. K., and Price, P. W.. 1990a. The window of vulnerability of a shoot-galling sawfly to attack by a parasitoid. Ecology 71: 1471–1482CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, T. P., Itami, J. K., and Price, P. W.. 1990b. Intraspecific competition and facilitation by a shoot-galling sawfly. J. Anim. Ecol. 59: 147–159CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, T. P., Price, P. W., and Itami, J. K.. 1992. Facultative sex ratio shifts by a herbivorous insect in response to variation in host plant quality. Oecologia 92: 153–161CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Crespi, B. J., Carmean, D. A., and Chapman, T. W.. 1997. Ecology and evolution of galling thrips and their allies. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 42: 51–71CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cromartie, W. J. 1975a. The effect of stand size and vegetational background on the colonization of cruciferous plants by herbivorous insects. J. Appl. Ecol. 12: 517–533Google Scholar
Cromartie, W. J. 1975b. Influence of habitat on colonization of collard plants by Pieris rapae. Environ. Entomol. 4: 783–784CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danell, K., and Huss-Danell, K.. 1985. Feeding by insects and hares on birches earlier affected by moose browsing. Oikos 44: 75–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Danthanarayana, W. 1983. Population ecology of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Anim. Ecol. 52: 1–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C. 1859. On the origin of species by means of natural selection, or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. John Murray, London
Darwin, C. 1877. The different forms of flowers on plants of the same species. John Murray, London
DeBach, P. (ed.). 1964. Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Reinhold, New York
DeBach, P. 1974. Biological control by natural enemies. Cambridge University Press, London
Deevey, E. S. 1947. Life tables for natural populations of animals. Q. Rev. Biol. 22: 283–314CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dempster, J. P. 1963. The population dynamics of grasshoppers and locusts. Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 38: 490–529CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, J. P. 1982. The ecology of the cinnabar moth, Tyria jacobaeae L. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Adv. Ecol. Res. 12: 1–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, J. P. 1983. The natural control of populations of butterflies and moths. Biol. Rev. 58: 461–481CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, J. P. 1997. The role of larval food resources and adult movement in the population dynamics of the orange-tip butterfly (Anthocaris cardamines). Oecologia 111: 549–556CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempster, J. P., and I. F. G. McLean (eds.). 1998. Insect populations: In theory and in practice. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
den Boer, P. J., and G. R. Gradwell (eds.). 1970. Dynamics of populations. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands
den Boer, P. J., and J. Reddingius. 1996. Regulation and stabilization in population ecology. Chapman and Hall, London
Denno, R. F., and M. S. McClure (eds.). 1983. Variable plants and herbivores in natural and managed systems. Academic Press, San Diego
Denno, R. F., C. Gratton, H. Döbel, and D. L. Finke. In press. Predation risk influences relative strength of top-down and bottom-up impacts in a guild of phytophagous insects
Derrickson, E. M., and Ricklefs, R. E.. 1988. Taxon-dependent diversification of life-history traits and the perception of phylogenetic constraints. Funct. Ecol. 2: 417–423CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dial, K. P., and Marzluff, J. M.. 1988. Are the smallest organisms the most diverse?Ecology 69: 1620–1624CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dingle, H. 1996. Migration: The biology of life on the move. Oxford University Press, New York
Dixon, A. F. G. 1973. Biology of aphids. Edward Arnold, London
Dixon, A. F. G. 1990. Population dynamics and abundance of deciduous tree-dwelling aphids. pp. 11–23. In A. D. Watt, S. R. Leather, M. D. Hunter, and N. A. C. Kidd (eds.). Population dynamics of forest insects. Intercept, Andover, U.K.
Dixon, A. F. G. 1994. Individuals, populations and patterns. pp. 449–476. In S. R. Leather, A. D. Watt, N. J. Mills, and K. F. A. Walters (eds.). Individuals, populations and patterns in ecology. Intercept, Andover, U.K.
Dixon, A. F. G., Kindlmann, P., Leps, J., and Holman, J.. 1987. Why there are so few species of aphids, especially in the tropics. Am. Nat. 129: 580–592CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dobzhansky, T. 1973. Nothing in biology makes sense except in the light of evolution. Am. Biol. Teacher 35: 125–129CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, K. L., and Price, P. W.. 1991a. Life history of the leaf beetle, Disonycha pluriligata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), and host plant relationships with Salix exigua (Salicaceae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 84: 248–254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, K. L., and Price, P. W.. 1991b. Eruptive versus noneruptive species: A comparative study of host plant use by a sawfly, Euura exiguae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) and a leaf beetle, Disonycha pluriligata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entomol. 20: 1129–1133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dodge, K. L., Price, P. W., Kettunen, J., and Tahvanainen, J.. 1990. Preference and performance of the leaf beetle Disonycha pluriligata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Arizona, and comparisons with beetles in Finland. Environ. Entomol. 19: 905–910CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drake, V. A., and A. G. Gatehouse (eds.). 1995. Insect migration: Tracking resources through space and time. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Dreger-Jauffret, F., and J. D. Shorthouse. 1992. Diversity of gall-inducing insects and their galls. pp. 8–33. In J. D. Shorthouse and O. Rohfritsch (eds.). Biology of insect-induced galls. Oxford University Press, New York
Drolet, J., and McNeil, J. N.. 1984. Performance of the alfalfa blotch leaf miner, Agromyza frontella (Rond.) (Diptera: Agromyzidae), on four alfalfa varieties. Can. Entomol. 116: 795–800CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drooz, A. T. 1960. The larch sawfly: Its biology and control. U.S. Dept. Agr. Tech. Bull. 1212: 1–52Google Scholar
Eaton, C. B. 1942. Biology of the weevil, Cylindrocapturus eatoni Buchanan, injurious to ponderosa and Jeffrey pine reproduction. J. Econ. Entomol. 35: 20–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eckhardt, R. C. 1979. The adaptive syndromes of two guilds of insectivorous birds in the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Ecol. Monogr. 49: 129–149CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elkinton, J. S., Healy, W. M., Buonaccorsi, J. P., Boettner, G. H., Hazzard, A. M., Smith, H. R., and Liebhold, A. M.. 1996. Interactions among gypsy moths, white-footed mice, and acorns. Ecology 77: 2332–2342CrossRefGoogle Scholar
English-Loeb, G. M. 1989. Nonlinear responses of spider mites to drought-stressed host plants. Ecol. Entomol. 14: 45–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar
English-Loeb, G. M. 1990. Plant drought stress and outbreaks of spider mites: A field test. Ecology 71: 1401–1411CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faegri, K., and L. van der Pijl. 1971. The principles of pollination ecology. Pergamon Press, Oxford, U.K.
Farrell, B. D. 1998. “Inordinate fondness” explained: Why are there so many beetles?Science 281: 555–559CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farrell, B. D. In press. Evolutionary assembly of the milkweed fauna: Cytochrome oxidase 1 and the age of Tetraopes beetles. Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.18Google Scholar
Farrell, B. D., and C. Mitter. 1993. Phylogenetic determinants of insect/plant community diversity. pp. 253–266. In R. E. Ricklefs and D. Schluter (eds.). Species diversity in ecological communities. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Farrell, B., Mitter, C., and Dussourd, D.. 1991. Macroevolution of plant defense: Do latex/resin secretory canals spur diversification?Am. Nat. 138: 881–900CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fay, P. A., and Whitham, T. G.. 1990. Within-plant distribution of a galling adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae): The consequences of conflicting survivorship, growth and reproduction. Ecol. Entomol. 15: 245–254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feeny, P. P. 1970. Seasonal changes in oak leaf tannins and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding by winter moth caterpillars. Ecology 51: 565–581CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feeny, P. P. 1975. Biochemical coevolution between plants and their insect herbivores. pp. 3–19. In L. E. Gilbert and P. H. Raven (eds.). Coevolution of animals and plants. University of Texas Press, Austin
Feeny, P. P. 1976. Plant apparency and chemical defense. pp. 1–40. In J. W. Wallace, and R. L. Munsell (eds.). Biochemical interaction between plants and insects. Plenum Press, New York
Felsenstein, J. 1985. Phylogenies and the comparative method. Am. Nat. 125: 1–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandes, G. W., and Price, P. W.. 1988. Biogeographical gradients in galling species richness: Tests of hypotheses. Oecologia 76: 161–167CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fernandes, G. W., and P. W. Price. 1991. Comparison of tropical and temperate galling species richness: The roles of environmental harshness and plant nutrient status. pp. 91–115. In P. W. Price, T. M. Lewinsohn, G. W. Fernandes, and W. W. Benson (eds.). Plant–animal interactions: Evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. Wiley, New York
Ferrier, S. M. 1999. The significance of a rare bud-galling sawfly oviposition preference on willow. Masters thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff
Finnegan, R. J. 1959. The pales weevil, Hylobius pales (Hbst.) in southern Ontario. Can. Entomol. 91: 664–670CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnegan, R. J. 1962. The pine root-collar weevil, Hylobius radicis Buch. in southern Ontario. Can. Entomol. 94: 11–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flamm, R. O., R. N. Coulson, and T. L. Payne. 1988. The southern pine beetle. pp. 531–553. In A. A. Berryman (ed.). Dynamics of forest insect populations: Patterns, causes, implications. Plenum Press, New York
Fondriest, S. M., and Price, P. W.. 1996. Oviposition site resource quantity and larval establishment for Orellia occidentalis (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Cirsium wheeleri. Environ. Entomol. 25: 321–326CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fowler, S. V. 1985. Differences in insect species richness and faunal composition of birch seedlings, saplings and trees: The importance of plant architecture. Ecol. Entomol. 10: 159–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frankie, G. W., and D. L. Morgan. 1984. Role of host plant and parasites in regulating insect herbivore abundance, with emphasis on gall-inducing insects. pp. 101–140. In P. W. Price, C. N. Slobodchikoff, and W. S. Gaud (eds.). A new ecology: Novel approaches to interactive systems. Wiley, New York
Fritsch, F. E., and E. Salisbury. 1938. Plant form and function. Bell, London
Fritz, R. S., and Price, P. W.. 1988. Genetic variation among plants and insect community structure: Willows and sawflies. Ecology 69: 845–856CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, R. S., and Price, P. W.. 1990. A field test of interspecific competition on oviposition of gall-forming sawflies on willow. Ecology 71: 99–106CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, R. S., Sacchi, C. F., and Price, P. W.. 1986. Competition versus host plant phenotype in species composition: Willow sawflies. Ecology 67: 1608–1618CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, R. S., Crabb, B. A., and Hochwender, C. G.. 2000. Preference and performance of a gall-inducing sawfly: A test of the plant vigor hypothesis. Oikos 89: 555–563CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furniss, R. L., and V. M. Carolin. 1977. Western forest insects. U.S. Dept. Agr. For. Serv. Misc. Pub. 1339. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Gadgil, M., and Solbrig, O. T.. 1972. The concept of r- and K-selection: Evidence from wild flowers and some theoretical considerations. Am. Nat. 106: 13–31CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gadgil, M., and O. T. Solbrig. 1979
Gagné, R. J. 1989. The plant-feeding gall midges of North America. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
Garland, T., Harvey, P. H., and Ives, A. R.. 1992. Procedures for the analysis of comparative data using phylogenetically independent contrasts. Syst. Biol. 41: 18–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaston, K. J. 1988. Patterns in the local and regional dynamics of moth populations. Oikos 53: 49–57CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaston, K. J. 1994. Rarity. Chapman and Hall, London
Gaston, K. J., and Blackburn, T. M.. 1999. A critique for macroecology. Oikos 84: 353–368CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaston, K. J., and Lawton, J. H.. 1988a. Patterns in the distribution and abundance of insect populations. Nature 331: 709–712CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaston, K. J., and Lawton, J. H.. 1988b. Patterns in body size, population dynamics and regional distribution of bracken herbivores. Am. Nat. 132: 662–680CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaston, K. J., T. R. New, and M. J. Samways (eds.). 1993. Perspectives on insect conservation. Intercept, Andover, U.K.
