Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-rkxrd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-21T04:11:52.980Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - Hunter-Gatherer Anthropology and Language

from Part I - Introduction

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 February 2020

By
Tom Güldemann ,
Patrick McConvell  and
Richard A. Rhodes
Edited by
Tom Güldemann ,
Patrick McConvell  and
Richard A. Rhodes
Tom Güldemann
Affiliation:
Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
Patrick McConvell
Affiliation:
Australian National University, Canberra
Richard A. Rhodes
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
Get access

Summary

Foragers are often portrayed as “others” standing outside the main trajectory of human social evolution, which began with the Neolithic Revolution. In some forms of this narrative, foragers are static, left behind in the tide of history by their dynamic cousins, the farmers.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Language of Hunter-Gatherers , pp. 3 - 48
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Aikhenvald, Alexandra. (2008). The Manambu language of East Sepik, Papua New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Allen, Nick J. (2004). Tetradic theory: An approach to kinship. In Parkin, R. and Stone, L. (eds.), Kinship and family: An anthropological reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 231–235.Google Scholar
Arnold, Jeanne. (1996). The archaeology of complex hunter-gatherers. Journal of Archeological Method and Theory 3(2): 77–126.Google Scholar
Aubin, George F. (1975). A Proto-Algonquian dictionary. National Museum of Man, Mercury Series. Canadian Ethnology Service Paper no. 29. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.Google Scholar
Bahuchet, Serge. (1992). Histoire d’une civilisation forestière 1: dans la forêt d’Afrique centrale; les pygmées aka et baka. Bibliothèque de la SELAF 322. Ethnoscience 8. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Bahuchet, Serge. (1993). Histoire d’une civilisation forestière 2: la rencontre des agriculteurs – les pygmées parmi les peuples d’Afrique centrale. Bibliothèque de la SELAF 344. Ethnoscience 9. Leuven: Peeters.Google Scholar
Bahuchet, Serge. (2012). Changing language, remaining Pygmy. Human Biology 84(1): 11–43. Retrieved from: www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3378/027.084.0101Google Scholar
Bailey, Robert, Jenike, M., Head, L., et al. (1989). Hunting and gathering in tropical rain forest: Is it possible? American Anthropologist 91: 55–92.Google Scholar
Barnard, Alan. (2002). The foraging mode of thought. In Stewart, Henry, Barnard, Alan, and Omura, Keiichi (eds.), Self- and other images of hunter-gatherers. Senri Ethnological Studies 60. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 5–24.Google Scholar
Baugh, Timothy G., and Ericson, Jonathon E. (eds.). (1994). Prehistoric exchange systems in North America. New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Bellwood, Peter. (1999). Archaeology of Southeast Asian hunters and gatherers. In Lee, Richard B., and Daly, Richard (eds.), The Cambridge encyclopaedia of hunters and gatherers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 284–288.Google Scholar
Bellwood, Peter. (2005a). Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis in the East Asian context. In Sagart, Laurent, Blench, Roger, and Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.), The peopling of East Asia: Putting together archaeology, linguistics and genetics. Abingdon: RoutledgeCurzon,17–30.Google Scholar
Bellwood, Peter. (2005b). First farmers: The origins of agricultural societies. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bellwood, Peter. (2011). Holocene population history in the Pacific Region as a model for worldwide food producer dispersals. Current Anthropology 52–54: S363–S378.Google Scholar
Bellwood, Peter. (2013). First migrants: Ancient migration in global perspective. Chichester: Wiley/Blackwell.Google Scholar
Bellwood, P. (ed.). (2014). The global prehistory of human migration. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 327–332.Google Scholar
Peter, Bellwood, and Renfrew, Colin (eds.). (2002). Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis. Cambridge: MacDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge.Google Scholar
