Ackerman, Spencer. 2011. “Egypt's Top Social Media Activist Finds New Foes in Tahrir Square.” Wired, July 18. . Accessed April 3, 2012.

Aday, Sean, Farrell, Henry, Lynch, Marc, Sides, John, Kelly, John, and Zuckerman, Ethan. 2010. Blogs and Bullets: New Media in Contentious Politics. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace.Google Scholar

Agarwal, Sheetal, Bennett, W. Lance, Johnson, Courtney, and Walker, Shawn. 2012. “Networked Organization in Occupy Protests: A Multi-Methods Approach to Big Twitter Data.” Paper presented at the Oxford Internet Institute “Big Data” Conference, Oxford, September 20–21.

Aldhous, Peter. 2011. “Occupy vs. Tea Party: What Their Twitter Networks Reveal.” New Scientist, November 17.

Anderson, Chris. 2006. The Long Tail: Why the Future of Business Is Selling Less of More. New York: Hyperion Books.Google Scholar

Anduiza, Eva, Cristancho, Camilo, and Sabucedo, Jose M.. Forthcoming. “Mobilization through Online Social Networks: The Political Protest of the Indignados in Spain.” Information, Communication & Society.

Arceneaux, Noah, and Weiss, Amy Schmitz. 2010. “Seems Stupid Until You Try It: Press Coverage of Twitter, 2006–9.” New Media and Society 20:1–18.Google Scholar

Archbishop of Canterbury. 2011a. “Archbishop's Christmas Sermon – ‘Don't Build Lives on Selfishness and Fear,’” December 25. . Accessed December 29, 2011.

Archbishop of Canterbury. 2011b. “Time for Us to Challenge the Idols of High Finance,” November 1. . Accessed December 29, 2011.

Arquilla, John, and Ronfeldt, David. 2000. Swarming and the Future of Conflict. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. . Accessed June 25, 2012.Google Scholar

Ashcraft, Karen, Timothy, Kuhn, and Cooren, Franҫois. 2009. “Constitutional Amendments: ‘Materializing’ Organizational Communication.” Academy of Management Annals 3(1):1–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Askanius, Tina, and Gustafsson, Nils. 2010. “Mainstreaming the Alternative: The Changing Media Practices of Protest Movements.” Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements 2:23–41.Google Scholar

Askanius, Tina, and Uldam, Julie. 2011. “Using Online Social Media for Radical Politics: Climate Change Activism on YouTube.” International Journal of Electronic Governance 4:69–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Associated Press. 2010. “Neda Video Wins Polk Award: Iran Protest Death Video First Anonymous Winner of Journalism Prize.” Huffington Post, April 17. . Accessed August 28, 2012.

ATTAC. 2012. “Overview.” . Accessed November 7, 2012.

Banco, Erin. 2012. “Islamist Mohamed Morsi Wins Egyptian Election: Inside Tahrir Square.” Daily Beast, June 25. . Accessed November 6, 2012.

Barabási, Albert-László. 2009. “Scale-Free Networks: A Decade and Beyond.” Science 325:412–413.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barabási, Albert-László, and Albert, Reka. 1999. “Emergence of Scale in Random Networks.” Science 286:509–512.Google ScholarPubMed

Barabási, Albert-László, and Bonabeau, Eric. 2003. “Scale-Free Networks.” Scientific American 288(5):50–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Barber, Benjamin. 1984. Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Barnard, David. 2008. “NGO Leadership Challenges: Creating a Space for Reflection.” NGO Pulse, July 30. . Accessed December 20, 2011.

Barzilai-Nahon, Karine. 2009. “Gatekeeping: A Critical Review.” Annual Review of Information Science and Technology 43:433–478.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bauman, Zygmunt. 2000. Liquid Modernity. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Baym, Geoffrey, and Shaw, Chirag. 2011. “Circulating Struggle: The Online Flow of Environmental Advocacy Clips from The Daily Show and The Colbert Report.” Information, Communication & Society 14(7):1017–1038.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

BBC. 2012. “Financial Transaction Tax for 10 EU States,” October 23. . Accessed October 25, 2012.

Beck, Ulrich, and Beck-Gernsheim, Elisabeth. 2002. Individualization: Institutionalized Individualism and Its Social and Political Consequences. London: Sage.Google Scholar

Beissinger, Mark R. 2007. “Structure and Example in Modular Political Phenomena: The Diffusion of Bulldozer/Rose/Orange/Tulip Revolutions.” Perspectives on Politics 5(2):259–276.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benford, Robert D., and Snow, David A.. 2000. “Framing Processes and Social Movements: An Overview and an Assessment.” Annual Review of Sociology 26:611–639.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benkler, Yochai. 2006. The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Benkler, Yochai. 2011. “Networks of Power, Degrees of Freedom.” International Journal of Communication 5:721–755.Google Scholar

Bennett, W. Lance. 1998. “The Uncivic Culture: Communication, Identity, and the Rise of Lifestyle Politics.” P.S.: Political Science and Politics 31:41–61.Google Scholar

Bennett, W. Lance. 2003. “Communicating Global Activism: Strengths and Vulnerabilities of Networked Politics.” Information, Communication & Society 6:143–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bennett, W. Lance. 2005. “Social Movements beyond Borders: Organization, Communication, and Political Capacity in Two Eras of Transnational Activism.” In Transnational Protest and Global Activism, edited by della Porta, Donatella and Tarrow, Sidney, 203–226. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Bennett, W. Lance. 2012. “Grounding the European Public Sphere: Looking Beyond the Mass Media to Digitally Mediated Issue Publics.” Free University, Berlin Working Paper No. 43 (August) from the Research Group “The Transformative Power of Europe.” . Accessed September 27, 2012.

Bennett, W. Lance, Breunig, Christian, and Givens, Terri. 2008. “Communication and Political Mobilization: Digital Media Use and Protest Organization Among Anti-Iraq War Demonstrators in the U.S.” Political Communication 25:269–289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bennett, W. Lance, Foot, Kirsten, and Xenos, Mike. 2011. “Narratives and Network Organization: A Comparison of Fair Trade Systems in Two Nations.” Journal of Communication 61:219–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bennett, W. Lance, Givens, Terri E., and Breunig, Christian. 2010. “Crossing Political Divides: Communication, Political Identification, and Protest Organization.” In The World Says No to War: Demonstrations Against the War on Iraq, edited by Walgrave, Stefaan and Rucht, Dieter, 215–238. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bennett, W. Lance, and Lagos, Taso. 2007. “Logo Logic: The Ups and Downs of Branded Political Communication.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 611(1):193–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bennett, W. Lance, Lang, Sabine, and Segerberg, Alexandra. 2011. “Digital Media and the Organization of Transnational Advocacy: Legitimacy and Public Engagement in National and EU Issue Networks.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Studies Association, Montreal, March 16–19.

