Obese: description of an individual with a body mass index (cf.) of equal to or greater than 30; cf. overweight. otyły

Obesity: body fat increased to a point where it is associated with adverse effects on health or increased mortality, considered to occur 20–30% above desirable weight; has been shown to predispose to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus type 2, and kidney disease; cf. body mass index, metabolic disorders. otyłość

Objective: 1. measurable condition or level of achievement at each stage of progression toward a goal, cf. goal;cel 2. not influenced by individual opinions, emotions, etc.; cf. subjective. obiektywny

Objective function: summary quantity, expressed as a mathematical function of independent variables, that an investigator wishes to maximise or minimise, e.g. total cost. funkcja celu

Objectivism: notion that what is considered right and wrong exists beyond the human sphere and applies to all people in all places and at all times, e.g. the fact that slavery was condoned in the past, does not mean that it was ever morally right. obiektywizm

Objectivity: neutral and unbiased approach to study. obiektywność

Obligate aerobes: organisms that require the presence of molecular oxygen for their metabolism. tlenowce

Obligate anaerobes: organisms for which the presence of molecular oxygen is toxic; they derive the oxygen needed for cell synthesis from chemical compounds. beztlenowce

Obligation: whatever is required to do, although tempered by competing duties; usually correlated with rights; professional role obligations derive from basic ethical principles and are articulated in codes of professional conduct; cf. principles and principlism, rights.