Bettinger, Robert. (1991). Doing Great Basin archaeology recently: Coping with variability. Journal of Archaeological Research 1: 43–66.Google Scholar
Bettinger, Robert L. (1994). How, when, and why Numic spread. In Madsen, David B. and Rhode, David (eds.), Across the west: Human population movement and the expansion of the Numa. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press, 44–55.Google Scholar
Bettinger, Robert, and Baumhoff, Martin. (1982). The Numic spread: Great Plains cultures in competition. American Antiquity 47: 485–505.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis. (2002). In pursuit of the past: Decoding the archaeological record. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bird, Douglas, and O’Connell, James. (2006). Behavioral ecology and archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Research 14: 143–188.Google Scholar
Birdsell, Joseph Benjamin. (1953). Some environmental and cultural factors influencing the structuring of Australian aboriginal populations. American Naturalist 87: 171–207.Google Scholar
Blench, Roger. (1999). Are the African Pygmies an ethnographic fiction? In Biesbrouck, H., Elders, S., and Rossel, G. (eds.), Central African hunter-gatherers in a multidisciplinary perspective: Challenging elusiveness. Leiden: Research School for Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies (CNWS), Leiden University, 41–60.Google Scholar
Blench, Roger, and Walsh, Martin T.. (2010). The vocabularies of Vazimba and Beosi: Do they represent the languages of the pre-Austronesian populations of Madagascar? Retrieved from: www.rogerblench.info/Language/Isolates/Vazimba%20vocabulary.pdfGoogle Scholar
Bliege-Bird, Rebecca, Smith, Eric, and Bird, Douglas. (2001). The hunting handicap: Costly signalling in human foraging strategies. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50: 9–19.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, Leonard. (1925). On the sound system of central Algonquian. Language 1 (4): 130–156.Google Scholar
Blust, Robert A. (1974). The Proto-North Sarawak vowel deletion hypothesis. PhD thesis, University of Hawai‘i.Google Scholar
Bowern, Claire, Epps, P., Gray, R., Hill, J., McConvell, P., and Zentz, J.. (2011). Does lateral transmission obscure inheritance in hunter-gatherer languages? PLoS ONE 6(9): e25195.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowern, Claire, Haynie, H., Sheard, C., et al. (2014). Loan and inheritance patterns in hunter-gatherer ethnobiological systems. Journal of Ethnobiology 34(2): 195–227.Google Scholar
Brugge, David M. (1983). Navajo prehistory and history to 1850. In Ortiz, Alfonso (vol. ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 10: Southwest. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 489–501.Google Scholar
Burch, Ernest. (1971). The caribou/wild reindeer as a human resource. American Antiquity 37(3): 339–361.Google Scholar
Comrie, Bernard. (2002). Farming dispersal in Europe and the spread of the Indo-European language family. In Bellwood, P. and Renfrew, C. (eds.), Examining the Farming language dispersal hypothesis. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 409–419.Google Scholar
DeMallie, Raymond J. (vol. ed.). (2001). Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 13: Plains. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Denny, J. Peter. (1991). The Algonquian migration from plateau to midwest: Linguistics and archaeology. In Cowan, W. (ed.), Papers of the 22nd Algonquian conference. Ottawa: Carleton University, 103–124.Google Scholar
Denny, J. Peter. (1992). The entry of the Algonquian language into the Boreal Forest. Paper read to the Canadian Archaeological Association, London, Ontario, May 1992.Google Scholar
Diamond, Jared M. (1997). Linguistics: The language steamrollers. Nature 389: 544–546.Google Scholar
Diamond, Jared, and Bellwood, Peter (2003). Farmers and their languages: The first expansions. Science 300(5619): 597–603.Google Scholar