Bennett, W. Lance, Lang, Sabine, and Segerberg, Alexandra. Forthcoming. “European Issue Publics Online.” In European Public Spheres: Bringing Politics Back In, edited by Risse, Thomas. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bennett, W. Lance, Lang, Sabine, Segerberg, Alexandra, and Knappe, Henrike. 2011. “Public Engagement vs. Institutional Influence Strategies: Comparing Trade and Environmental Advocacy Networks at the National and EU Levels in Germany and the UK.” Paper presented at the 6th European Consortium for Political Research. University of Iceland, Reykjavik, August 25–27.

Bennett, W. Lance, and Segerberg, Alexandra. 2011. “Digital Media and the Personalization of Collective Action: Social Technology and the Organization of Protests Against the Global Economic Crisis. Information, Communication & Society 14:770–799.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bennett, W. Lance, Wells, Chris, and Freelon, Deen. 2011. “Communicating Civic Engagement: Contrasting Models of Citizenship in the Youth Web Sphere.” Journal of Communication 61(5):835–856.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berglund, Frode, Holmberg, Sören, Schmitt, Hermann, and Thomassen, Jacques. 2006. “Party Identification and Party Choice.” In The European Voter, edited by Thomassen, Jacques, 105–123. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bimber, Bruce. 2003. Information and American Democracy: Technology in the Evolution of Political Power. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bimber, Bruce, and Davis, Richard. 2003. Campaigning Online: The Internet in U.S. Elections. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bimber, Bruce, Flanagin, Andrew, and Stohl, Cynthia. 2005. “Reconceptualizing Collective Action in the Contemporary Media Environment.” Communication Theory 15:389–413.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bimber, Bruce, Flanagin, Andrew, and Stohl, Cynthia. 2012. Collective Action in Organizations: Interaction and Engagement in an Era of Technological Change. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blaschke, Steffen, Schoeneborn, Dennis, and Seidl, David. 2012. “Organizations as Networks of Communication Episodes: Turning the Network Perspective Inside Out.” Organization Studies 33(7):879–906.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bonabeau, Eric, Dorigo, Marco, and Theraulaz, Guy. 1999. Swarm Intelligence: From Natural to Artificial Systems. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Borning, Alan, Friedman, Batya, Davis, Janet, and Lin, Peyina. 2005. “Informing Public Deliberation: Value Sensitive Design of Indicators for a Large-Scale Urban Simulation.” Proceedings of ECSCW 2005 European Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, 449–468. Paris. vsdesign.org/publications/pdf/Borning_et_al_2005_paper23.pdf.Google Scholar

Boyd, Danah, and Ellison, Nicole. 2007. “Social Network Sites: Definition, History, and Scholarship.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13:210–230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyd, Danah, Golder, Scott, and Lotan, Gilad. 2010. “Tweet, Tweet, Retweet: Conversational Aspects of Retweeting on Twitter.” HICSS-43. IEEE, Kauai, HI, January 6.

Boyd, Danah, and Heer, Jeffrey. 2006. “Profiles as Conversation: Networked Identity Performance on Friendster.” In Proceedings of Thirty-Ninth Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences, 59–69. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Press.Google Scholar

Boynton, G. R. 2010. “COP15-Voice.” Paper presented at “Internet, Politics, Policy 2010: An Impact Assessment,” Oxford Internet Institute, Oxford, September 16–17.

Braman, Sandra. 2002. “Posthuman Law: Information Policy and the Machinic World.” First Monday. December 2. firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/1011/932. Accessed August 9, 2011.

Braman, Sandra. 2006. Change of State: Information, Policy, and Power. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Brand, Karl-Werner. 2010. “German Environmentalism: Still Feeding on Its Romantic, Anti-Modern Heritage?” Nature and Culture 5(2):209–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brand, Karl-Werner, and Rink, Dieter. 2007. “Institutionalisierung statt Mobilisierung? Dilemmata der deutschen Umweltbewegung.” Politische Vierteljahresschrift 39(September):499–517.Google Scholar

Bruns, Axel. 2012. “How Long Is a Tweet? Mapping Dynamic Conversation Networks on Twitter Using Gawk and Gephi.” Information, Communication & Society 15(9):1323–1351.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bruns, Axel, and Burgess, Jean. 2011. “The Use of Twitter Hashtags in the Formation of Ad Hoc Publics.” Paper presented at the 6th General Conference of the European Consortium for Political Research, Reykjavik, August 25–27.

Buchanan, Mark. 2002. Nexus: Small Worlds and the Groundbreaking Science of Networks. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

Buffet, Warren. 2011. “Stop Coddling the Super Rich.” New York Times, August 15. . Accessed February 24, 2013.

Bunz, Mercedes. 2010. “Anonymous Video of Neda Agan-Soltan's Death Wins Polk Award.” Guardian, February 16. . Accessed July 21, 2011.

Byrne, Janet (ed.). 2012. The Occupy Handbook. Boston: Back Bay.Google Scholar

Calderaro, Andrea. 2011. “New Political Struggles in the Network Society: The Case of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) Movement.” Paper presented at the 6th General Conference of the European Consortium for Political Research, Reykjavik, August 25–27.

Cammaerts, Bart. 2006. “The eConvention on the Future of Europe: Assessing the Participation of Civil Society and the Use of ICTs in European Decision-Making Processes.” Journal for European Integration 28:225–245.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cammaerts, Bart. 2012. “Protest Logics and the Mediation Opportunity Structure.” European Journal of Communication 27(2):117–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, Emahunn Raheem Ali. 2011. “A Critique of the Occupy Movement by a Black Occupier.” Black Scholar 41(4):42–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carrol, William K., and Ratner, R. S.. 1996. “Master Framing and Cross-Movement Networking in Contemporary Social Movements.” Sociological Quarterly 37:601–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cascio, Jamais. 2009. “The Dark Side of Twittering a Revolution.” Fast Company. June 17. . Accessed November 2, 2010.