Gauld, I., and B. Bolton (eds.). 1988. The Hymenoptera. British Museum (Natural History), London
Geri, C. 1988. The pine sawfly in central France. pp. 377–405. In A. A. Berryman (ed.). Dynamics of forest insect populations: Patterns, causes, implications. Plenum Press, New York
Gilbert, L. E. 1975. Ecological consequences of a coevolved mutualism between butterflies and plants. pp. 210–240. In L. E. Gilbert and P. H. Raven (eds.). Coevolution of animals and plants. University of Texas Press, Austin
Gilbert, L. E. 1991. Biodiversity of a Central American Heliconius community: Pattern, process and problems. pp. 403–427. In P. W. Price, T. M. Lewinsohn, G. W. Fernandes, and W. W. Benson (eds.). Plant–animal interactions: Evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. Wiley, New York
Gilpin, M., and I. Hanski (eds.). 1991. Metapopulation dynamics: Empirical and theoretical investigations. Academic Press, San Diego
Godfray, H. C. J. 1994. Parasitoids: Behavioral and evolutionary ecology. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Godfray, H. C. J., and C. B. Müller. 1998. Host–parasitoid dynamics. pp. 135–165. In J. P. Dempster and I. F. G. McLean (eds.). Insect populations: In theory and in practice. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Gould, S. J., and Lewontin, R. C.. 1979. The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proc. R. Soc. B 205: 581–598CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Govindachari, T. R., and G. Suresh. 1997. Phytochemicals in locust and grasshopper management strategies. pp. 407–419. In S. K. Gangwere, M. C. Muralirangan, and M. Muralirangen (eds.). The bionomics of grasshoppers, katydids and their kin. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K.
Green, S. 2001. The caterpillar coin and a cautionary tale. Antenna 25: 157–159Google Scholar
Grime, J. P. 1977. Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. Am. Nat. 111: 1169–1194CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grime, J. P. 1979. Plant strategies and vegetation processes. Wiley, Chichester, U.K.
Grissino-Mayer, H. D. 1996. A 2129-year reconstruction of precipitation for northwestern New Mexico, USA. pp. 191–204. In Tree Rings, Environment, and Humanity: Proceedings of the International Conference, Tucson, Arizona, 17–21 May 1994, Radiocarbon
Grubb, P. J. 1977. The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: The importance of the regeneration niche. Biol. Rev. 52: 107–145CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haack, R. A., and W. J. Mattson. 1993. Life history patterns of North American tree-feeding sawflies. pp. 503–545. In M. Wagner and K. F. Raffa (eds.). Sawfly life history adaptations to woody plants. Academic Press, San Diego
Hanski, I. A., and M. E. Gilpin (eds.). 1997. Metapopulation biology: Ecology, genetics, and evolution. Academic Press, San Diego
Harcourt, D. G. 1969. The development and use of life tables in the study of natural insect populations. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 14: 175–196CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, J. L. 1977. Population biology of plants. Academic Press, London
Harper, J. L. 1982. After description. pp. 11–25. In E. I. Newman (ed.). The plant community as a working mechanism. Blackwell Scientific, Oxford, U.K.
Harper, J. L., and Ogden, J.. 1970. The reproductive strategy of higher plants. I. The concept of strategy with special reference to Senecio vulgaris L. J. Ecol. 58: 681–698CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, S., and N. Cappuccino. 1995. Using density-manipulation experiments to study population regulation. pp. 131–147. In N. Cappuccino and P. W. Price (eds.). Population dynamics: New approaches and synthesis. Academic Press, San Diego
Harvey, P. H., and M. D. Pagel. 1991. The comparative method in evolutionary biology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Hassell, M. P. 1970. Parasite behaviour as a factor contributing to the stability of insect host–parasite interactions. pp. 366–379. In P. J. den Boer and G. R. Gradwell (eds.). Dynamics of populations. Centre for Agricultural Publications and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands
Hassell, M. P. 2000. The spatial and temporal dynamics of host–parasitoid interactions. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Hassell, M. P., and Varley, G. C.. 1969. New inductive population model for insect parasites bearing on biological control. Nature 223: 1133–1137CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hassell, M. P., Crawley, M. J., Godfray, H. C. J., and Lawton, J. H.. 1998. Top-down versus bottom-up and the Ruritanian bean bug. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95: 10661–10664CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkins, B. A. 1988. Species diversity in the third and fourth trophic levels: Patterns and mechanisms. J. Anim. Ecol. 57: 137–162CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hawkins, B. A. 1994. Pattern and process in host–parasitoid interactions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Hawkins, B. A., and Lawton, J. H.. 1987. Species richness for parasitoids of British phytophagous insects. Nature 326: 788–790CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes, J. L. 1981. The population ecology of a natural population of the pierid butterfly Colias alexandra. Oecologia 49: 188–200CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hennig, W. 1950. Grundzüge einer Theorie der phylogenetischen Systematik. Deutscher Zentralverlag, Berlin
Hennig, W. 1966. Phylogenetic systematics. University of Illinois Press, Urbana
Herms, D. A., and Mattson, W. J.. 1992. The dilemma of plants: To grow or defend?Q. Rev. Biol. 67: 301–352CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herms, D. A., and Mattson, W. J.. 1994. Plant growth and defense. Trends Ecol. Evol. 9: 488–489CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirose, Y., Suzuki, I., Takagi, M., Hiehata, K., Yamasaki, M., Kimoto, H., Yamanaka, M., Iga, M., and Yamaguchi, K.. 1980. Population dynamics of the citrus swallowtail Papilio xuthus Linne (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Mechanisms stabilizing its numbers. Res. Popul. Ecol. 21: 260–285CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hjältén, J., and Price, P. W.. 1996. The effect of pruning on willow growth and sawfly population densities. Oikos 77: 549–555CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hjältén, J., and Price, P. W.. 1997. Can plants gain protection from herbivory by association with unpalatable neighbours? A field experiment in a willow-sawfly system. Oikos 78: 317–322CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hodson, A. C. 1941. An ecological study of the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., in northern Minnesota. Tech. Bull. Minn. Agric. Exp. Sta. 148: 1–55Google Scholar
Holdridge, L. R. 1947. Determination of world plant formations from simple climatic data. Science 105: 367–368CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holdridge, L. R. 1967. Life zone ecology. 2nd edn. Tropical Research Center, San José, Costa Rica
Holdridge, L. R., W. C. Grenke, W. H. Hatheway, T. Liang, and J. A. Tosi. 1971. Forest environments in tropical life zones: A pilot study. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Houseweart, M. W., and Kulman, H. M.. 1976. Fecundity and parthenogenesis of the yellowheaded spruce sawfly, Pikonema alaskensis. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 69: 748–750CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, L. O. 1897. A study in insect parasitism: A consideration of the parasites of the white-marked tussock moth, with an account of their habits and interrelations and with descriptions of new species. Tech. Ser. U.S. Dept. Agr. 5: 5–57Google Scholar
Howard, L. O., and Fiske, W. F.. 1911. The importation into the United States of the parasites of the gipsy moth and brown-tail moth. Bull. U.S. Bur. Entomol. 91: 1–344Google Scholar
Howe, H. F., and L. C. Westley. 1986. Ecology of pollination and seed dispersal. pp. 185–215. In M. J. Crawley (ed.). Plant ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U.K.
