Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-dfsvx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T05:11:25.174Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

9 - The Jury in Canada

Testing the Comprehensibility of Styles of Jury Instructions and the Effectiveness of Aids

from Part II - Enduring Systems of Lay Participation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 August 2021

Sanja Kutnjak Ivković
Affiliation:
Michigan State University
Shari Seidman Diamond
Affiliation:
Northwestern University, Illinois
Valerie P. Hans
Affiliation:
Cornell University, New York
Nancy S. Marder
Affiliation:
Chicago-Kent College of Law
Get access

Summary

This chapter examines the issue of how well Canadian jurors comprehend legal instructions and whether there are jury aids that can enhance their comprehension. It traces the design of the first study in Canada to assess the relative efficacy of two competing styles of instructions used in Canada and to compare them with the plain language criminal law instructions used in California, USA. The style that used a series of logical questions to be answered was associated with the highest levels of comprehension. The results also revealed that the type of aid provided had a modest impact on overall comprehension score and that those who received either both aids (written instructions and decision trees) or written instructions had scores that were significantly different from either those with no aid or the decision tree alone. This chapter also explores some of the challenges associated with cross-jurisdictional research. Additional studies are needed to ensure that jurors have an accurate understanding of the law and to make clear how styles of jury instruction and jury aids can impact comprehension levels.