Castells, Manuel. 1996. The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Castells, Manuel. 2000. The Rise of the Network Society. 2d ed. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Castells, Manuel. 2009. Communication Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Castells, Manuel. 2012. Networks of Outrage and Hope: Social Movements in the Internet Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Catholic Agency for Overseas Development. 2009. “Put People First.” . Accessed October 7, 2010.

Cha, Meeyoung, Haddadi, Hamed, Benevenuto, Fabricio, and Gummadi, Krishna P.. 2010. “Measuring User Influence in Twitter: The Million Follower Fallacy.” Proceedings of the Fourth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Influence, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence. . Accessed October 21, 2012.

Chadwick, Andrew. 2007. “Digital Network Repertoires and Organizational Hybridity.” Political Communication 24:283–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chadwick, Andrew. 2013. The Hybrid Media System: Politics and Power. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chesters, Graeme, and Welsh, Ian. 2006. Complexity and Social Movements: Multitudes at the Edge of Chaos. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Chong, Dennis. 1991. Collective Action and the Civil Rights Movement. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Citizen Journalist. 2012. “Occupy National Gathering Draws Small Numbers; March to NYC Already in Trouble,” July 6. citizenjournalistdotorg.wordpress.com/2012/07/06/occupy-national-gathering-draws-small-numbers-march-to-nyc-already-in-trouble/. Accessed November 11, 2012.

Climate Action Network-International. 2009. “CAN-International.” . Accessed December 12, 2009.

Climate Justice Action. 2009. “Climate Justice Action,” November 19, 2009. web.archive.org/web/20091119160954/.

Climate Justice Now! 2009. “Climate Justice Now!” December 5, 2009. Accessed via the Internet Archive, March 8, 2012. web.archive.org/web/20091205172041/. Accessed via the Internet Archive, March 9, 2012.

Conover, Michael D., Gonçalves, Bruno, Flammini, Alessandro, and Menczer, Filippo. 2012. “Partisan Asymmetries in Online Political Activity.” EPJ Data Science 1:2–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cooren, Franҫois. 2000. The Organizing Property of Communication. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cooren, Franҫois. 2004. “Textual Agency: How Texts Do Things in Organizational Settings.” Organization 11:373–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cooren, Franҫois, Kuhn, Timothy, Cornelissen, Joep, and Clark, Timothy. 2011. “Communication, Organizing and Organization: An Overview and Introduction to the Special Issue.” Organization Studies 32(9):1149–1170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cowhey, Peter, and Mueller, Milton. 2009. “Delegation, Networks and Internet Governance.” In Networked Politics: Agency, Power, and Governance, edited by Kahler, Miles, 173–193. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Crawford, Christopher G. 2012. “Disobeying Power Laws: Perils for Theory and Method.” Journal of Organizational Design 1(2):75–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Daily Show. 2009. “Tea Partiers Advise G20 Protesters,” October 1. . Accessed April 4, 2011.

Dalton, Russell J., and Wattenberg, Martin P.. 2002. Parties Without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dassonneville, Ruth, Hooghe, Marc, and Vanhoutte, Bram. 2012. “The Decline of Party Identification in Germany, 1992–2009: An Age, Period and Cohort Analysis of a Two Decade Panel Study in Eastern and Western Germany.” Paper presented at the 70th Annual Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago, April 12–15.

Dawkins, Richard. 1989. The Selfish Gene. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dean, Jodi. 2010. Blog Theory: Feedback and Capture in the Circuits of Drive. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

DeLanda, Manuel. 2006. A New Philosophy of Society: Assemblage Theory and Social Complexity. London: Continuum.Google Scholar

della Porta, Donatella. 1988. “Recruitment Processes in Clandestine Political Organizations: Italian Leftwing Terrorism.” In From Structure to Action, edited by Klandermans, Bert, Kriesi, Hanspeter, and Tarrow, Sidney, 155–169. New York: JAI Press.Google Scholar

della Porta, Donatella. 2005. “Multiple Belongings, Flexible Identities and the Construction of ‘Another Politics’: Between the European Social Forum and the Local Social Fora.” In Transnational Protest and Global Activism, edited by della Porta, Donatella and Tarrow, Sidney, 175–202. Boulder, CO: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

della Porta, Donatella, and Diani, Mario. 2006. Social Movements: An Introduction. 2d ed. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

della Porta, Donatella, Massimiliano, Andretta, and Mosca, Lorenzo. 2006. Globalization from Below: Transnational Activists and Protest Networks. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar

della Porta, Donatella, and Mosca, Lorenzo. 2007. “In Movimento: ‘Contamination’ in Action and the Italian Global Justice Movement.” Global Networks: A Journal of Transnational Affairs 7:1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

della Porta, Donatella, and Mosca, Lorenzo. 2009. “Searching the Net.” Information, Communication & Society 12:771–792.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diani, Mario. 1995. Green Networks: A Structural Analysis of the Italian Environmental Movement. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar

Diani, Mario. 2000. “Social Movement Networks: Virtual and Real.” Information Communication and Society 3(3):386–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diani, Mario. 2003. “Networks and Social Movements: A Research Programme.” In Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action, edited by Diani, Mario and McAdam, Doug, 299–319. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diani, Mario. 2004. “Networks and Participation.” In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by Snow, David, Soule, Sarah Anne, and Kriesi, Hanspeter, 339–359. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Diani, Mario. Forthcoming. The Cement of Civil Society: Civic Networks in Localities. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Diani, Mario, and McAdam, Doug. 2003. Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Donath, Judith. 2007. “Signals in Social Supernets.” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 13:231–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Druckman, James, and Nelson, Kjersten. 2003. “Framing and Deliberation: How Citizens’ Conversations Limit Elite Influence.” American Journal of Political Science 47:729–745.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Earl, Jennifer, and Kimport, Katrina. 2011. Digitally Enabled Social Change: Activism in the Internet Age. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eastman, Janet. 2012. “‘I’m Fascinated by Those Who Stand Up Against Power’: Journalist Amy Goodman Brings Observations about the State of America to Ashland Visit.” Mail Tribune, October 27. . Accessed November 8, 2012.

Eaves, Elisabeth. 2009. “Information Is Overrated: Twitter's Not Gonna Change the World.” Forbes, June 19.

Elliott, Larry. 2011. “G20: Bill Gates Adds His Weight to Calls for Robin Hood Tax.” Guardian, November 3. robinhoodtax.org/latest/merkel-tells-uk-back-robin-hood-tax. Accessed December 26, 2011.