Howe, H. F., and L. C. Westley. 1988. Ecological relationships of plants and animals. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Hunt, J. H. 1999. Trait mapping and salience in the evolution of eusocial vespid wasps. Evolution 53: 225–237CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunter, A. F. 1991. Traits that distinguish outbreaking and non-outbreaking Macrolepidoptera feeding on northern hardwood trees. Oikos 60: 275–282CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, A. F. 1995a. The ecology and evolution of reduced wings in forest macrolepidoptera. Evol. Ecol. 9: 275–287CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, A. F. 1995b. Ecology, life history, and phylogeny of outbreak and nonoutbreak species. pp. 41–64. In N. Cappuccino and P. W. Price (eds.). Population dynamics: New approaches and synthesis. Academic Press, San Diego
Hunter, M. D. 1990. Differential susceptibility to variable plant phenology and its role in competition between two insect herbivores on oak. Ecol. Entomol. 15: 401–408CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, M. D. 1992a. A variable insect–plant interaction: The relationship between tree budburst phenology and population levels of insect herbivores among trees. Ecol. Entomol. 17: 91–95CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, M. D. 1992b. Interactions within herbivore communities mediated by host plant: The keystone herbivore concept. pp. 287–325. In M. D. Hunter, T. Ohgushi, and P. W. Price (eds.). Effects of resource distribution on animal–plant interactions. Academic Press, San Diego
Hunter, M. D., and Price, P. W.. 1992a. Playing chutes and ladders: Heterogeneity and the relative roles of bottom-up and top-down forces in natural communities. Ecology 73: 724–732Google Scholar
Hunter, M. D., and P. W. Price 1992b. Natural variability in plants and animals. pp. 1–12. In M. D. Hunter, T. Ohgushi, and P. W. Price. (eds.). Effects of resource distribution on animal–plant interactions. Academic Press, San Diego
Hunter, M. D., and Price, P. W.. 1998. Cycles in insect populations: Delayed density dependence or exogenous driving variables?Ecol. Entomol. 23: 216–222CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, M. D., T. Ohgushi, and P. W. Price (eds.). 1992. Effects of resource distribution on animal–plant interactions. Academic Press, San Diego
Hunter, M. D., Varley, G. C., and Gradwell, G. R.. 1997. Estimating the relative roles of top-down and bottom-up forces on insect herbivore populations: A classic study revisited. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 94: 9176–9181CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, G. E. 1957. Concluding remarks. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 22: 415–427CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchinson, G. E. 1965. The ecological theater and the evolutionary play. Yale University Press, New Haven
Inbar, M., Doostdar, H., and Mayer, R. T.. 2001. Suitability of stressed and vigorous plants to various insect herbivores. Oikos 94: 228–235CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Itô, Y., and Miyashita, K.. 1968. Biology of Hyphantria cunea in Japan. V. Preliminary life tables and mortality data in urban areas. Res. Popul. Ecol. 10: 177–209CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, J. B. C., L. W. Buss, and R. E. Cook (eds.). 1985. Population biology and evolution of clonal organisms. Yale University Press, New Haven
Jagsch, A. 1973. Populationsdynamik und Parasitenkomplex der Lärchenminiermotte, Coleophora laricella Hbn., in natürlichen Verbreit ungsgebiet der europäischen Lärche, Larix decidua Mill. Z. angew. Entomol. 73: 1–42CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, C. R., and Boerlijst, M. C.. 2002. Selection at the level of the community: The importance of spatial structure. Trends Ecol. Evol. 17: 83–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, W. T., and H. H. Lyon. 1976. Insects that feed on trees and shrubs: An illustrated practical guide. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
Jones, C. G., Ostfeld, R. S., Richard, M. P., Schauber, E. M., and Wolff, J. O.. 1998. Chain reactions linking acorns to gypsy moth outbreaks and Lyme disease risk. Science 279: 1023–1026CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, T. H., M. P. Hassell, and H. C. J. Godfray. 1997. Host–multiparasitoid interactions. pp. 257–275. In A. C. Gange and V. K. Brown (eds.). Multitrophic interactions in terrestrial systems. Blackwell Science, Oxford, U.K.
Kamata, N. 2000. Population dynamics of the beech caterpillar, Syntypistis punctatella, and biotic and abiotic factors. Popul. Ecol. 42: 267–278CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karban, R. 1987. Herbivory dependent on plant age: A hypothesis based on acquired resistance. Oikos 48: 336–337CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karban, R. 1990. Herbivore outbreaks on only young trees: Testing hypotheses about aging and induced resistance. Oikos 59: 27–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karban, R., and I. T. Baldwin. 1997. Induced responses to herbivory. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Kearsley, M. C., and Whitham, T. G.. 1989. Developmental changes in resistance to herbivory: Implications for individuals and populations. Ecology 70: 422–434CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Key, K. H. L. 1991. Phasmatodea (stick-insects). pp. 394–404. In I. D. Naumann (ed.). The insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. 2nd edn, vol. 1. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
Kidd, N. A. C. 1988. The large pine aphid on Scots pine in Britain. pp. 111–128. In A. A. Berryman (ed.). Dynamics of forest insect populations: Patterns, causes, implications. Plenum Press, New York
Kimberling, D. N., Scott, E. R., and Price, P. W.. 1990. Testing a new hypothesis: Plant vigor and phylloxera distribution on wild grape in Arizona. Oecologia 84: 1–8CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klimetzek, D. 1990. Population dynamics of pine-feeding insects: A historical study. pp. 3–10. In A. D. Watt, S. R. Leather, M. D. Hunter, and N. A. C. Kidd (eds.). Population dynamics of forest insects. Intercept, Andover, U.K.
Klomp, H. 1966. The dynamics of a field population of the pine looper, Bupalus piniarus L. (Lep., Geom.). Adv. Ecol. Res. 3: 207–305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolehmainen, J., Roininen, H., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., and Tahvanainen, J.. 1994. Importance of phenolic glucosides in host selection of shoot galling sawfly, Euura amerinae, on Salix pentandra. J. Chem. Ecol. 20: 2455–2466CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kopelke, J.-P. 1982. Die gallenbildenden Pontania-Arten—ihre Sonderstellung unter den Blattwespen. Teil I: Gallenbildung, Entwicklung und Phänologie. Natur und Museum 112: 356–365Google Scholar
Kopelke, J.-P. 1988. Zur Biologie und Ökologie der Arten des Brutparasiten-Parasitoiden–Komplexes von gallenbildenden Blattwespen der Gattung Pontania (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Mitt. dtsch. Ges. allg. angew. Entomol. 6: 150–155Google Scholar
Kopelke, J.-P. 1994. Die Arten der Pontania dolichura-Gruppe in Mittel- und Nordeuropa (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae: Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biol. 74: 127–145Google Scholar
Kopelke, J.-P. 2000. Euura auritae sp.n – ein neuer Gallenerzeuger der atra-Gruppe in Europa (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biol. 80: 159–163Google Scholar
Kopelke, J.-P. 2001. Die Artengruppen von Euura mucronata und E. laeta in Europa (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Tenthredinidae, Nematinae). Senckenbergiana Biol. 81: 191–225Google Scholar
Koricheva, J., Larsson, S., and Haukioja, E.. 1998. Insect performance on experimentally stressed woody plants: A meta-analysis. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 43: 195–216CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kozlov, M. V. In press. Density fluctuations of the leafminer Phyllonorycter strigulatella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in the imapct zone of a power plant. Environ. PollutionGoogle Scholar
Kozlov, M. V., S. Koponen, J. Konki, P. Niemalä, and P. W. Price. In press. Larval food and feeding habit contribute to periodicity and magnitude of density fluctuations in subarctic forest moths
Krebs, C. J. 1994. Ecology: The experimental analysis of distribution and abundance. 4th edn. Harper Collins, New York
Krebs, C. J. 1995. Two paradigms of population regulation. Wildlife Res. 22: 1–10CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krebs, C. J. 1999. Ecological methodology. 2nd edn. Addison-Wesley, Menlo Park
Kuhn, T. S. 1962. The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Kunin, W. E., and Gaston, W. J.. 1993. The biology of rarity: Patterns, causes and consequences. Trends Ecol. Evol. 8: 298–301CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lack, D. 1946. Clutch and brood size in the robin. Brit. Birds 39: 98–109, 130-135Google Scholar
Lack, D. 1947a. The significance of clutch-size in the partridge (Perdix perdix). J. Anim. Ecol. 16: 19–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lack, D. 1947b. The significance of clutch size. Ibis 89: 302–352CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lack, D. 1948a. The significance of clutch size. Ibis 90: 25–45CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lack, D. 1948b. Further notes on clutch and brood size in the robin. Brit. Birds 41: 98–104, 130–137Google Scholar
Lack, D. 1948c. The significance of litter-size. J. Anim. Ecol. 17: 45–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lack, D. 1954. The natural regulation of animal numbers. Oxford University Press, London
Långström, B. 1980. Distribution of pine shoot beetle attacks within the crown of Scots pine. Stadia Forestalia Suecica 154: 1–25Google Scholar
Larsson, S. 1989. Stressful times for the plant stress–insect performance hypothesis. Oikos 56: 277–283CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larsson, S., C. Björkman, and N. A. C. Kidd. 1993. Outbreaks of diprionid sawflies: Why some species and not others? pp. 453–483. In M. Wagner and K. F. Raffa (eds.). Sawfly life history adaptations to woody plants. Academic Press, San Diego
Lawton, J. H. 1983. Plant architecture and the diversity of phytophagous insects. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 28: 23–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawton, J. H. 1990. Species richness and population dynamics of animal assemblages: Patterns in body size: abundance space. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 330: 283–291CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawton, J. H. 1991. Species richness, population abundances, and body sizes in insect communities: Tropical versus temperate comparisons. pp. 71–89. In P. W. Price, T. M. Lewinsohn, G. W. Fernandes, and W. W. Benson (eds.). Plant–animal interactions: Evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. Wiley, New York
Lawton, J. H. 1992. There are not 10 million kinds of population dynamics. Oikos 63: 337–338CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawton, J. H. 1999. Are there general laws in ecology?Oikos 84: 177–192CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawton, J. H. 2000. Community ecology in a changing world. Ecology Institute, Oldendorf/Luhe, Germany
Lawton, J. H., and Price, P. W.. 1979. Species richness of parasites on hosts: Agromyzid flies on the British Umbelliferae. J. Anim. Ecol. 48: 619–637CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawton, J. H., and Schroder, D.. 1977. Effects of plant type, size of geographical range and taxonomic isolation on number of insect species associated with British plants. Nature 265: 137–140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawton, J. H., and D. Schroder. 1978. Some observations on the structure of phytophagous insect communities: The implications for biological control. pp. 57–73. In Proc. 4th Int. Symp. Biol. Control Weeds. University of Florida Press, Gainesville
Leyva, K. J., Clancy, K. M., and Price, P. W.. 2000. Oviposition preference and larval performance of the western spruce budworm (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Environ. Entomol. 29: 281–289CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leyva, K. J., Clancy, K. M., and Price, P. W.. In press. Oviposition strategies employed by the western spruce budworm: Tests of predictions from the phylogenetic constraints hypothesis. Agri. For. EntomolGoogle Scholar
Liebhold, A., and Kamata, N.. 2000. Population dynamics of forest-defoliating insects. Popul. Ecol. 42: 205–209CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebhold, A., Elkinton, J., Williams, D., and Muzika, R.-M.. 2000. What causes outbreaks of the gypsy moth in North America?Popul. Ecol. 42: 257–266CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lightfoot, D. C., and Whitford, W. G.. 1987. Variation in insect densities on desert creosote bush: Is nitrogen a factor?Ecology 68: 547–557CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ligon, J. D. 1993. The role of phylogenetic history in the evolution of contemporary avian mating and parental care systems. Current Ornithol. 10: 1–46Google Scholar
Lockwood, J. A. 2001. Voices from the past: What we can learn from the Rocky Mountain Locust. Am. Entomol. 47: 208–215CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lockwood, J. A., and A. B. Ewen. 1997. Biological control of rangeland grasshoppers and locusts. pp. 421–442. In S. K. Gangwere, M. C. Muralirangan, and M. Muralirangen (eds.). The bionomics of grasshoppers, katydids and their kin. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K.