Diebold, Richard. (1992). The traditional view of the Indo-European paleo-economy: Contradictory evidence from anthropology and linguistics. In Polome, E. and Winter, W. (eds.), Reconstructing languages and cultures. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton. 317–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, R. M. W. (1976).Tribes, languages and other boundaries in northeast Queensland. In Peterson, Nicholas (ed.), Tribes and boundaries in Australia. Canberra: AIAS, 204–238.Google Scholar
Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian languages: Their nature and development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Doornbos, Paul, and Lionel Bender, M.. (1983). Languages of Wadai-Darfur. In Bender, M. Lionel (ed.), Nilo-Saharan language studies. Committee on Northeast African Studies Monographs 13. East Lansing: African Studies Center, Michigan State University, 42–79.Google Scholar
Driver, Harold E. (1969). Indians of North America (2nd edn). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Driver, Harold E., and Massey, William C.. (1957). Comparative studies of North American Indians. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, New Series 47(Pt. 2).Google Scholar
Ehret, Christopher. (2011). History and the testimony of language. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ellen, Roy. (1994). Modes of subsistence: Hunting and gathering to agriculture and pastoralism. In Ingold, Tim (ed.), Companion encyclopedia of anthropology: Humanity, culture and social life. London: Routledge, 197–225.Google Scholar
Ember, Carol. (1978). Myths about hunter-gatherers. Ethnology 17: 439–444.Google Scholar
Ember, Carol, and Ember, Melvin. (2010). Cultural anthropology. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Epps, Patience. (2013). Inheritance, calquing or independent innovation? Reconstructing morphological complexity in Amazonian numerals. Journal of Language Contact 6(2): 323–357.Google Scholar
Epps, Patience, and Stenzel, Kristine. (2013). Introduction. In Epps, Patience and Stenzel, Kristine (eds.), Upper Rio Negro: Cultural and linguistic interaction in northwestern Amazonia. Rio de Janeiro: Museu Nacional; Museu do Índio/Funai, 13–50.Google Scholar
Evans, N., and McConvell, P.. (1998). The enigma of Pama-Nyungan expansion in Australia. In Blench, Roger and Spriggs, Matthew (eds.), Archaeology and language, Vol. 2. London: Routledge, 174–191.Google Scholar
Feest, Christian F., and Feest, Johanna E.. (1978). Ottawa. In Trigger, Bruce G. (ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 772–786.Google Scholar
Feit, Harvey A. (2004). Hunting and the quest for power: The James Bay Cree and Whitemen in the 20th century. In Morrison, R. Bruce and Wilson, C. Roderick (eds.), Native peoples: The Canadian experience (3rd edn). Toronto: McCelland & Stewart, 101–128.Google Scholar
Fix, Alan. (1994). Migration and colonization in human micro-evolution. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Flannery, Kent. (1969). Origins and ecological effects of early domestication in Iran and the Near East. In Ucko, P. and Dimbleby, G. (eds.), The domestication and exploitation of plants and animals. Chicago: Aldine, 73–100.Google Scholar
Foley, William. (2008). The Papuan languages of New Guinea. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ford, Richard I. (1981). Gardening and farming before A.D. 1000: Patterns of prehistoric cultivation north of Mexico. Journal of Ethnobiology 1(1): 6–27.Google Scholar
Fortescue, Michael. (1997). Dialect distribution and intergroup interaction in Greenlandic Eskimo. In McConvell, P. and Evans, N. (eds.), Archaeology and Linguistics: Aboriginal Australia in global perspective. Melbourne: Oxford University Press, 111–122.Google Scholar
Fowler, Melvin L., and Hall, Robert L.. (1978). Late prehistory of the Illinois area. In Trigger, Bruce G. (vol. ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15: Northeast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 560–568.Google Scholar
Fox, Richard G. (1969). “Professional primitives”: Hunters and gatherers of nuclear South Asia. Man in India 49(2): 139–160.Google Scholar
Galinat, William. (1985). Domestication and diffusion of maize. In Ford, R. (ed.), Prehistoric food production in North America. Anthropological Papers, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, No. 75. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 245–278.Google Scholar