Elmer, Greg. 2006. “The Vertical (Layered) Net.” In Critical Cyberculture Studies: New Directions, edited by Silver, David and Massaanari, Adrienne, 159–167. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar

Engle, Sophie, and Whalen, Sean. 2012. “Visualizing Distributed Memory Computation with Hive Plots.” In Proceedings of the Ninth International Symposium on Visualization for Cyber Security, 56–63. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.Google Scholar

Entman, Robert M. 2004. Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Esfandiari, Golnaz. 2010. “Misreading Tehran: The Twitter Devolution.” Foreign Policy, June 7.

European Commission. 2000. “The Commission and Non-Governmental Organizations: Building a Stronger Partnership.” Brussels.

Ewing, Jack. 2012. “Across the World, Leaders Brace for Discontent and Upheaval.” New York Times, January 25. travel.nytimes.com/2012/01/26/world/europe/across-the-world-leaders-brace-for-discontent-and-upheaval.html?_r=0. Accessed February 27, 2013.

Fenton, Natalie, and Barassi, Veronica. 2011. “Alternative Media and Social Networking Sites: The Politics of Individuation and Political Participation.” Communication Review, 14:179–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Feuer, Alan. 2012. “Occupy Sandy: A Movement Moves to Relief.” New York Times, November 9. &. Accessed March 2, 2013.

Fisher, Ali. 2010. “Bullets with Butterfly Wings: Tweets, Protest Networks, and the Iranian Election.” In Media, Power, and Politics in the Digital Age: The 2009 Presidential Election Uprising in Iran, edited by Kamalipour, Yahya, 105–118. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Fisher, Dana. 2010. “COP-15 in Copenhagen: How the Merging of Movements Left Civil Society Out in the Cold.” Global Environmental Politics 10:11–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Flanagin, Andrew J., Stohl, Cynthia, and Bimber, Bruce. 2006. “Modeling the Structure of Collective Action.” Communication Monographs 73:29–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foot, Kirsten A., and Schneider, Steven M.. 2006. Web Campaigning. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Freelon, Deen G., Kriplean, Travis, Morgan, Jonathan, Bennett, W. Lance, and Borning, Alan. 2012. “Facilitating Diverse Political Engagement with the Living Voters Guide.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics 9(3):279–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Friedman, Batya, Kahn, Peter H., and Borning, Alan. 2006. “Value Sensitive Design and Information Systems.” In Human–Computer Interaction in Management Information Systems: Foundations, edited by Zhang, P. and Galletta, D., 348–372. Armonk, NY: Sharpe. vsdesign.org/publications/pdf/non-scan-vsd-and-information-systems.pdf.Google Scholar

Gamson, William. 2004. “Bystanders, Public Opinion, and the Media.” In The Blackwell Companion to Social Movements, edited by Snow, David, Soule, Sarah Anne, and Kriesi, Hanspeter, 242–261. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar

Gavin, Neil, and Marshall, Tom. 2011. “Climate Change and International Protest at Copenhagen: Reflections on British Television and the Web.” In Transnational Protests and the Media, edited by Cottle, Simon and Lester, Libby, 197–212. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar

Gerbaudo, Paolo. 2012. Tweets and the Streets: Social Media and Contemporary Activism. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar

Gerhards, Jürgen, and Rucht, Dieter. 1992. “Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany.” American Journal of Sociology 98:555–596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Giddens, A. 1991. Modernity and Self Identity: Self and Society in the Late Modern Age. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Giddens, Anthony. 1998. The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Gillan, Kevin, Pickerill, Jenny, and Webster, Frank. 2008. Anti-War Activism: New Media and Protest in the Information Age. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gillham, Patrick F., and Marx, Gary T.. 2000. “Complexity and Irony in Policing and Protesting: The World Trade Organization in Seattle.” Social Justice 27(2):212–236.Google Scholar

Gitlin, Todd, 1980. The Whole World Is Watching: Mass Media in the Making and the Unmaking of the New Left. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Gitlin, Todd. 2012. Occupy Nation: The Roots, the Spirit, and the Promise of Occupy Wall Street. New York: HarperCollins.Google Scholar

Gladwell, Malcolm. 2010. “Small Change: Why the Revolution Will Not Be Tweeted.” New Yorker, October 4.

González-Bailón, Sandra, Holthoefer, Javier Borge, Rivero, Alejandro, and Moreno, Yamir. 2011. “The Dynamics of Protest Recruitment Through an Online Network.” Scientific Reports 1:197, December 15. DOI: 10.1038/srep00197. . Accessed December 29, 2011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gould, Roger V. 1991. “Multiple Networks and Mobilization in the Paris Commune, 1871.” American Sociological Review 56:716–729.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gould, Roger V. 1993. “Collective Action and Network Structure.” American Sociological Review 58:182–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Granovetter, Mark. 1973. “The Strength of Weak Ties.” American Journal of Sociology 78:1360–1380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greenhouse, Steven, and Bowley, Graham. 2011. “Tiny Tax on Financial Trades Gains Advocates.” New York Times, December 6. . Accessed December 29, 2011.

G20 Meltdown. 2009. . Accessed April 1, 2009.

Habermas, Jürgen. 1989 [1962]. The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, translated by Burger, Thomas with the assistance of Lawrence, Frederick. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Habermas, Jürgen. 1998. The Inclusion of the Other: Studies in Political Theory, edited by Cronin, Ciaran and Greiff, Pablo De. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Hadden, Jennifer. 2012. “Divided Advocacy Networks: Conflict and Competition in Global Climate Change Politics.” Paper presented at International Studies Association San Diego Convention, San Diego, CA, April 1–4.

Hall, Mike. 2011. “Harken/DeFazio Robin Hood Tax Would Generate $350 Billion.” AFL-CIO Blog, November 8. blog.aflcio.org/2011/11/08/harkindefazio-robin-hood-tax-would-generate-350-billion/. Accessed April 4, 2012.

Hands, Joss. 2011. @ Is for Activism: Dissent, Resistance and Rebellion in a Digital Culture. London: Pluto Press.Google Scholar

Harrison, Laird, and Michelle, Nichols. 2012. “Occupy 2012: Firmly Disorganized, Driven by Dreams.” Reuters. . Accessed November 10, 2012.

Heaney, Michael, and Fabio, Rojas. 2006. “The Place of Framing: Multiple Audiences and Antiwar Protests Near Fort Bragg.” Qualitative Sociology 29:485–505.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Heartquist, Erica. 2012. “Occupy Portland Marks One Year Anniversary.” KGW.com, October 6. Accessed November 8, 2012. . Accessed November 8, 2012.