Lotka, A. J. 1924. Elements of physical biology. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore
Lumley, J. S. P., and W. Benjamin. 1994. Research: Some ground rules. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
MacArthur, R. H. 1962. Some generalized theorems of natural selection. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 48: 1893–1897CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
MacArthur, R. H. 1972a. Geographical ecology: Patterns in the distribution of species. Harper and Row, New York
MacArthur, R. H. 1972b. Coexistence of species. pp. 253–259. In J. Behnke (ed.). Challenging biological problems. Oxford University Press, New York
MacArthur, R. H., and E. O. Wilson. 1967. The theory of island biogeography. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Maddison, W. P. 1990. A method for testing the correlated evolution of two binary characters: Are gains or losses concentrated on certain branches of a phylogenetic tree?Evolution 44: 539–557CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malthus, T. R. 1798. An essay on the principle of population as it affects the future improvement of society. Johnson, London
Manson-Bahr, P. 1963. The story of malaria: The drama and the actors. Int. Rev. Trop. Med. 2: 329–390Google Scholar
Marques, R. S. A., Marques, E. S. A., and Price, P. W.. 1994. Female behavior and oviposition choices by an eruptive herbivore, Disonycha pluriligata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Entomol. 23: 887–892CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martin, J. L. 1956. The bionomics of the aspen blotch miner, Lithocolletis salicifoliella Cham. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). Can. Entomol. 88: 155–168CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martins, E. P. (ed.). 1996. Phylogenies and the comparative method in animal behavior. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Marzluff, J. M., and Dial, K. P.. 1991. Life history correlates of taxonomic diversity. Ecology 72: 428–439CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mason, R. R. 1987. Nonoutbreak species of forest Lepidoptera. pp. 31–57. In P. Barbosa and J. C. Schultz (eds.). Insect outbreaks. Academic Press, San Diego
Mason, R. R., and B. E. Wickman. 1988. The Douglas-fir tussock moth in the interior Pacific Northwest. pp. 179–209. In A. A. Berryman (ed.). Dynamics of forest insect populations: Patterns, causes, implications. Plenum Press, New York
Mattson, W. J. 1980. Cone resources and the ecology of the red pine cone beetle, Conophthorus resinosae (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 73: 390–396CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mattson, W. J., G. A. Simmons, and J. A. Witter. 1988. The spruce budworm in eastern North America. pp. 309–330. In A. A. Berryman (ed.). Dynamics of forest insect populations: Patterns, causes, implications. Plenum Press, New York
Mattson, W. J., P. Niemalä, I. Millers, and Y. Inguanzo. 1994. Immigrant phytophagous insects on woody plants in the United States and Canada: An annotated list. U.S. Dept. Agr. For. Serv. N. Central For. Expt. St. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-169: 1–27
Mayr, E. 1961. Cause and effect in biology. Science 134: 1501–1506CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayr, E. 1982. The growth of biological thought: Diversity, evolution, and inheritance. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge
McClure, M. S. 1988. The armored scales of hemlock. pp. 45–65. In A. A. Berryman (ed.). Dynamics of forest insect populations: Patterns, causes, implications. Plenum Press, New York
McKitrick, M. C. 1993. Phylogenetic constraint in evolutionary theory: Has it any explanatory power?Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 24: 307–330CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, J. M. 1970. The epidemiology of the Swaine jack-pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd. Forest Chron. 46: 126–133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLeod, J. M. 1972. The Swaine jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei, life system: Evaluating the long-term effects of insecticide applications in Quebec. Environ. Entomol. 1: 371–381CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McPeek, M. A. 1995. Testing hypotheses about evolutionary change on single branches of a phylogeny using evolutionary contrasts. Am. Nat. 145: 686–703CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meijden, E. van der, R. M. Nisbet, and M. J. Crawley. 1998. The dynamics of a herbivore–plant interaction, the cinnabar moth and ragwort. pp. 291–308. In J. P. Dempster and I. F. G. McLean (eds.). Insect populations in theory and in practice. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Mendonça, M. de S. 2001. Galling insect diversity patterns: The resource synchronization hypothesis. Oikos 95: 171–176Google Scholar
Menges, E. S., and Kohfeldt, N.. 1995. Life history strategies of Florida scrub plants in relation to fire. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 122: 282–297CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menzel, P., and F. D'Aluisio. 1998. Man eating bugs: The art and science of eating insects. Ten Speed Press, Berkeley
Metcalf, R. L., and E. R. Metcalf. 1992. Plant kairomones in insect ecology and control. Chapman and Hall, New York
Metcalf, R. L., and R. A. Metcalf. 1993. Destructive and useful insects: Their habits and control. 5th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York
Miller, C. A. 1958. The measurement of spruce budworm populations and mortality during the first and second larval instars. Can. J. Zool. 36: 409–422CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, C. A. 1963. The spruce budworm. pp. 12–19. In R. F. Morris (ed.). The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 31. Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa
Miller, C. A. 1966. The black-headed budworm in eastern Canada. Can. Entomol. 98: 592–613CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milne, A. 1957a. The natural control of insect populations. Can. Entomol. 89: 193–213CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milne, A. 1957b. Theories of natural control of insect populations. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 22: 253–267CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milne, A. 1962. On a theory of natural control of insect population. J. Theoret. Biol. 3: 19–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, E. R. 1979. Migration by Spodoptera exigua and S. frugiperda, North American style. pp. 386–393. In R. L. Rabb and G. G. Kennedy (eds.). Movement of highly mobile insects: Concepts and methodology in research. North Carolina State University Press, Raleigh
Mitter, C., Farrell, B., and Wiegmann, B.. 1988. The phylogenetic study of adaptive zones: Has phytophagy promoted insect diversification?Am. Nat. 132: 107–128CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitter, C., Farrell, B., and Futuyma, D. J.. 1991. Phylogenetic studies of insect–plant interactions: Insights into the genesis of diversity. Trends Ecol. Evol. 6: 290–293CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mook, L. J. 1963. Birds and the spruce budworm. pp. 268–271. In R. M. Morris (ed.). The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 31. Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa
Mopper, S., and Whitham, T.. 1986. Natural bonsai of Sunset Crater. Nat. Hist. 95: 42–47Google Scholar
Morgan, F. D., and G. S. Taylor. 1988. The white lace lerp in southeastern Australia. pp. 129–140. In A. A. Berryman (ed.). Dynamics of forest insect populations: Patterns, causes, implications. Plenum Press, New York
Morrill, W. L., Gabor, J. W., Weaver, D. K., Kushnak, G. D., and Irish, N. J.. 2000. Effect of host plant quality on the sex ratio and fitness of female wheat stem sawflies (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Environ. Entomol. 29: 195–199CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R. F. 1955. The development of sampling techniques for forest insect defoliators, with particular reference to the spruce budworm. Can. J. Zool. 33: 225–294CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R. F. 1959. Single-factor analysis in population dynamics. Ecology 40: 580–588CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R. F. 1960. Sampling insect populations. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 5: 243–264CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R. F. 1963a. Predictive population equations based on key factors. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 32: 16–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R. F. (ed.). 1963b. The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 31. Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa
Morris, R. F. 1969. Approaches to the study of population dynamics. pp. 9–28. In W. E. Waters (ed.). Forest insect population dynamics. U.S. Dept. Agr. For. Serv. Res. Paper NE-125. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
Morris, R. F., and Miller, C. A.. 1954. The development of life tables for the spruce budworm. Can. J. Zool. 32: 283–301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mott, D. G. 1963. The analysis of survival in small larvae in the unsprayed area. pp. 42–52. In R. F. Morris (ed.). The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 31. Entomological Society of Canada, Ottawa
Mulkey, S. S., R. L. Chazdon, and A. P. Smith (eds.). 1996. Tropical forest plant ecophysiology. Chapman and Hall, New York
Munster-Swendsen, M. 1985. A simulation study of primary, clepto- and hyper-parasitism in Epinotia tedella (Cl.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). J. Anim. Ecol. 54: 683–695CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murdoch, W. W. 1994. Population regulation in theory and practice. Ecology 75: 271–287CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, J. H. 1988. Can a general hypothesis explain population cycles of forest Lepidoptera?Adv. Ecol. Res. 18: 179–242CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, J. H. 2000. Population fluctuations of the western tent caterpillar in southwestern British Columbia. Popul. Ecol. 42: 231–241CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nealis, V. G., and Lomic, P. V.. 1994. Host-plant influence on the population ecology of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Ecol. Entomol. 19: 367–373CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neilsen, M. M., and Morris, R. F.. 1964. The regulation of European spruce sawfly numbers in the Maritime Provinces of Canada from 1937–1963. Can. Entomol. 96: 773–784CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, A. J. 1933. The balance of animal populations. J. Anim. Ecol. 2: 132–178CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, A. J. 1954. An outline of the dynamics of animal populations. Austral. J. Zool. 2: 9–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, A. J. 1957. The self-adjustment of populations to change. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 22: 153–172CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicholson, A. J., and Bailey, V. A.. 1935. The balance of animal populations. Part I. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1935: 551–598CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niemalä, P., and Haukioja, E.. 1982. Seasonal patterns in species richness of herbivores: Macrolepidopteran larvae on Finnish deciduous trees. Ecol. Entomol. 7: 169–175CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niklas, K. J., and O'Rourke, T. D.. 1982. Growth patterns of plants that maximize vertical growth and minimize internal stresses. Am. J. Bot. 69: 1367–1375CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordlund, D. A., R. L. Jones, and W. J. Lewis (eds.). 1981. Semiochemicals: Their role in pest control. Wiley, New York