Gibbon, Guy E., and Ames, Kenneth M. (1998). Archaeology of prehistoric Native America: An encyclopedia. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Gibson, Thomas, and Sillender, Kenneth. (2011). Anarchic solidarity: Autonomy, equality and fellowship in South-east Asia. Yale South-east Asian Studies Monographs. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Goddard, R. H. Ives. (1994). The west-to-east cline in Algonquian dialectology. In Cowan, William (ed.), Actes du 25e congrès des Algonquinistes. Ottawa: Carleton University, 187–211.Google Scholar
Gremillion, Kristen. (2003). Eastern Woodlands overview. In Minnis, Paul E. (ed.), People and plants in ancient eastern North America. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 17–49.Google Scholar
Griffin, P. Bion. (1981). Hunting, farming and sedentism in a rain-forest foraging society. In Kent, S. (ed.), Farmers as Hunters: The implications of sedetism. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 61–75.Google Scholar
Grimm, Nadine. (2015). A grammar of Gyeli. PhD thesis, Institute for Asian and African Studies, Humboldt University Berlin.Google Scholar
Gruhn, Ruth. (1997). Language classification and models of the peopling of the Americas. In McConvell, P. and Evans, N. (eds.), Archaeology and Linguistics: Aboriginal Australia in global perspective. Melbourne: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Headland, Thomas. (1986). Why foragers do not become farmers: A historical study of a changing ecosystem and its effect on a Negrito hunter-gatherer group in the Philippines. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Headland, Thomas. (1987). The wild yam question: How well could independent hunter-gatherers live in a tropical rain forest ecosystem? Human Ecology 15: 463–491.Google Scholar
Headland, Thomas N., and Reid, Lawrence. (1989). Hunter-gatherers and their neighbors from prehistory to the present. Current Anthropology 30(1): 43–51.Google Scholar
Hill, Jane H. (1996). Languages on the land: Toward an anthropological dialectology. David Skomp Distinguished Lectures in Anthropology. Bloomington: Department of Anthropology, Indiana University.Google Scholar
Hill, Jane H. (2001). Proto-Uto-Aztecan. American Anthropologist New Series 103(4): 913–934.Google Scholar
Hill, Jane H. (2008). Northern Uto-Aztecan and Kiowa-Tanoan: Evidence of contact between the Proto-languages? IJAL 74: 155–188.Google Scholar
Hiscock, Peter. (2008). Archaeology of ancient Australia. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hoffman, Carl L. (1986). The Punan: Hunters and gatherers of Borneo. Studies in Cultural Anthropology, 12. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms International Research Press.Google Scholar
Hunn, Eugene. (1994). Place-names, population density and the magic number 500. Current Anthropology 35(1): 81–85.Google Scholar
Isaac, Barry. (1990). Economy, ecology and analogy: The !Kung San and the generalised foraging model. In Tankersley, K. and Isaac, B. (eds.), Early Paleoindian economies of Eastern North America. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 323–335.Google Scholar
Ives, John. (1990). A theory of northern Athabaskan prehistory. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Kaestle, F., and Smith, D.. (2001). Ancient mitochondrial DNA evidence for prehistoric movement: The Numic expansion. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 115: 1–12.Google Scholar
Keen, Ian. (1982). How some Murngin men marry ten wives. Man New Series 17(4): 620–642.Google Scholar
Keen, Ian. (2004). Aboriginal economy and society. Melbourne: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Keen, Ian. (2006). Constraints on the development of enduring inequality in late Holocene Australia. Current Anthropology 17(1): 7–38.Google Scholar
Keen, I. (ed.) (2010). Indigenous participation in Australian economies. New South Wales: ANU Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, R. I. (1995). The foraging spectrum: Diversity in hunter-gatherer lifeways. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Kelly, Robert. (2003). Colonization of new land by hunter-gatherers. In Rockman, H. and Steele, J. (eds.), The colonization of unfamiliar landscapes: The archaeology of adaptation. London: Routledge, 44–57.Google Scholar