Herwig, Jane, Kossatz, Max, and Viola, Mark. 2010. “#unibrennt mit internet. Beobachtungen zu einer sich ändernden Protestqualität.” In Uni Brennt. Grundsätzliches, Kritisches, Atmospherisches, edited by Heissenberger, S., Mark, V., Schramm, S., Sniesko, P., and Süss, R., 210–221. Vienna: Turia + Kant.Google Scholar

Hickel, Jason. 2012. “How Occupy Activists Fell in Love with Their Own Radical Horizontalism and Fetishized Physical Occupation.” LSE Review of Books, July 28. blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2012/07/28/book-review-occupy-scenes-from-occupied-america/. Accessed November 5, 2012.

Honeycutt, Courtenay, and Herring, Susan. 2009. “Beyond Microblogging: Conversation and Collaboration via Twitter.” Proceedings of the 42nd Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences. Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Press.Google Scholar

Howard, Philip N., and Hussain, Muzammil M.. 2011. “The Role of Digital Media.” Journal of Democracy 22:35–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Huberman, Bernardo, Romero, Daniel, and Wu, Fang. 2009. “Social Networks That Matter: Twitter Under the Microscope.” First Monday 14:1–9.Google Scholar

Hunt, Scott, Benford, Robert D., and Snow, David A. 1994. “Identity Fields: Framing Processes and the Social Construction of Movement Identities.” In New Social Movements: From Ideology to Identity, edited by Laraña, Enrique, Johnston, Hank, and Gusfield, Joseph R., 185–208. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar

Indymedia London. 2009. “Pics from Today's ‘Put People First’ March.” london.indymedia.org/articles/913. Accessed October 7, 2010.

Inglehart, Ronald. 1997. Modernization and Post-Modernization: Cultural, Economic and Political Change in 43 Societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Jarvis, Jeff. 2011. “#OccupyWallStreet & the Failure of Institutions.” Buzzmachine, October 3. . Accessed March 7, 2012.

Jasper, James M. 1997. The Art of Moral Protest: Culture, Biography, and Creativity in Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jenkins, Henry. 2006. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar

Jewitt, Rob. 2009. The Trouble with Twittering: Integrating Social Media into Mainstream News. International Journal of Media and Cultural Politics 5:231–238.Google Scholar

Joachim, Jutta. 2007. Agenda Setting, the UN, and NGOs: Gender Violence and Reproductive Rights. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar

Juris, Jeffrey S. 2008. Networking Futures: The Movements Against Corporate Globalization. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Juris, Jeffrey S. 2012. “Reflections on #occupyeverywhere: Social Media, Public Space, and Emerging Logics of Aggregation.” American Ethnologist 39(2):259–279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kahler, Miles. 2009. “Networked Politics: Agency, Power, and Governance.” In Networked Politics: Agency, Power, and Governance, edited by Kahler, Miles, 1–20. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Kavada, Anastasia. 2009. “Engagement, Bonding and Identity across Multiple Platforms: Avaaz on Facebook, YouTube and MySpace.” Paper presented at the ECPR General Conference, Potsdam, September 10–12.

Kavada, Anastasia. 2010. “Activism Transforms Digital: The Social Movement Perspective.” In Digital Activism Decoded: The New Mechanics of Change, edited by Joyce, Mary, 101–118. New York and Amsterdam: International Debate Education Association.Google Scholar

Kavanaugh, Andrea, Reese, Debbie Denise, Carroll, John M., and Rosson, Mary Beth. 2005. “Weak Ties in Networked Communities.” Information Society 21:119–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Keck, Margaret E., and Sikkink, Kathryn. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Kleefeld, Eric. 2011. “Poll: Public Turning Against Occupy Wall Street.” Talking Points Memo, November 16. tpmdc.talkingpointsmemo.com/2011/11/poll-public-opinion-turning-against-occupy-wall-street.php. Accessed October 29, 2012.

Kleis Nielsen, Rasmus. 2011. “Mundane Internet Tools, Mobilizing Practices, and the Coproduction of Citizenship in Political Campaigns.” New Media & Society 13:755–771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Klimaforum. 2009. . Accessed March 8, 2012.

Kriplean, Travis, Morgan, Jonathan, Freelon, Deen, Borning, Alan, and Bennett, Lance. 2012. “Supporting Reflective Public Thought with ConsiderIt.” In Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 265–274. New York: Association for Computing Machinery.Google Scholar

Krueger, Alan B. 2012. “The Rise and Consequences of Inequality in the United States,” January 12. . Accessed January 18, 2012.

Krzywinski, Martin, Birol, Inanc, Jones, Steven J. M., and Marra, Marco A.. 2011. “Hive Plots – Rational Approach to Visualizing Networks.” Briefings in Bioinformatics 2011. DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbr069.CrossRef

Kwak, Haewoon, Lee, Changhyun, Park, Hosung, and Moon, Sue. 2010. “Which Is Twitter, a Social Network or a New Media?” Paper presented at the World Wide Web Conference, Raleigh, North Carolina, April 26–30. .

Labor Union Report. 2011. “#Occupy Setup: Dems Introduce ‘Steal from the Rich, Give to the Poor’ Tax Act.” RedState, November 4. . Accessed December 30, 2011.

Lang, Amy Schrager, and Lang/Levitsky, Daniel (eds.). 2012. Dreaming in Public: Building the Occupy Movement. Oxford: New Internationalist.

Lang, Sabine. 2009. “Assessing Advocacy: Transnational Women's Networks and Gender Mainstreaming in the European Union.” Social Politics 16:327–357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lang, Sabine. 2013. NGOs, Civil Society, and the Public Sphere. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Langlois, Ganaele, Elmer, Greg, McKelvey, Fenwick, and Devereaux, Zachary. 2009. “Networked Publics: The Double Articulation of Code and Politics on Facebook.” Canadian Journal of Communication 34:415–434.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Latour, Bruno. 2005. Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lee, Dave. 2012. “SOPA and PIPA Protests Not Over, Says Wikipedia.” BBC, January 19. . Accessed January 22, 2012.

Lessig, Lawrence. 2006. Code 2.0. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

Lievrouw, Leah A. 2011. Alternative and Activist New Media. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Lindgren, Simon, and Lundström, Ragnar. 2011. “Pirate Culture and Hacktivist Mobilization: The Cultural and Social Protocols of #WikiLeaks on Twitter.” New Media & Society 13:999–1018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Link TV. 2011. “Tahrir Square's Popular Slogans.” Link TV, February 10. . Accessed July 21, 2011.