Nothnagle, P. J., and J. C. Schultz. 1987. What is a forest pest? pp. 59–80. In P. Barbosa and J. C. Schultz (eds.). Insect outbreaks. Academic Press, San Diego
Nyman, T. 2000a. Introduction. pp. 7–39. In T. Nyman (ed.). Phylogeny and ecological evolution of gall-inducing sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). PhD thesis, University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland
Nyman, T. 2000b. The willow bud galler Euura mucronata Hartig (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae): One polyphage or many monophages? Article III, pp. 1–12. In T. Nyman (ed.). Phylogeny and ecological evolution of gall-inducing sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). PhD thesis, University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland
Nyman, T., Roininen, H., and Vuorinen, J. A.. 1998. Evolution of different gall types in willow-feeding sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Evolution 52: 465–474CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyman, T., Widmer, A., and Roininen, H.. 2000. Evolution of gall morphology and host-plant relationships in willow-feeding sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Evolution 54: 526–533CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Odum, E. P. 1959. Fundamentals of ecology. Saunders, Philadelphia
Okuda, S., and Yukawa, J.. 2000. Life history strategy of Tokiwadiplosis matecola (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) relying upon the lammas shoots of Lithocarpus edulis (Fagaceae). Entomol. Sci. 3: 47–56Google Scholar
Ohgushi, T. 1995. Adaptive behavior produces stability in herbivorous lady beetle populations. pp. 303–319. In N. Cappuccino and P. W. Price (eds.). Population dynamics: New approaches and synthesis. Academic Press, San Diego
Orians, G. H. 1962. Natural selection and ecological theory. Am. Nat. 96: 257–263CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paine, T. D., Raffa, K. F., and Harrington, T. C.. 1997. Interactions among scolytid bark beetles, their associated fungi, and live host conifers. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 42: 179–206CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearl, R., and Miner, J. R.. 1935. Experimental studies on the duration of life. XIV. The comparative mortality of certain lower organisms. Q. Rev. Biol. 10: 60–79CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearl, R., and Parker, S. L.. 1921. Experimental studies on the duration of life. I. Introductory discussion of the duration of life in Drosophila. Am. Nat. 55: 481–509CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearl, R., and Reed, L. J.. 1920. On the rate of growth of the population of the United States since 1790 and its mathematical representation. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 6: 275–288CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peters, R. H. 1983. The ecological implications of body size. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Pfadt, R. E. 1988. Field guide to common western grasshoppers. U.S. Dept. Agr., APHIS Wyoming Expt. Stat. Bull. 912
Pickett, S. T. A., and P. S. White (eds.). 1985. The ecology of natural disturbance and patch dynamics. Academic Press, San Diego
Pickett, S. T. A., J. Kolasa, and C. G. Jones. 1994. Ecological understanding: The nature of theory and the theory of nature. Academic Press, San Diego
Pierce, W. D., Cushman, R. A., and Hood, C. E.. 1912. The insect enemies of the cotton boll weevil. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Entomol. Bull. 100: 1–99Google Scholar
Pimm, S. L. 1984. Food chains and return times. pp. 397–412. In D. R. Strong, D. Simberloff, L. G. Abele, and A. B. Thistle (eds.). Ecological communities: Conceptual issues and the evidence. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Pires, C. S. S. 1998. Influence of the host plant on the population dynamics of the spittlebug Deois flavopicta. PhD dissertation, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff
Pires, C. S. S., and Price, P. W.. 2000. Patterns of host plant growth and attack and establishment of gall-inducing wasp (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae). Environ. Entomol. 29: 49–54CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pires, C. S. S., Price, P. W., and Fontes, E. G.. 2000. Preference–performance linkage in the neotropical spittlebug Deois flavopicta, and its relation to the phylogenetic constraints hypothesis. Ecol. Entomol. 25: 71–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platt, J. R. 1964. Strong inference. Science 146: 347–353CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pollard, E. 1979. Population ecology and change in range of the white admiral butterfly Ladoga camilla in England, U.K.Ecol. Entomol. 4: 61–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prada, M., Marini-Filho, O. J., and Price, P. W.. 1995. Insects in flower heads of Aspilia foliacea (Asteraceae) after a fire in a central Brazilian savanna: Evidence for the plant vigor hypothesis. Biotropica 27: 513–518CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preszler, R. W., and Price, P. W.. 1988. Host quality and sawfly populations: A new approach to life table analysis. Ecology 69: 2012–2020CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preszler, R. W., and Price, P. W.. 1995. A test of plant-vigor, plant stress, and plant-genotype effects on leaf-miner oviposition and performance. Oikos 74: 485–492CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W. 1973. Reproductive strategies in parasitoid wasps. Am. Nat. 107: 684–693CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W. 1974. Strategies for egg production. Evolution 28: 76–84CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Price, P. W. 1975. Reproductive strategies of parasitoids. p. 87–111. In P. W. Price (ed.). Evolutionary strategies of parasitic insects and mites. Plenum Press, New York
Price, P. W. 1980. Evolutionary biology of parasites. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Price, P. W. 1988. Inversely density-dependent parasitism: The role of plant refuges for hosts. J. Anim. Ecol. 57: 89–96CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W. 1989. Clonal development of coyote willow, Salix exiguae (Salicaceae), and attack by the shoot-galling sawfly, Euura exiguae (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Environ. Entomol. 18: 61–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W. 1990a. Evaluating the role of natural enemies in latent and eruptive species: New approaches to life table construction. pp. 221–232. In A. D. Watt, S. R. Leather, M. D. Hunter, and N. A. C. Kidd (eds.). Population dynamics of forest insects. Intercept, Andover, U.K.
Price, P. W. 1990b. Insect herbivore population dynamics: Is a new paradigm available?Symp. Biol. Hung. 39: 177–190Google Scholar
Price, P. W. 1991a. Darwinian methodology and the theory of insect herbivore population dynamics. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 84: 465–473CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W. 1991b. Evolutionary theory of host and parasitoid interactions. Biol. Control. 1: 83–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W. 1991c. The plant vigor hypothesis and herbivore attack. Oikos 62: 244–251CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W. 1991d. Patterns in communities along latitudinal gradients. pp. 51–69. In P. W. Price, T. M. Lewinsohn, G. W. Fernandes, and W. W. Benson (eds.). Plant–animal interactions: Evolutionary ecology in tropical and temperate regions. Wiley, New York
Price, P. W. 1992a. Evolution and ecology of gall-inducing sawflies. pp. 208–224. In J. D. Shorthouse and O. Rohfritsch (eds.). Biology of insect-induced galls. Oxford University Press, New York
Price, P. W. 1992b. Plant resources as a mechanistic basis for insect herbivore population dynamics. pp. 139–173. In M. D. Hunter, T. Ohgushi, and P. W. Price (eds.). Effects of resource distribution on animal–plant interactions. Academic Press, San Diego
Price, P. W. 1994a. Evolution of parasitoid communities. pp. 472–491. In B. A. Hawkins and W. Sheehan (eds.). Parasitoid community ecology. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Price, P. W. 1994b. Phylogenetic constraints, adaptive syndromes, and emergent properties: From individuals to population dynamics. Res. Popul. Ecol. 36: 3–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W. 1997. Insect ecology. 3rd edn. Wiley, New York
Price, P. W. 2002. Resource-driven terrestrial interaction webs. Ecol. Res. 17: 241–247CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W., and Carr, T. G.. 2000. Comparative ecology of membracids and tenthredinids in a macroevolutionary context. Evol. Ecol. Res. 2: 645–665Google Scholar
Price, P. W., and Clancy, K. M.. 1986a. Multiple effects of precipitation on Salix lasiolepis and populations of the stem-galling sawfly, Euura lasiolepis. Ecol. Res. 1: 1–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W., and Clancy, K. M.. 1986b. Interactions among three trophic levels: Gall size and parasitoid attack. Ecology 67: 1593–1600CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W., and Craig, T. P.. 1984. Life history, phenology, and survivorship of a stem-galling sawfly, Euura lasiolepis (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), on the arroyo willow, Salix lasiolepis, in northern Arizona. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 77: 712–719CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W., and Gerling, D.. In press. Complex architecture of Tamarix nilotica and resource utilization by the spindle-gall moth Amblypalpis olivierella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). Israel J. EntomolGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W., and Ohgushi, T.. 1995. Preference and performance linkage in a Phyllocolpa sawfly on the willow, Salix miyabeana, on Hokkaido. Res. Popul. Ecol. 37: 23–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W., and Pschorn-Walcher, H.. 1988. Are galling insects better protected against parasitoids than exposed feeders? A test using tenthredinid sawflies. Ecol. Entomol. 13: 195–205CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W., and H. Roininen. 1993. The adaptive radiation in gall induction. pp. 229–257. In M. R. Wagner and K. F. Raffa (eds.). Sawfly life history adaptations to woody plants. Academic Press, San Diego