Kennett, Douglas J., and Winterhalder, Bruce (eds.). (2006). Behavioral ecology and the transition to agriculture. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lathrap, Donald. (1968). The ‘hunting’ economies of the tropical forest zone of South America: An attempt at historical perspective. In Lee, Richard and Devore, Irven, eds. Man the hunter. Chicago: Aldine, 23–29.Google Scholar
Layton, R., Foley, R., Williams, E., et al. (1991). The transition between hunting and gathering and the specialized husbandry of resources: A socio-biological approach. Current Anthropology 32(3): 255–274.Google Scholar
Lee, Richard, and deVore, Irene (eds.). (1968). Man the hunter. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Letouzey, René. (1976). Contribution de la botanique au problème d’une éventuelle langue pygmée. Bibliothèque de la SELAF 57/8. Paris: SELAF.Google Scholar
Levi-Strauss, Claude. (1968). The concept of ‘primitiveness’. In Lee, Richard and Devore, Irven (eds.), Man the hunter. Chicago: Aldine, 349–352.Google Scholar
Lourandos, Harry. (1997). Continent of hunter-gatherers: New perspectives on Australian prehistory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Lovestrand, Joey. (2013). East Chadic B: Classification and description progress report. Journal of West African Languages 40(1): 105–130.Google Scholar
Madsen, David B., and Rhode, David. (1994). Across the west: Human population movement and the expansion of the Numa. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
McConvell, Patrick. (1996). Backtracking to Babel: The chronology of Pama-Nyungan expansion in Australia. Archaeology in Oceania 31: 125–144.Google Scholar
McConvell, Patrick. (2001). Language shift and language spread among hunter-gatherers. In Panter-Brick, C., Rowley-Conwy, P., and Layron, R. (eds.), Hunter-gatherers: Social and biological perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 143–169.Google Scholar
McConvell, Patrick. (2009). Loanwords in Gurindji, a Pama-Nyungan language of Australia. Chapter and database in Haspelmath, M and Tadmor, U. (eds.), Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 790–822.Google Scholar
McConvell, Patrick. (2010). The archaeolinguistics of migration. In Lucassen, J., Lucassen, L., and Manning, P. (eds.), Migration history in world history: Multidisciplinary approaches. Leiden: Brill, 151–190.Google Scholar
McConvell, Patrick. (2013). Comment on Denham’s ‘Beyond Fictions of Closure’. Mathematical Anthropology and Cultural Theory. 5(3).Google Scholar
McConvell, Patrick. (2018). The birds and the bees: The origins of sections in Queensland. In McConvell, P., Kelly, P., and Lacrampe, S. (eds.), Skin, kin and clan: the dynamics of social categories in indigenous Australia. Canberra: ANU Press, 219–270.Google Scholar
McConvell, Patrick, and Smith, Mike. (2003). Millers and mullers: The archaeolinguistic stratigraphy of seed-grinding in Central Australia. In Andersse, H. (ed.), Language contact in prehistory: Studies in stratigraphy. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 177–200.Google Scholar
Minnis, Paul E. (ed.). (2003). People and plants in ancient eastern North America. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Minnis, Paul E. (ed.). (2004). People and plants in ancient western North America. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Moore, John. (2001). Evaluating five models of human colonization. American Anthropologist 163(2): 395–408.Google Scholar
Murdock, George. (1949). Social structure. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Myers, Fred. (1988). Pintupi country, Pintupi self: Sentiment and politics among Western Desert Aborigines. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Nettle, Daniel. (1999). Linguistic diversity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nichols, Johanna, and Rhodes, Richard A.. (2018). Vectors of language spread at the central steppe periphery: Finno-Ugric as a catalyst language. In Iversen, R. and Kroonen, G. (eds.), Digging for Words: Archaeolinguistic case studies from the XV Nordic TAG Conference held at University of Copenhagen, April 16–18, 2015. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports, 58–68.Google Scholar