Livingston, Steven, and Asmolov, Gregory. 2010. “Networks and the Future of Foreign Affairs Reporting.” Journalism Studies 11:745–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lupia, Arthur, and Sin, Gisela. 2003. “Which Public Goods Are Endangered? How Evolving Communication Technologies Affect ‘the Logic of Collective Action.’” Public Choice 117:315–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Markham, William T. 2008. Environmental Organizations in Modern Germany: Hardy Survivors in the Twentieth Century and Beyond. New York: Berghahn Books.Google Scholar

Marsh, David, and Rhodes, R. A. W. (eds.). 1992. Policy Networks in British Government. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef

Martin, Phillip. 2012. “Occupy's Missed Opportunity to Impact Election 2012.” Huffington Post, November 6. . Accessed November 8, 2012.

Mattoni, Alice. 2012. Media Practices and Protest Politics: How Precarious Workers Mobilise. Aldershot: Ashgate.Google Scholar

Mattoni, Alice, Berdnikovs, Andrejs, Ardizzoni, Michela, and Cox, Laurence. 2010. “Voices of Dissent: Activists’ Engagements in the Creation of Alternative, Autonomous, Radical and Independent Media.” Interface: A Journal for and about Social Movements 2(2):1–22.Google Scholar

McAdam, Doug. 1986. “Recruitment to High Risk Activism: The Case of Freedom Summer.” American Journal of Sociology 92:64–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McAdam, Doug. 1988a. “Micromobilisation Contexts and the Recruitment to Activism.” In From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research across Cultures, edited by Klandermans, Bert, Kriesi, Hanspeter, and Tarrow, Sidney G., 125–154. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar

McAdam, Doug. 1988b. Freedom Summer. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N.. 1996. “Introduction: Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Framing Processes – Toward a Synthetic, Comparative Perspective on Social Movements.” In Comparative Perspectives on Social Movements: Political Opportunities, Mobilizing Structures, and Cultural Framings, edited by McAdam, Doug, McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N., 1–40. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McAdam, Doug, and Paulsen, Ronelle. 1993. “Specifying the Relationship between Social Ties and Activism.” American Journal of Sociology 99:640–667.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McAdam, Doug, Tarrow, Sidney G., and Tilly, Charles. 2001. Dynamics of Contention. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N.. 1973. The Trend of Social Movements in America: Professionalization and Resource Mobilization. Morristown, NJ: General Learning Press.Google Scholar

McCarthy, John D., and Zald, Mayer N.. 1977. “Resource Mobilization and Social Movements: A Partial Theory.” American Journal of Sociology 82:1212–1241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McDonald, Kevin. 2002. “From Solidarity to Fluidarity: Social Movements Beyond ‘Collective Identity’ – The Case of Globalization Conflicts.” Social Movement Studies 1(2):109–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mercea, Dan, Nixon, Paul, and Funk, Andreas. Forthcoming. “Unaffiliated Socialization and Social Media Recruitment: Reflections from Occupy the Netherlands.” In Views from the Cloud: Politics, Citizens and the Internet in Comparative Perspective, edited by Nixon, Paul, Rawal, Rajash, and Mercea, Dan. London: Routledge.

Melucci, Alberto 1985. “The Symbolic Challenge of Contemporary Movements.” Social Research 52:789–816.Google Scholar

Melucci, Alberto. 1989. Nomads of the Present: Social Movements and Individual Needs in Contemporary Society. London: Radius.Google Scholar

Melucci, Alberto. 1996. Challenging Codes: Collective Action in the Information Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Micheletti, Michele. 2003. Political Virtue and Shopping. New York: Palgrave.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milgram, Stanley. 1967. “The Small World Problem.” Psychology Today 1:60–67.Google Scholar

Mische, Ann. 2003. “Cross-Talk in Movements: Reconstructing the Culture-Network Link.” In Social Movements and Networks: Relational Approaches to Collective Action, edited by Diani, Mario and McAdam, Doug, 258–280. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mische, Ann. 2008. Partisan Publics: Communication and Contention Across Brazilian Youth Activist Networks. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Monge, Peter, and Fulk, Janet. 1999. “Communication Technology for Global Network Organizations.” In Shaping Organization Form: Communication, Connection, and Community, edited by Desanctis, Gerardine and Fulk, Janet, 71–100. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Monge, Peter R., and Contractor, Noshir. 2003. Theories of Communication Networks. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Morin, Richard. 2012. “Rising Share of Americans See Conflict Between Rich and Poor.” Pew Research Center, January 11. . Accessed January 18, 2012.

Morozov, Evgeny. 2009a.“Moldova's Twitter Revolution.” Foreign Policy, April 7. neteffect.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2009/04/07/moldovas_twitter_revolution. Accessed November 1, 2010.

Morozov, Evgeny. 2009b. “Iran: Downside to the “Twitter Revolution.” Dissent, Fall.

Morozov, Evgeny. 2011. The Net Delusion: How Not to Liberate the World. London: Allen Lane.Google Scholar

Mueller, Milton L. 2010. Networks and States: The Global Politics of Internet Governance. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Neff, Gina, and Stark, David. 2003. “Permanently Beta: Responsive Organization in the Internet Era.” In The Internet and American Life, edited by Howard, Philip and Jones, Steve, 173–188. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Nelson, Jane. 2007. “The Operation of Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in a World of Corporate and Other Codes of Conduct.” Corporate Social Responsibility Working Paper No. 34 (March). Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. .

Occupy Wall Street Activists. 2012. Occupy Wall Street Revolution Handbook: The Unauthorized Collector's Edition. Fix Bay Inc.Google Scholar

Olson, Mancur. 1965. The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Ostrom, Elinor. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Palfrey, John, Etling, Bruce, and Farris, Robert. 2009. “Reading Twitter in Tehran? Why the Real Revolution Is on the Streets – and Offline.” Washington Post, June 21.

Parikka, Jussi. 2010. “Malcolm Gladwell and the (End) for Something That Never Started?” Network Politics, March 10. . Accessed Oct 20 2010.

Paris Declaration (2009). . Accessed May 10, 2010.