Price, P. W., Bouton, C. E., Gross, P., McPherson, B. A., Thompson, J. N., and Weis, A. E.. 1980. Interactions among three trophic levels: Influence of plants on interactions between insect herbivores and natural enemies. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11: 41–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W., Fernandes, G. W., and Waring, G. L.. 1987a. Adaptive nature of insect galls. Environ. Entomol. 16: 15–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W., Roininen, H., and Tahvanainen, J.. 1987b. Plant age and attack by the bud galler, Euura mucronata. Oecologia 73: 334–337CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W., Roininen, H., and Tahvanainen, J.. 1987c. Why does the bud-galling sawfly, Euura mucronata, attack long shoots?Oecologia 74: 1–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W., Waring, G. L., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., Tahvanainen, J., Mooney, H. A., and Craig, T. P.. 1989. The carbon–nutrient balance hypothesis in within species phytochemical variation of Salix lasiolepis. J. Chem. Ecol. 15: 1117–1131CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Price, P. W., N. Cobb, T. P. Craig, G. W. Fernandes, J. K. Itami, S. Mopper, and R. W. Preszler. 1990. Insect herbivore population dynamics on trees and shrubs: New approaches relevant to latent and eruptive species and life table development. pp. 1–38. In E. A. Bernays (ed.). Insect–plant interactions, vol. 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Price, P. W., K. M. Clancy, and H. Roininen. 1994. Comparative population dynamics of the galling sawflies. pp. 1–11. In P. W. Price, W. J. Mattson, and Y. N. Baranchikov (eds.). Ecology and evolution of gall-forming insects. U.S. Dept. Agr. For. Serv. N. Central For. Expt. Sta. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-174
Price, P. W., T. P. Craig, and H. Roininen. 1995a. Working toward theory on galling sawfly population dynamics. pp. 321–338. In N. Cappuccino and P. W. Price (eds.). Population dynamics: New approaches and synthesis. Academic Press, San Diego
Price, P. W., Andrade, I., Pires, C., Sujii, E., and Vieira, E. M.. 1995b. Gradient analysis using plant modular structure: Pattern in plant architecture and insect herbivore utilization. Environ. Entomol. 24: 497–505CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W., Roininen, H., and Tahvanainen, J.. 1997. Willow tree shoot module length and the attack and survival pattern of a shoot-galling sawfly, Euura atra (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Entomol. Fennica 8: 113–119Google Scholar
Price, P. W., T. P. Craig, and M. D. Hunter. 1998a. Population ecology of a gall-inducing sawfly, Euura lasiolepis, and relatives. pp. 323–340. In J. P. Dempster and I. F. G. McLean (eds.). Insect populations: In theory and in practice. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Price, P. W., Fernandes, G. W., Lara, A. C. F., Brawn, J., Barrios, H., Wright, M. G., Ribeiro, S. P., and Rothcliff, N.. 1998b. Global patterns in local number of insect galling species. J. Biogeog. 25: 581–591CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, P. W., H. Roininen, and A. Zinovjev. 1998c. Adaptive radiation of gall-inducing sawflies in relation to architecture and geographic range of willow host plants. pp. 196–203. In G. Csóka, W. J. Mattson, G. N. Stone, and P. W. Price (eds.). Biology of gall-inducing arthropods. U.S. Dept. Agr. For. Serv. N. Central Res. Sta. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-199
Price, P. W., Roininen, H., and Ohgushi, T.. 1999. Comparative plant–herbivore interactions involving willows and three gall-inducing sawfly species in the genus Pontania (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Ecoscience 6: 41–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Promislow, D. E. L. 1996. Using comparative approaches to integrate behavior and population biology. pp. 288–323. In E. P. Martins (ed.). Phylogenies and the comparative method in animal behavior. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Pschorn-Walcher, H. 1982. Unterordnung Symphyta, Pflanzenwespen. pp. 4–196. In W. Schwenke (ed.). Die Forstschädlinge Europas, vol. 4, Hautflügler und Zweiflägler. Paul Perey Verlag, Hamburg, Germany
Quintana-Ascencio, P. F., and Menges, E. S.. 1996. Inferring metapopulation dynamics from patch-level incidence of Florida scrub plants. Conservation Biol. 10: 1210–1219CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quintana-Ascencio, P. F., Dolan, R. W., and Menges, E. S.. 1998. Hypericum cumulicola demography in unoccupied and occupied Florida scrub patches with different time-since-fire. J. Ecol. 86: 640–651CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rabinowitz, D. 1981. Seven forms of rarity. pp. 205–217. In H. Synge (ed.). The biological aspects of rare plant conservation. Wiley, New York
Radtkey, R. R., and Singer, M. C.. 1995. Repeated reversals of host-preference evolution in a specialist insect herbivore. Evolution 49: 351–359CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raffa, K. F. 1988. The mountain pine beetle in western North America. pp. 505–530. In A. A. Berryman (ed.). Dynamics of forest insect populations: Patterns, causes, implications. Plenum Press, New York
Rainey, R. C. 1979. Interactions between weather systems and populations of locusts and noctuids in Africa. pp. 109–119. In R. L. Rabb and G. G. Kennedy (eds.). Movement of highly mobile insects: Concepts and methodology in research. North Carolina State University Press, Raleigh
Rasch, C., and Rembold, H.. 1994. Carbon dioxide: Highly attractive signal for larvae of Helicoverpa armigera. Naturwissenschaften 81: 228–229Google Scholar
Raulo, J., and Leikola, M.. 1974. Tutkimuksia puiden vuotuisen pituuskasvon ajoittumisesta. Communicationes Inst. For. Fenniae 81(2): 1–19Google Scholar
Raunkiaer, C. 1934. The life forms of plants and statistical plant geography. Clarendon, Oxford, U.K.
Rausher, M. D. 1982. Population differentiation in Euphydryas editha butterflies: Larval adaptation to different hosts. Evolution 36: 581–590CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Readshaw, J. L. 1965. A theory of phasmatid outbreak release. Austral. J. Zool. 13: 475–490CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Real, L. (ed.). 1983. Pollination biology. Academic Press, San Diego
Real, L. A. 1992. Introduction to the symposium (Behavioral mechanisms in evolutionary biology). Am. Nat. 140: S1–S4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Redfern, M., and R. A. D. Cameron. 1998. The yew gall midge Taxomyia taxi: 28 years of interaction with chalcid parasitoids. pp. 90–105. In G. Csóka, W. J. Mattson, G. N. Stone, and P. W. Price (eds.). The biology of gall-inducing arthropods. U.S. Dept. Agr. For. Serv. N. Central Res. Sta. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-199
Reilly, S. M., and P. C. Wainwright. 1994. Conclusion: Ecological morphology and the power of integration. pp. 339–354. In P. C. Wainwright and S. M. Reilly (eds.). Ecological morphology: Integrative organismal biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Rentz, D. C. F. 1991. Orthoptera (grasshoppers, locusts, katydids, crickets). pp. 369–393. In I. D. Naumann (ed.). The insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. 2nd edn, vol. 1. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
Rentz, D. C. F. 1996. Grasshopper country: The abundant orthopterid insects of Australia. University of New South Wales Press, Sydney
Reynoldson, T. B. 1957. Population fluctuations in Urceolaria mitra (Peritricha) and Enchytraeus albidus (Oligochaeta) and their bearing on regulation. Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 22: 313–324CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rhodes, O. E., R. K. Chesser, and M. H. Smith (eds.). 1996. Population dynamics in ecological space and time. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Ricklefs, R. E. 1997. The economy of nature. 4th edn. Freeman, New York
Ricklefs, R. E. 2000a. Density dependence, evolutionary optimization, and the diversification of avian life histories. Condor 102: 9–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricklefs, R. E. 2000b. Lack, Skutch, and Moreau: The early development of life-history thinking. Condor 102: 3–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricklefs, R. E., and D. B. Miles. 1994. Ecological and evolutionary inferences from morphology: An ecological perspective. pp. 13–41. In P. C. Wainwright and S. M. Reilly (eds.). Ecological morphology: Integrative organismal biology. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Ricklefs, R. E., and G. L. Miller. 2000. Ecology. 4th edn. Freeman, New York
Ricklefs, R. E., J. M. Starck, and M. Konarzewski. 1998. Internal constraints on growth in birds. pp. 266–287. In J. M. Starck and R. E. Ricklefs (eds.). Avian growth and development. Oxford University Press, Oxford, U.K.
Riegert, P. W., A. B. Ewen, and J. A. Lockwood. 1997. A history of chemical control of grasshoppers and locusts 1940–1990. pp. 385–405. In S. K. Gangwere, M. C. Muralirangan, and M. Muralirangen (eds.). The bionomics of grasshoppers, katydids and their kin. CAB International, Wallingford, U.K.
Roininen, H. 1991. The ecology and evolution of the host plant relationships among willow-feeding sawflies. PhD thesis, University of Joensuu, Joensuu, Finland
Roininen, H., Price, P. W., and Tahvanainen, J.. 1993a. Colonization and extinction in a population of the shoot-galling sawfly, Euura amerinae. Oikos 68: 448–454CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roininen, H., Vuorinen, J., Tahvanainen, J., and Julkunen-Tiitto, R.. 1993b. Host preference and allozyme differentiation in shoot galling sawfly, Euura atra. Evolution 47: 300–308CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roininen, H., Price, P. W., and Bryant, J. P.. 1997. Response of galling insects to natural browsing by mammals in Alaska. Oikos 80: 481–486CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roininen, H., Price, P. W., Julkunen-Tiitto, R., Tahvanainen, J., and Ikonen, A.. 1999. Oviposition stimulant for a gall-inducing sawfly, Euura lasiolepis, on willow is a phenolic glucoside. J. Chem. Ecol. 25: 943–953CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roininen, H., Carr, T., and Price, P. W.. In press. Plant vigor hypothesis and the shoot galling fly, Hexomyza schineri (Diptera: Agromyzidae). Environ. Entomol.Google Scholar
Root, R. B. 1996. Maintaining ecology's broad scope. Ecology 77: 1311–1312CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Root, R. B., and Chaplin, S. J.. 1976. The life styles of tropical milkweed bugs, Oncopeltus (Hemiptera: Lygaeidae) utilizing the same hosts. Ecology 57: 132–140CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roques, A. 1988. The larch cone fly in the French Alps. pp. 1–28. In A. A. Berryman (ed.). Dynamics of forest insect populations: Patterns, causes, implications. Plenum Press, New York
Rose, D. J. W. 1975. Field development and quality changes in successive generations of Spodoptera exempta (Wlk.), the African armyworm. J. Appl. Ecol. 21: 729–739Google Scholar
Rose, D. J. W., and S. Khasimuddin. 1979. Wide-area monitoring of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Walker); (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). pp. 212–219. In R. L. Rabb and G. G. Kennedy (eds.). Movement of highly mobile insects: Concepts and methodology in research. North Carolina State University Press, Raleigh
Rosenthal, G. A., and M. R. Berenbaum (eds.). 1991. Herbivores: Their interactions with secondary plant metabolites, vol. 1, The chemical participants. 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego
Rosenthal, G. A., and M. R. Berenbaum (eds.). 1992. Herbivores: Their interactions with secondary plant metabolites, vol. 2, Ecological and evolutionary processes. 2nd edn. Academic Press, San Diego
Rosenthal, G. A., and D. H. Janzen (eds.). 1979. Herbivores: Their interaction with secondary plant metabolites. Academic Press, San Diego
Royama, T. 1984. Population dynamics of the spruce budworm Choristoneura fumiferana. Ecol. Monogr. 54: 429–462CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Royama, T. 1992. Analytical population dynamics. Chapman and Hall, London