Ortiz, Alfonso (vol. ed.) (1983). Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 10: Southwest. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Pálsson, Gísli. (1988). Hunters and gatherers of the sea. In Ingold, Tim, Riches, David, and Woodburn, James (eds.), Hunters and gatherers 1: History, evolution and social change. New York: Berg, 189–204.Google Scholar
Radisson, Pierre Esprit. (1961). The explorations of Pierre Esprit Radisson, from the original manuscript in the Bodleian Library and the British Museum, edited by Adams, Arthur T., modernized by Kallsen, Loren. Minneapolis, MN: Ross and Haines.Google Scholar
Reid, Lawrence A. (1992). The Tasaday language: A key to Tasaday prehistory. In Headland, Thomas N. (ed.), The Tasaday controversy: An assessment of the evidence. Washington, DC: American Anthropological Association, 180–193.Google Scholar
Reid, Lawrence A. (1994). Possible non-Austronesian lexical elements in Philippine Negrito languages. Oceanic Linguistics 33(1): 37–72.Google Scholar
Reid, Lawrence A. (1996). The Tasaday tapes. In Pan-Asiatic linguistics: Proceedings of the 4th international symposium on languages and linguistics, January 8–10, 1996, Vol. 5. Salaya, Thailand: Institute of Language and Culture for Rural Development, Mahidol University, 1743–1766.Google Scholar
Reid, Lawrence A. (1997). Linguistic archaeology: Tracking down the Tasaday language. In Blench, Roger and Spriggs, Matthew (eds.), Theoretical and methodological orientations: Archaeology and language 1. One World Archaeology 27. London: Routledge, 184–208.Google Scholar
Reid, Lawrence A. (2009). Hunter-gatherer and farmer symbiosis from a linguist’s point of view. In Ikeya, Kazunobu, Ogawa, Hidefumi, and Mitchell, Peter (eds.), Interactions between hunter-gatherers and farmers: From prehistory to present. Senri Ethnological Studies 73. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 263–269.Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. Colin. (1989a). Models of change in language and archaeology. Transactions of the Philological Society 87(2): 103–155.Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. Colin. (1989b). Archaeology and language: The puzzle of Indo-European origins. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Renfrew, A. Colin. (2003). Figuring it out: What are we? Where do we come from? London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Richard A. (1982). Algonquian trade languages. In Cowan, Wm. (ed.), Papers of the thirteenth Algonquian conference. Ottawa: Carleton University, 1–10.Google Scholar
Rhodes, Richard A. (2012). Algonquian trade languages revisited. In Hele, K. and Valentine, J. R. (eds.), Papers of the fortieth Algonquian conference. Albany: SUNY Press, 358–369.Google Scholar
Richerson, Peter, Boyd, Robert, and Bettinger, Robert. (2001). Was agriculture impossible during the Pleistocene but mandatory during the Holocene? American Antiquity 66(3): 387–411.Google Scholar
Rottland, Franz, and Voßen, Rainer. (1977). Grundlagen für eine Klärung des Dorobo-Problems. In Möhlig, Wilhelm J. G., Rottland, Franz, and Heine, Bernd (eds.), Zur Sprachgeschichte und Ethnohistorie in Afrika: Neue Beiträge afrikanistischer Forschungen. Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, 213–238.Google Scholar
Rumsey, A. (1993). Language and territoriality in Aboriginal Australia. In Walsh, M. and Yallop, C. (eds.), Language and culture in Aboriginal Australia. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press,191–206.Google Scholar
Sapir, Edward. (1949/1936). Internal linguistic evidence suggestive of the northern origin of the Navaho. In Mandelbaum, D. (ed.), Selected writings in language, culture and personality, 213–224. Berkeley: University of California Press. American Anthropologist 38(2): 224–235 [1936].Google Scholar
Sarich, Steven. (2010). Deconstructing the Hopewell Interaction Sphere. Nebraska Anthropologist. Paper 59.Google Scholar
Scarry, C. Margaret. (2003). Patterns of wild plant utilization in the prehistoric eastern woodlands. In Minnis, Paul E. (ed.), People and plants in ancient eastern North America. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 50–104.Google Scholar
Schnoebelen, Tyler. (2009). (Un)classifying Shabo: Phylogenetic methods and results. In Austin, Peter K., Bond, Oliver, Charette, Monik, et al. (eds.), Proceedings of conference on language documentation and linguistic theory 2. London: School of Oriental and African Studies, 275–284.Google Scholar