Pateman, Carole. 1970. Participation and Democratic Theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Patomäki, Heikki. 2012. “Tobin Tax.” In Wiley-Blackwell Encyclopedia of Globalization, Volume 4, edited by Chichester, George Ritzer: Wiley-Blackwell. DOI: 10.1002/9780470670590.wbeog560.Google Scholar

Peretti, Jonah. 2002. “Culture Jamming, Memes, Social Networks, and the Emerging Media Ecology: The ‘Nike Sweatshop Email’ as Object to Think With.” Center for Communication and Civic Engagement. depts.washington.edu/ccce/polcommcampaigns/peretti.html. Accessed July 7, 2011.

Pfetsch, Barbara, and Adam, Silke. 2011. “Media Agenda Building in Online and Offline Media: Comparing Issues and Countries.” Paper presented at the 6th Annual Conference of the European Consortium of Political Research, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, August 25–27.

Pleyers, Geoffrey. 2010. Alter-Globalization: Becoming Actors in the Global Age. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar

Polletta, Francesca. 1998. “‘It Was Like a Fever …’ Narrative and Identity in Social Protest.” Social Problems 45:137–159.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Polletta, Francesca. 2002. Freedom Is an Endless Meeting: Democracy in American Social Movements. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Powell, Walter. 1990. “Neither Market nor Hierarchy: Network Forms of Organization.” In Research in Organizational Behavior, Volume 12, edited by Staw, B. and Cummings, L. L., 295–336. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.Google Scholar

Putnam, Linda, and Nicotera, Anne (eds.). 2009. Building Theories of Organization: The Constitutive Role of Communication. New York: Routledge.

Putnam, Robert. 2000. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Put People First. 2009. . Accessed March 28.

Reitan, Ruth. 2010. “Coordinated Power in Contemporary Leftist Activism.” In Power and Transnational Activism, edited by Olesen, Thomas, 51–71. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Rheingold, Howard. 2002. Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution. Cambridge, MA: Perseus.Google Scholar

Risse, Thomas. 2010. A Community of Europeans? Transnational Identities and Public Spheres. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Robinson, Andrew, and Tormey, Simon. 2005. “Horizontals, Verticals and the Conflicting Logics of Transformative Politics.” In Confronting Globalization, edited by Hayden, Patrick and el-Ojeili, Chamsey, 208–226. Palgrave: London.Google Scholar

Rogers, Richard. 2004. Information Politics on the Web. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Roose, Jochen. 2003. “Umweltorganisationen zwischen Mitgliedschaftslogik und Einflusslogik in der europäischen Politik” [Environmental organizations between membership logic and influence logic in European policy]. In Bürgerschaft, Öffentlichkeit und Demokratie in Europa, edited by Klein, Ansgar, 141–158. Opladen: Leske + Budrich.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rootes, Christopher. 2012. “New Issues, New Forms of Action? Climate Change and Environmental Activism in Britain.” In New Participatory Dimensions in Civil Society: Professionalization and Individualized Collective Action, edited by van Deth, Jan W. and Maloney, William, 46–68. London: ecpr/Routledge.Google Scholar

Rootes, Christopher, and Saunders, Clare. 2007. “Demonstrations of Democracy: The Make Poverty History and Stop Climate Chaos Marches.” Paper presented at the European Consortium for Political Research Conference, Helsinki, May 7–12. kar.kent.ac.uk/14955/1/Rootes.pdf.

Routledge, Paul, and Andrew, Cumbers. 2009. Global Justice Networks: Geographies of Transnational Solidarity. Manchester: Manchester University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rtve. 2011. “Más de Seis Millones de Españoles Han Participado en el Movimiento 15M,” August 6. . Accessed September 8, 2012.

Rucht, Dieter, and Roose, Jochen 2003. “Germany.” In Environmental Protest in Western Europe, edited by Rootes, Christopher, 80–108. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Salamon, Lester M. 1994. “The Rise of the Nonprofit Sector.” Foreign Affairs, July/August. . Accessed December 20, 2011.

Schwartz, Mattathias. 2011. “Pre-Occupied: The Origins and Future of Occupy Wall Street,” New Yorker, November 28.

Scott, James C. 1985. Weapons of the Weak: Everyday Forms of Peasant Resistance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Segerberg, Alexandra. 2010. “Swarming: Imagining Creative Political Participation.” In Creative Participation: Responsibility-Taking in the Political World, edited by Micheletti, Michele and McFarland, Andrew, 34–49. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.Google Scholar

Segerberg, Alexandra, and Bennett, W. Lance. 2011. “Social Media and the Organization of Collective Action: Using Twitter to Explore the Ecologies of Two Climate Change Protests.” Communication Review 14:197–215.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sharlet, Jeff. 2011. “Inside Occupy Wall Street.” Rolling Stone, November 10. . Accessed October 29, 2012.

Shifman, Limor. Forthcoming. “Memes in a Digital World: Reconciling with a Conceptual Troublemaker.” Journal of Computer Mediated Communication.

Shirky, Clay. 2003. “Power Laws, Weblogs, and Inequality.” Clay Shirky's Writings About the Internet, February 10. . Accessed January 21, 2012.

Shirky, Clay. 2011. “The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change.” Foreign Affairs, January/February. . Accessed February 22, 2013.

Sibun, Jonathan. 2011. “Oxfam's Dame Barbara Stocking: Challenges to Being Humankind in a Hungry World.” Telegraph, December 20. . Accessed December 20, 2011.

Sikkink, Kathryn. 2009. “The Power of Networks in International Politics.” In Networked Politics: Agency, Power, and Governance, edited by Kahler, Miles, 228–247. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Small, Tamara. 2011. “What the Hashtag? A Content Analysis of Canadian Politics on Twitter.” Information, Communication & Society 14:872–895.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, Jackie, and Wiest, Dawn. 2012. Social Movements in the World-System: The Politics of Crisis and Transformation. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar

Snow, David A., and Benford, Robert D.. 1988. “Ideology, Frame Resonance, and Participant Mobilization.” International Social Movement Research 1:197–217.Google Scholar

Snow, David A., and Benford, Robert D.. 1992. “Master Frames and Cycles of Protest.” In Frontiers in Social Movement Theory, edited by Morris, Aldon D. and Mueller, Carol, 133–155. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Snow, David A., Rochford, Jr. Burke, Worden, Steven K., and Benford, Robert D.. 1986. “Frame Alignment Processes, Micromobilization, and Movement Participation.” American Sociological Review 51:464–481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Snow, David A., Zurcher, Louis A., and Ekland-Olson, Sheldon. 1980. “Social Networks and Social Movements: A Microstructural Approach to Differential Recruitment.” American Sociological Review 45:787–801.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Graham, St. John. 2012. “Protestival: Global Days of Action and Carnivalized Politics of the Present.” Social Movement Studies: Journal of Social, Cultural and Political Protest 7:167–190.Google Scholar

Starbird, Kate, Muzny, Grace, and Palen, Leysia. 2012. “Learning from the Crowd: Collaborative Filtering Techniques for Identifying on-the-Ground Twitterers During Mass Disruptions.” Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Information Systems for Crisis Response and Management (ISCRAM 2012), April, Vancouver.Google Scholar

Stein, Laura. 2009. “Social Movement Web Use in Theory and Practice: A Content Analysis of US Movement Websites.” New Media & Society 11:749–771.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stop Climate Chaos. 2009a. “The Wave.” . Accessed July 9, 2011.