Royama, T. 1996. A fundamental problem in key factor analysis. Ecology 77: 87–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruel, J., and Whitham, T. G.. In press. Yesterday's most vigorous pinyon pines are today's moth eaten shrubs: Tree-rings predict herbivory. EcologyGoogle Scholar
Ruohomäki, K., Tanhuanpää, M., Ayres, M. P., Kaitaniemi, P., Tammaru, T., and Haukioja, E.. 2000. Causes of cyclicity of Epirrita autumnata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae): Grandiose theory and tedious practice. Popul. Ecol. 42: 211–223CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rutowski, R. L. In press. Visual ecology of adult butterflies. In C. Boggs and W. Watt (eds.). Ecology and evolution taking flights: Butterflies as model study systems. University of Chicago Press, Chicago
Sacchi, C. F., and Price, P. W.. 1992. The relative roles of abiotic and biotic factors in seedling demography of arroyo willow (Salix lasiolepis: Salicaceae). Am. J. Bot. 79: 395–405CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salt, G. W. 1979. A comment on the use of the term emergent properties. Am. Nat. 113: 145–161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samways, M. J. 1994. Insect conservation biology. Chapman and Hall, London
Schaal, B. A. 1984. Life-history variation, natural selection, and maternal effects in plant populations. pp. 188–211. In R. Dirzo, and J. Sarukhan (eds.). Perspectives on plant population ecology. Sinauer, Sunderland
Scholtz, C. H., and E. Holm. 1985. Insects of southern Africa. Butterworths, Durban, South Africa
Schwerdtfeger, F. 1935. Studien über den Massenwechsel einiger Forstschädlinge. Z. Forst- und Jagdwes. 67: 15–38, 95–104, 449–482, 513–540Google Scholar
Schwerdtfeger, F. 1941. Uber die Ursachen des Massenwechsels der Insekten. Z. angew. Entomol. 28: 254–303CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sequeira, A. A., Normark, B. B., and Farrell, B. D.. 2000. Evolutionary assembly of the conifer fauna: Distinguishing ancient from recent associations in bark beetles. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 267: 2359–2366CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seyffarth, J. A. S., Caldero, A. M., and Price, P. W.. 1996. Leaf rollers in Ouratea hexasperma (Ochnaceae): Fire effect and the plant vigor hypothesis. Rev. Bras. Biol. 56: 135–137Google Scholar
Shapiro, A. M. 1970. The role of sexual behavior in density-related dispersal of pierid butterflies. Am. Nat. 104: 367–372CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, A. M. 1981. The pierid red-egg syndrome. Am. Nat. 117: 276–294CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shiga, M. 1979. Population dynamics of Malacosoma neustria testacea (Lepidoptera, Lasiocampidae). Bull. Fruit Tree Res. Sta. A 6: 59–168Google Scholar
Showler, A. T. 1995. Locust (Orthoptera: Acrididae) outbreak in Africa and Asia, 1992–1994: An overview. Am. Entomol. 41: 179–185CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sih, A., Englund, G., and Wooster, O.. 1998. Emergent impacts of multiple predators on prey. Trends Ecol. Evol. 13: 350–355CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Simberloff, D. 1980. The sick science of ecology: Symptoms, diagnosis, and prescription. Eidema 1: 49–54Google Scholar
Sinclair, A. R. E. 1970. Studies of the ecology of the East African buffalo. PhD thesis, Oxford University, Oxford, U.K.
Sinclair, A. R. E. 1973. Regulation, and population models for a tropical ruminant. E. Afr. Wildlife J. 11: 307–316CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, M. C. 1971. Evolution of food-plant preference in the butterfly Euphydryas editha. Evolution 25: 383–389CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, M. C. 1972. Complex components of habitat suitability within a butterfly colony. Science 176: 75–77CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, M. C., and Thomas, C. D.. 1996. Evolutionary responses of a butterfly metapopulation to human and climate-caused environmental variation. Am. Nat. 148: S9–S39CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, M. C., Ng, D., and Thomas, C. D.. 1988. Heritability of oviposition preference and its relationship to offspring performance within a single insect population. Evolution 42: 977–985CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singer, M. C., Ng, D., Vasco, D., and Thomas, C. D.. 1992. Rapidly evolving associations among oviposition preferences fail to constrain evolution of insect diet. Am. Nat. 139: 9–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, M. C., Thomas, C. D., and Parmesan, C.. 1993. Rapid human–induced evolution of insect–host associations. Nature 366: 681–683CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skaife, S. H., J. Ledger, and A. Bannister. 1979. African insect life. Rev. edn. Struik, Cape Town, South Africa
Skvortsov, A. K. 1968. Willows of the U.S.S.R.: A taxonomical and geographical revision. Moskovsoe obschchestvo ispytatelei prirody, Moscow. (in Russian)
Skvortsov, A. K. 1999. Willows of Russia and adjacent countries: Taxonomical and geographical revision. University of Joensuu, Finland
Smith, D. R. 1979. Symphyta. pp. 3–137. In K. V. Krombein, P. D. Hurd, D. R. Smith, and B. D. Burks (eds.). Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico, vol. 1, Symphyta and Apocrita (Parasitica). Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C
Smith, D. R. 1993. Systematics, life history, and distribution of sawflies. In M. Wagner and K. F. Raffa (eds.). Sawfly life history adaptations to woody plants. Academic Press, San Diego
Smith, E. L. 1968. Biosystematics and morphology of Symphyta. I. Stem-galling Euura of the California region, and a new female genitalic nomenclature. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 61: 1389–1407CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, H. S. 1935. The role of biotic factors in the determination of population density. J. Econ. Entomol. 28: 873–898CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, T., and F. L. Kilbourne. 1893. Investigations into the nature, causation, and prevention of Texas or southern cattle fever. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bur. Anim. Indust. Bull. 1
Snodgrass, R. E. 1935. Principles of insect morphology. McGraw-Hill, New York
Solbreck, D. 1995. Long-term population dynamics of a seed-feeding insect in a landscape perspective. pp. 279–301. In N. Cappuccino and P. W. Price (eds.). Population dynamics: New approaches and synthesis. Academic Press, San Diego
Southwood, T. R. E. (ed.). 1968. Insect abundance. Symp. R. Entomol. Soc. London 4. Royal Entomological Society of London, London
Southwood, T. R. E. 1975. The dynamics of insect populations. pp. 151–199. In D. Pimentel (ed.). Insects, science, and society. Academic Press, San Diego
Southwood, T. R. E., and Comins, H. N.. 1976. A synoptic population model. J. Anim. Ecol. 45: 949–965CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Southwood, T. R. E., and Reader, P. M.. 1976. Population census data and key factor analysis for the viburnum whitefly, Aleurotrachelus jelénekii (Frauenf.), on three bushes. J. Anim. Ecol. 45: 313–325CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, K. C. 1988. Chemical mediation of coevolution in the Passiflora–Heliconius interaction. pp. 167–240. In K. C. Spencer (ed.). Chemical mediation of coevolution. Academic Press, San Diego
Spiegel, L. H., and Price, P. W.. 1996. Plant aging and the distribution of Rhyacionia neomexicana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae). Environ. Entomol. 25: 359–365CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stange, G., Monro, J., Stowe, S., and Osmond, C. B.. 1995. The CO2 sense of the moth Cactoblastis cactorum and its probable role in the biological control of the CAM plant Opuntia stricta. Oecologia 102: 341–352CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Starck, J. M., and R. E. Ricklefs. 1998. Avian growth and development. Oxford University Press, New York
Stebbins, G. L. 1950. Variation and evolution in plants. Columbia University Press, New York
Steffan-Dewenter, I., and Tscharntke, T.. 1997. Early succession of butterfly and plant communities on set-aside fields. Oecologia 109: 294–302CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, S. J., and Price, P. W.. 1995. Relative effects of plant resistance and natural enemies by plant developmental age on sawfly (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) preference and performance. Environ. Entomol. 24: 909–916CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, S. J., Price, P. W., Abrahamson, W. G., and Sacchi, C. F.. 1992. The effect of fire on stimulating willow regrowth and subsequent attack by grasshoppers and elk. Oikos 65: 190–196CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stein, S. J., Price, P. W., Craig, T. P., and Itami, J. K.. 1994. Dispersal of a galling sawfly: Implications for studies of insect population dynamics. J. Anim. Ecol. 63: 666–676CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiling, P. D. 1998. Ecology: Theories and applications. 3rd edn. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River
Story, R. N., Robinson, W. H., Pienkowski, R. L., and Kok, L. T.. 1979. The biology and immature stages of Taphrocerus schaefferi, a leaf-miner of yellow nutsedge. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 72: 93–98CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strong, D. R., and Levin, D. A.. 1979. Species richness of plant parasites and growth form of their hosts. Am. Nat. 114: 1–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strong, D. R., J. H. Lawton, and T. R. E. Southwood. 1984. Insects on plants: Community patterns and mechanisms. Harvard University Press, Cambridge
Sutcliffe, O. L., Thomas, C. D., Yates, T. J., and Greatorex-Davies, J. N.. 1997. Correlated extinctions, colonizations and population fluctuations in a highly correlated ringlet butterfly metapopulation. Oecologia 109: 235–241CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swetnam, T. W., and Betancourt, J. L.. 1998. Mesoscale disturbance and ecological response to decadal climatic variability in the American Southwest. J. Climate 11: 3128–31472.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swetnam, T. W., and Lynch, A. M.. 1993. Multicentury, regional-scale patterns of western spruce budworm outbreaks. Ecol. Monogr. 63: 399–424CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tamarin, R. H. (ed.). 1978. Population regulation. Dowden, Hutchinson and Ross, Stroudsburg
Tenow, O. 1972. The outbreaks of Oporinia autumnata Bkh. and Operophtera spp. (Lep., Geometridae) in the Scandinavian mountain chain and northern Finland 1862–1968. Zool. Bijdr. Upps.Suppl. 2: 1–107Google Scholar
Thomas, J. A. 1991. Rare species conservation: Case studies of European butterflies. pp. 149–197. In I. F. Spellerberg, F. B. Goldsmith and M. G. Morris (eds.). The scientific management of temperate communities for conservation. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U.K.
Thomas, J. A., R. T. Clarke, G. W. Elmes, and M. E. Hochberg. 1998. Population dynamics in the genus Maculinea (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). pp. 261–290. In J. P. Dempster and I. F. G. McLean (eds.). Insect populations: In theory and in practice. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Thomas, J. H. 1974. Factors influencing the numbers and distribution of the brown hairstreak, Thecla betulae L, and the black hairstreak, Strymonidia pruni L (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). PhD thesis, University of Leicester, Leicester, U.K.