Seeman, Mark F. (1979). Hopewell Interaction Sphere: The evidence for interregional trade and structural complexity. Indianapolis, IN: Indian Historical Society.Google Scholar
Smith, Bruce D., and Cowan, C. Wesley. (2003). Domesticated crop plants and the evolution of food production economies in eastern North America. In Minnis, Paul E. (ed.), People and plants in ancient eastern North America. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 105–125.Google Scholar
Snow, Dean. (1978). Late prehistory of the East Coast. In Trigger, Bruce G. (vol. ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15: Northeast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 58–69.Google Scholar
Specht, Jim. (2003). On New Guinea hunters and gatherers. Current Anthropology 44(2): 269–271.Google Scholar
Struever, Stuart, and Houart, Gail L.. (1990). Analysis of the Hopewell Interaction Sphere. In Suttles, Wayne (vol. ed.), Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 7: Northwest Coast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1990.Google Scholar
Suttles, Wayne. (1990). Handbook of the North American Indians, Vol. 7: North-west Coast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Szalay, Miklós. (1995). The San and the colonization of the Cape: 1770–1879; conflict, incorporation, acculturation. Quellen zur Khoisan-Forschung 11. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.Google Scholar
Thomas, D. H. (1981). Complexity among Great Basin Shoshones, the world’s least affluent hunter-gatherers? In Koyoma, S. and Thomas, D. H. (eds.), Affluent foragers: Pacific coast, east and west. Osaka: National Museum of Ethnology, 19–52.Google Scholar
Trigger, Bruce G. (vol. ed.). (1978). Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 15: Northeast. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.Google Scholar
Trigger, Bruce G. (1998). Sociocultural evolution: Calculation and contingency. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Turney, Christian, and Hobbs, Douglas. (2006). ENSO influence on Holocene Aboriginal populations in Queensland, Australia. Journal of Archaeological Science 33(12): 1744–1748.Google Scholar
Veth, Peter. (2006). Social dynamism in the archaeology of the Western Desert. In David, B., Barker, B., and McNiven, I. (eds.), The social archaeology of Australian indigenous societies. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press, 242–253.Google Scholar
Veth, P., Smith, M., and Hiscock, P. (eds.). (2005). Desert peoples: Archaeological Perspectives. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Whalen, Doug, and Simons, Gary F. (2012). Endangered language families. Language 88: 151–173.Google Scholar
White, Douglas (ed.) (1986). Introduction. Ethnographic atlas. World Cultures. 6(3). (based on G. Murdock et al.).Google Scholar
White, Douglas. (1990). Ethnographic atlas map tabulations. Retrieved from: http://eclectic.ss.uci.edu/~drwhite/worldcul/wldvol63.htm (with Michael Fischer).Google Scholar
Williams, Alan N., Ulm, Sean, Turney, Chris S. M., Rohde, David, and White, Gentry (2015). Holocene demographic changes and the emergence of complex societies in prehistoric Australia. PLoS June 17, 2015. Retrieved from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0128661Google Scholar
Winship, George Parker (ed. and trans.). (1904). The journey of Coronado, 1540–1542, from the City of Mexico to the Grand Canon of the Colorado and the Buffalo Plains of Texas. New York: A. S. Barnes & Company,Google Scholar
Winterhalder, Bruce. (1986). Diet choice, risk and food sharing in a stochastic environment. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5(4): 369–392.Google Scholar
Woodburn, James. (1980). Hunters and gatherers today and reconstruction of the past. In Gellner, E. (ed.), Soviet and Western anthropology. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Woodburn, James. (1990). Hunters and gatherers today and reconstruction of the past. In Gellner, E. (ed.), Soviet and Western Anthropology. London: Duckworth.Google Scholar
Yuan, Yi-F. (1990). Topophilia: A study of environmental perceptions, attitudes, and values. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×