Stop Climate Chaos Coalition. 2009b. “Twitterstorm.” . Accessed November 15, 2010.

Stumpf, Michael P. H., and Porter, Mason A.. 2012. “Critical Truths About Power Laws.” Science 335(6069):665–666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sullivan, Andrew. 2009. “The Revolution Will Be Twittered.” Atlantic, June 13.

Tarrow, Sidney. 2001. “Contentious Politics in a Composite Polity.” In Contentious Europeans: Protest and Politics in an Emerging Polity, edited by Imig, Doug and Tarrow, Sidney, 233–252. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar

Tarrow, Sidney. 2011. Power in Movement: Social Movements in Contentious Politics. 3d ed. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Taylor, Astra, and Gessen, Keith (eds.). 2011. Occupy! Scenes from an Occupied America. London: Verso.

Taylor, James, and Van Every, Elizabeth. 2000. The Emergent Organization: Communication as Its Site and Surface. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar

Teixeira, Ruy. 2012. “Public Opinion Snapshot: Americans Believe Our Economic System Favors the Wealthy.” Center for American Progress, January 23. . Accessed October 29, 2012.

Theocharis, Yannis. 2012. “The Wealth of (Occupation) Networks? Communication Patterns and Information Distribution in a Twitter Protest Network.” Journal of Information Technology & Politics; . Accessed June 29, 2012.

Thorson, Kjerstin, Driscoll, Kevin, Ekdale, Brian, Edgerly, Stephanie, Thompson, Liana Gamber, Schrock, Andrew, Swartz, Lana, Vraga, Emily, and Wells, Chris. 2013. “YouTube, Twitter and the Occupy Movement: Connecting Content and Circulation Practices.” Information, Communication & Society. DOI: 10.1080/1369118X.2012.756051.CrossRef

Tilly, Charles. 1978. From Mobilization to Revolution. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 2004. Social Movements, 1768–2004. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles. 2006. “WUNC.” In Crowds, edited by Schnapp, Jeffrey T. and Tiews, Matthew, 289–306. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Tilly, Charles, and Tarrow, Sidney. 2007. Contentious Politics. Boulder, CO: Paradigm.Google Scholar

Touraine, Alain. 2000. Can We Live Together? Equality and Difference, translated by Macey, David. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Turner, Fred. 2006. From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Twirus, UK. 2009. “Twitter Trending Topics in Any Language.” uk.twirus.com. Accessed December 5, 2009.

Van Deth, Jan. 2012. “New Modes of Participation and Norms of Citizenship.” In New Participatory Dimensions in Civil Society: Professionalization and Individualized Collective Action, edited by van Deth, Jan W. and Maloney, William, 115–38. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

van Dyke, Nella, and McCammon, Holly (eds). 2010. Strategic Alliances: Coalition Building and Social Movements. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

Vicari, Stefania. 2012. “Twitter and Public Reasoning around Social Contention: The Case of #15ott in Italy.” In From Social to Political: New Forms of Mobilization and Democratization, edited by Tejerina, Benjamin and Perugorría, Ignacia, 281–296. Bilbao: Servicio Editorial de la Universidad del Pais Vasco. hdl.handle.net/2381/10265.Google Scholar

Vinocur, Nick, and Barkin, Noah. 2009. “G20 Marches Begin Week of Protests in Europe.” Reuters, March 28. . Accessed July 9, 2011.

Von Reiermann, Christian, and Schiessl, Michaela. 2001. “Die missbrauchen meinen Namen.” Der Spiegel 36 (September 3). . Accessed March 9, 2012.Google Scholar

Wahlström, Mattias, Wennerhag, Magnus, and Rootes, Christopher. Forthcoming. “Framing ‘The Climate Issue’: Patterns of Participation and Prognostic Frames among Climate Summit Protesters.” Global Environmental Politics.

Walgrave, Stefaan, Bennett, W. Lance, Van Laer, Jeroen, and Breunig, Christian. 2011. “Multiple Engagements and Network Bridging in Contentious Politics: Digital Media Use of Protest Participants.” Communication 16(3):325–349.Google Scholar

Ward, Mark. 2009. “Twitter on the Front Line.” BBC, April 2. news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/7979378.stm. Accessed February 22, 2013.

Washington Post. 2011. “Full Text of President Obama's Economic Speech in Osawatomie Kansas,” December 6. . Accessed November 10, 2012.

Watts, Duncan J. 2003. Six Degrees: The Science of a Connected Age. New York: Norton.Google Scholar

Watts, Duncan J., and Strogatz, Steven H.. 1998. “Collective Dynamics of ‘Small World’ Networks.” Nature 393:440–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Weaver-Stoesz, Marlys. 2012. “Goshen College Student Wins Speech Contest.” Elkhart Truth, October 30. . Accessed November 8, 2012.

Weinstein, Adam. 2011. “‘We Are the 99%’ Creators Revealed.” Mother Jones, October 7. . Accessed October 29, 2012.

Weller, Ben. 2010. “G20 Protests in Seoul.” Demotix, November 11, 2010. . Accessed July 9, 2011.

What the Hashtag?! 2010. “Now Trending.” Accessed October 27, 2010; searched for #cop15, #cop16. Wthashtag.com.

Wikipedia. 2009. “2009 G20 London Summit Protests.” en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_G-20_London_summit_protests. Accessed July 26, 2009.

Yanacopulos, Helen. 2009. “Cutting the Diamond: Networking Economic Justice.” In Networked Politics: Agency, Power, and Governance, edited by Kahler, Miles, 67–78. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Youmans, William Lafi, and York, Jillian C.. 2012. “Social Media and the Activist Toolkit: User Agreements, Corporate Interests, and the Information Infrastructure of Modern Social Movements.” Journal of Communication 62:315–329.CrossRefGoogle Scholar