Thompson, J. N., and Pellmyr, O.. 1991. Evolution of oviposition behavior and host preference in Lepidoptera. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 36: 65–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, W. R. 1929. On natural control. Parasitology 21: 269–281CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thompson, W. R. 1939. Biological control and the theories of the interactions of populations. Parasitology 31: 299–388CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tiffney, B. H., and K. J. Niklas. 1985. Clonal growth in land plants: A paleobotanical perspective. pp. 35–66. In J. B. C. Jackson, L. W. Buss, and R. E. Cook (eds.). Population biology and evolution of clonal organisms. Yale University Press, New Haven
Tilman, D. 1989. Discussion: Population dynamics and species interactions. pp. 89–100. In J. Roughgarden, R. M. May, and S. A. Levin (eds.). Perspectives in ecological theory. Princeton University Press, Princeton
Tokuda, M., Maryana, N., and Yukawa, J.. 2001. Leaf-rolling site preference by Cycnotrachelus roelofsi (Coleoptera: Attelabidae). Entomol. Sci. 4: 229–237Google Scholar
Townes, H. 1969. The genera of Ichneumonidae. Part I. American Entomological Institute, Ann Arbor
Tripp, H. A. 1957. Studies on the general biology and natural control of the jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Midd. Can. Dept. Agr. For. Biol. Div., For. Biol. Lab. Quebec P.Q. Annu. Tech. Rep. 1956: 1–36Google Scholar
Uvarov, B. P. 1931. Insects and climate. Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London 79: 1–247CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uvarov, B. P. 1966. Grasshoppers and locusts: A handbook of general acridology, vol. 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Uvarov, B. P. 1977. Grasshoppers and locusts: A handbook of general acridology, vol. 2. Centre for Overseas Pest Research, London
Varley, G. C. 1949. Population changes in German forest insects. J. Anim. Ecol. 18: 117–122CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varley, G. C. 1967. Estimation of secondary production in species with an annual life cycle. pp. 447–457. In K. Petrusewicz (ed.). Secondary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Institute of Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
Varley, G. C. 1971. The effects of natural predators and parasites on winter moth populations in England. pp. 103–116. In Proc. 2nd Tall Timbers Conf. on Ecol. Anim. Control by Habitat Management
Varley, G. C., and Gradwell, G. R.. 1960. Key factors in population studies. J. Anim. Ecol. 29: 399–401CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varley, G. C., and G. R. Gradwell. 1968. Population models for the winter moth. pp. 132–142. In T. R. E. Southwood (ed.). Insect abundance. Symp. R. Entomol. Soc. London 4. Royal Entomological Society, London
Varley, G. C., and Gradwell, G. R.. 1970. Recent advances in insect population dynamics. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 15: 1–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varley, G. C., G. R. Gradwell, and M. P. Hassell. 1973. Insect population ecology: An analytical approach. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U.K.
Verhulst, P. F. 1838. Notice sur la loi que la population suit dans son accroissement. Correspond. Math. Phys. 10: 113–121Google Scholar
Vieira, E. M., Andrade, I., and Price, P. W.. 1996. Fire effects on a Palicourea rigida (Rubiaceae) gall midge: A test of the plant vigor hypothesis. Biotropica 28: 210–217CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagner, M. R., S. K. N. Atuahene, and J. R. Cobbinah. 1991. Forest entomology in west tropical Africa: Forest insects of Ghana. Kluwer, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
Walker, M., and Jones, T. H.. 2001. Relative roles of top-down and bottom-up forces in terrestrial tritrophic plant–insect herbivore–natural enemy systems. Oikos 93: 177–187CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waloff, Z. 1946. Seasonal breeding and migrations of the desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria F.) in eastern Africa. Anti-Locust Mem. 1: 1–74Google Scholar
Wallner, W. E. 1987. Factors affecting insect population dynamics: Differences between outbreak and non-outbreak species. Annu. Rev. Entomol. 32: 317–340CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waring, G. L., and N. S. Cobb. 1992. The impact of plant stress on herbivore population dynamics. pp. 167–226. In E. Bernays (ed.). Insect–plant interactions, vol. 4. CRC Press, Boca Raton
Waring, G. L., and Price, P. W.. 1988. Consequences of host plant chemical and physical variability to an associated herbivore. Ecol. Res. 3: 205–216CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Washburn, J. O., and Cornell, H. V.. 1981. Parasitoids, patches, and phenology: Their possible role in the local extinction of a cynipid gall wasp population. Ecology 62: 1597–1607CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watkinson, A. R. 1986. Plant population dynamics. pp. 137–184. In M. J. Crawley (ed.). Plant ecology. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U.K.
Watson, A., and R. Moss. 1970. Dominance, spacing behaviour and aggression in relation to population limitation in vertebrates. pp. 167–220. In A. Watson (ed.). Animal populations in relation to their food resources. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, U.K.
Watt, A. S. 1947. Pattern and process in the plant community. J. Ecol. 35: 1–22CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, A. D., and Hicks, B. J.. 2000. A reappraisal of the population dynamics of the pine beauty moth, Panolis flammea, on lodgepole pine, Pinus contorta, in Scotland. Popul. Ecol. 42: 225–230CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, A. D., S. R. Leather, M. D. Hunter, and N. A. C. Kidd (eds.). 1990. Population dynamics of forest insects. Intercept, Andover, U.K.
Weis, A. E., and Kapelinski, A.. 1984. Manipulation of host plant development by a gall-midge Rhabdophaga strobiloides. Ecol. Entomol. 9: 457–465CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, T. C. R. 1969. An index to measure weather-induced stress of trees associated with outbreaks of psyllids in Australia. Ecology 50: 905–909CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, T. C. R. 1974. A hypothesis to explain outbreaks of looper caterpillars, with special reference to populations of Selidosema suavis in a plantation of Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Oecologia 16: 279–301CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, T. C. R. 1984. The abundance of invertebrate herbivores in relation to the availability of nitrogen in stressed food plants. Oecologia 63: 90–105CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
White, T. C. R. 1993. The inadequate environment: Nitrogen and the abundance of animals. Springer-Verlag, Berlin
Whitham, T. G. 1978. Habitat selection by Pemphigus aphids in response to resource limitation and competition. Ecology 59: 1164–1176CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitham, T. G. 1980. The theory of habitat selection: Examined and extended using Pemphigus aphids. Am. Nat. 115: 449–466CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whitney, H. S. 1982. Relationships between bark beetles and symbiotic organisms. pp. 183–211. In J. B. Mitton and K. B. Sturgeon (eds.). Bark beetles in North American conifers: A system for the study of evolutionary biology. University of Texas Press, Austin
Whittaker, J. B., and Tribe, N. P.. 1998. Predicting numbers of an insect (Neophilaenus lineatus: Homoptera) in a changing climate. J. Anim. Ecol. 67: 987–991CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whittaker, R. H., Levin, S. A., and Root, R. B.. 1973. Niche, habitat and ecotope. Am. Nat. 107: 321–338CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiegmann, B. M., Mitter, C., and Farrell, B.. 1993. Diversification of carnivorous parasitic insects: Extraordinary radiation or specialized dead end?Am. Nat. 142: 737–754CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, D. J. 1991. Superfamily Coccoidea. pp. 457–464. In I. D. Naumann (ed.). The insects of Australia: A textbook for students and research workers. Cornell University Press, Ithaca
Williams, D. W., and Liebhold, A. M.. 1995. Influence of weather on the synchrony of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) outbreaks in New England. Environ. Entomol. 24: 987–995CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, D. W., and Liebhold, A. M.. 2000. Spatial synchrony of spruce budworm outbreaks in eastern North America. Ecology 81: 2753–2766CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolff, J. O. 1997. Population regulation in mammals: An evolutionary perspective. J. Anim. Ecol. 66: 1–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woodman, R. L. 1990. Enemy impact and herbivore community structure: Tests using parasitoid assemblages, predatory ants, and galling sawflies on arroyo willow. PhD thesis, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff
Woodman, R. L., and Price, P. W.. 1992. Differential larval predation by ants can influence willow sawfly community structure. Ecology 73: 1028–1037CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woods, J. O., Carr, T. G., Price, P. W., Stevens, L. E., and Cobb, N. S.. 1996. Growth of coyote willow and the attack and survival of a mid-rib galling sawfly, Euura sp. Oecologia 108: 714–722CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wool, D. In press. Long-term temporal patterns of gall abundance of Baizongia pistaciae (Homoptera: Aphidoidea): Do temperature and rainfall play a role?
Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1962. Animal dispersion in relation to social behaviour. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, U.K.
Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1964. Population control in animals. Sci. Am. 211(2): 68–74CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wynne-Edwards, V. C. 1965. Self-regulating systems in populations of animals. Science 147: 1543–1548CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamazaki, K. 2001. Preference-performance linkage in the willow twig-galling agromyzid fly, Hexomyza simplicoides (Diptera: Agromyzidae) on the willow Salix chaenomeloides. Entomol. Sci. 4: 301–306Google Scholar
Ylioja, T., Roininen, H., Ayres, M. P., Rousi, M., and Price, P. W.. 1999. Host-driven population dynamics in an herbivorous insect. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96: 10735–10740CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yukawa, J., and H. Masuda. 1996. Insect and mite galls of Japan in colors. Zenkoku-Nouson-Kyouiku-Kyoukai, Tokyo. (in Japanese)
Zinsser, H. 1935. Rats, lice and history. Little, Brown, Boston
Zwölfer, H., and Völkl, W.. 1997. Einfluss der Verhaltens adulter Insekten auf Ressourcen-Nutzung und Populationsdynamik: Ein Drei-Komponenten-Modell der Populationsdichte-Steuerung. Entomol. Gener. 21(3): 129–144CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Peter W. Price, Northern Arizona University
  • Book: Macroevolutionary Theory on Macroecological Patterns
  • Online publication: 04 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615030.013
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Peter W. Price, Northern Arizona University
  • Book: Macroevolutionary Theory on Macroecological Patterns
  • Online publication: 04 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615030.013
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Peter W. Price, Northern Arizona University
  • Book: Macroevolutionary Theory on Macroecological Patterns
  • Online publication: 04 December 2009
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511615030.013
Available formats
×