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10 - How to create a language by describing it? Orientalists and pure colloquial Arabic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 February 2024

Dan Savatovsky
Affiliation:
Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3
Mariangela Albano
Affiliation:
Università di Cagliari, Sardinia
Thi Kieu Ly Pham
Affiliation:
Vietnam National University
Valérie Spaëth
Affiliation:
Université Sorbonne Nouvelle - Paris 3
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Summary

Abstract: Diglossia is the framework commonly used to describe Arabic and a framework that Western universities follow to teach Arabic, despite major debates surrounding it. Native speakers of Arabic recognize the existence of two separate varieties, but they do not separate them when they effectively use the language, while the Western separation has resulted in a pedagogical product whose purpose is to help non-natives to acquire the pure dialectal language. This essay examines two colloquial Arabic textbooks: De Alcalá's Arte (1505) and Jomier's Manuel d’arabe égyptien (1965). The purpose is to contextualize these books (both written by members of Christian religious orders) in an attempt to understand their premises. The main finding of this research is that the grammatization process of this artificial language was built upon missionary ideology, a transcription system, and pedagogical materials like textbooks and dictionaries.

Résumé : La diglossie est le cadre communément utilisé pour décrire l’arabe—un cadre dans lequel les universités occidentales ont inscrit l’enseignement de l’arabe, malgré les débats qui s’y rapportent. Les locuteurs natifs de l’arabe reconnaissent l’existence de deux variétés distinctes, mais ils ne les séparent pas lorsqu’ils utilisent effectivement la langue, tandis qu’en Occident, leur séparation a donné lieu à un produit pédagogique dont le but est d’aider les non-natifs à acquérir la langue dialectale. Dans ce chapitre, on examine deux manuels d’arabe populaire: l’Arte de P. de Alcalá (1505) et le Manuel d’arabe égyptien de J. Jomier (1965). L’objectif est de contextualiser ces ouvrages (tous deux écrits par des membres d’ordres religieux chrétiens) afin d’essayer de comprendre leurs postulats. La principale conclusion de cette recherche est que le processus de grammatisation de cette langue artificielle, le système de transcription et la production de matériaux pédagogiques, tels que des manuels et des dictionnaires, reposent sur l’idéologie missionnaire.

Keywords: Alcalá (Pedro de). Jomier (Jacques). Egyptian Arabic. Colloquial Arabic Textbooks. Diglossia. Orientalism.

Mots-clés: Alcalá (Pedro de). Jomier (Jacques). Arabe égyptien. Manuels d’arabe populaire. Diglossie. Orientalisme.

Introduction

Imagine if all French textbooks were written by Italian, Spanish, or German or even by Egyptian, Algerian, or Chinese authors. Imagine if not a single French textbook were written by a French person.

Type
Chapter
Information
Language Learning and Teaching in Missionary and Colonial Contexts
L'apprentissage et l'enseignement des langues en contextes missionnaire et colonial
, pp. 333 - 346
Publisher: Amsterdam University Press
Print publication year: 2023

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