Type
Chapter
Information
Juries, Lay Judges, and Mixed Courts
A Global Perspective
, pp. 174 - 194
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Baguley, C. M., McKimmie, B. M., & Masser, B. M. (2017). Deconstructing the simplification of jury instructions: How simplifying the features of complexity affects jurors’ application of instructions. Law and Human Behavior, 41(3), 284304.Google Scholar
Bertrand, M. I., & Jochelson, R. (2018). Mock-jurors’ self-reported understanding of Canadian judicial instructions (is not very good). Criminal Law Quarterly, 66, 137161.Google Scholar
Brewer, N., Harvey, S., & Semmler, C. (2004). Improving comprehension of jury instructions with audio-visual presentations. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 18(6), 765776.Google Scholar
Continuing Legal Education Society of British Columbia. (2017). Celebrating 30 years of CRIMJI. www.cle.bc.ca/celebrating-30-years-of-crimji/Google Scholar
Charrow, R. P., & Charrow, V. R. (1979). Making legal language understandable: A psycholinguistic study of jury instructions. Columbia Law Review, 79(7), 13061374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clough, J., Spivak, B., Ogloff, J. R. P., Tinsley, Y., & Young, W. (2018). The judge as cartographer and guide: The role of fact-based directions in improving juror comprehension. Criminal Law Journal, 42(5), 278295.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. (1960). A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 20, 3746.Google Scholar
Coleman, J., Espinoza, R. K. E., & Coons, J. V. (2017). An empirical comparison of the old and revised jury instructions of California: Do jurors comprehend legalese better or does bias still exist? Open Access Library Journal, 4, 115. https://doi:10.4236/oalib.1103164Google Scholar
Comiskey, M. (2010). Initiating dialogue about jury comprehension of legal concepts: Can the “stagnant pool” be revitalized? Queen’s Law Journal, 35(2), 625678.Google Scholar
Dann, B. M., Hans, V. P., & Kaye, D. H. (2004). Testing the effects of selected jury trial innovations on juror comprehension of contested mtDNA evidence: Final technical report. National Institute of Justice. www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/211000.pdfGoogle Scholar
Department of Justice (Can.). (2009). Report on jury reform. Steering Committee on Justice Efficiencies and Access to the Justice System. www.justice.gc.ca/eng/rp-pr/csj-sjc/esc-cde/scje-cdej/toc-tdm.htmlGoogle Scholar
Diamond, S. S., & Levi, J. N. (1996). Improving decisions on death by revising and testing jury instructions. Judicature, 79(5), 224232.Google Scholar
Diamond, S. S., Murphy, B., & Rose, M. R. (2012). The “kettleful of law” in real jury deliberations: Successes, failures, and next steps. Northwestern University Law Review, 106(4), 15371608.Google Scholar
Diamond, S. S., & Rose, M. R. (2005), Real juries. Annual Review of Law and Social Science, 1, 255285.Google Scholar
Douglas, K. S., Lyon, D. R., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (1997). The impact of graphic photographic evidence on mock jurors’ decisions in a murder trial. Law and Human Behavior, 21(5), 485501.Google Scholar
Ede, T., & Goodman-Delahunty, J. (2013). Question trails in trials: Structured versus unstructured juror decision-making. Criminal Law Journal, 37(2), 114136.Google Scholar
Ellsworth, P. C. (1989). Are twelve heads better than one? Law and Contemporary Problems, 52(4), 205224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellsworth, P. C., & Reifman, A. (2000). Juror comprehension and public policy: Perceived problems and solutions. Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 6(3), 788821.Google Scholar
Elwork, A., Sales, B. D., & Alfini, J. J. (1977). Juridic decisions: In ignorance of the law or in light of it? Law and Human Behavior, 1(2), 163189.Google Scholar
Ewanation, L. A., Yamamoto, S., Monnink, J., & Maeder, E. M. (2017). Perceived realism and the CSI-effect. Cogent Social Sciences, 3, Article 129446.Google Scholar
Ferguson, G. A., Dambrot, M. A., & Bennett, E. (2005). CRIMJI: Canadian criminal jury instructions. 4th ed. Vancouver: Continuing Legal Education Society of British Columbia.Google Scholar
Goodman, J., & Greene, E. (1989). The use of the paraphrase analysis in the simplification of jury instructions. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 4(3), 237251.Google Scholar
Haney, C., & Lynch, M. (1997). Clarifying life and death matters: An analysis of instructional comprehension and penalty phase closing arguments. Law and Human Behavior, 21(6), 575595.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heuer, L., & Penrod, S. D. (1989). Instructing jurors: A field experiment with written and preliminary instructions. Law and Human Behavior, 13(4), 409430.Google Scholar
Jones, C. S., & Myers, E. R. (1979). Comprehension of jury instructions in a simulated Canadian court. Studies on the jury. Canada Law Reform Commission.Google Scholar
Judicial Council of California. (1996). Blue ribbon commission on jury system improvement: Final report. www.courts.ca.gov/documents/BlueRibbonFullReport.pdfGoogle Scholar
Judicial Council of California.(2005). California criminal jury instructions for judges and attorneys (CALCRIM). Advisory Committee on Criminal Jury Instructions. www.courts.ca.gov/partners/juryinstructions.htmGoogle Scholar
Kramer, G. P., & Koenig, D. M. (1990). Do jurors understand criminal jury instructions? Analyzing the results of the Michigan juror comprehension project. University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, 23(3), 401437.Google Scholar
Landis, J. R., & Koch, G. G. (1977). The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics, 33(1), 159174.Google Scholar
Lynch, M., & Haney, C. (2018). Death qualification in black and white: Racialized decision making and death-qualified juries. Law & Policy, 40(2), 148171.Google Scholar
MacKinnon, P. (1977). Conspiracy and sedition as Canadian political crimes. McGill Law Journal, 23, 622643.Google Scholar
Maeder, E. M., & Dempsey, J. L. (2013). A likely story? The influence of type of alibi and defendant gender on juror decision-making. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 20(4), 543552.Google Scholar
Marder, N. (2006). Bringing jury instructions into the twenty-first century. Notre Dame Law Review, 81, 449511.Google Scholar
McKimmie, B. M., Antrobus, E., & Baguley, C. (2014). Objective and subjective comprehension of jury instructions in criminal trials. New Criminal Law Review, 17(2), 163183.Google Scholar
Nieland, R. (1979). Pattern jury instructions: A critical look at a modern movement to improve the jury system. Chicago: American Judicature Society.Google Scholar
Ogloff, J. R. P. (1991a). A comparison of insanity defense standards on juror decision making. Law and Human Behavior, 15(5), 509531.Google Scholar
Ogloff, J. R. P.(1991b). The use of the insanity defence in BC: A quantitative and qualitative analysis. Ottawa: Department of Justice, Canada.Google Scholar
Ogloff, J. R. P.(1998). Judicial instructions and the jury: A comparison of alternative strategies. Vancouver: BC Law Foundation.Google Scholar
Ogloff, J. R. P., & Vidmar, N. (1994). The impact of pretrial publicity on jurors: A study to compare the relative effects of television and print media in a child sex abuse case. Law and Human Behavior, 18(5), 507525.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parliament of Canada. (2018). Improving support for jurors in Canada. House of Commons. Standing Committee on Justice and Human Rights. 42nd Parl., 1st Session. www.ourcommons.ca/Content/Committee/421/JUST/Reports/RP9871696/justrp20/justrp20-e.pdfGoogle Scholar
Patry, M.W., & Penrod, S. D. (2013). Death penalty decisions: Instruction comprehension, attitudes, and decision mediators. Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 13(3), 204244.Google Scholar
Prager, I. G., Deckelbaum, G., & Cutler, B. L. (1989). Improving juror understanding for intervening causation instructions. Forensic Reports, 2(3), 187193.Google Scholar
Thibert, R. v., [1996] 1 S.C.R. 37 (Can.).Google Scholar
Rose, G., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (2001). Evaluating the comprehensibility of jury instructions: A method and an example. Law and Human Behavior, 25(4), 409431.Google Scholar
Schuller, R. A., Ryan, A., Krauss, D., & Jenkins, G. (2013). Mock juror sensitivity to forensic evidence in drug facilitated sexual assaults. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 36(2), 121128.Google Scholar
Schuller, R. A., Terry, D. J., & McKimmie, B. M. (2005). The impact of expert testimony on jurors’ decisions: Gender of the expert and testimony complexity. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35(6), 12661280.Google Scholar
Severance, L. J., Greene, E., & Loftus, E. F. (1984). Toward criminal jury instructions that jurors can understand. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 75(1), 198233.Google Scholar
Shams, L., & Seitz, A. R. (2008). Benefits of multisensory learning. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12(11), 411417.Google Scholar
Shams, L., Wozny, D. R., Kim, R., & Seitz, A. (2011). Influences of multisensory experience on subsequent unisensory processing. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, Article 264, 19.Google Scholar
Thomas, C. (2010). Are juries fair? Ministry of Justice research studies. No. 1/10. London: HMSO. www.justice.gov.uk/publications/research.htmGoogle Scholar
Tiersma, P., & Curtis, M. (2008). Testing the comprehensibility of jury instructions: California’s old and new instructions on circumstantial evidence. Journal of Court Innovation, 1(1), 231262.Google Scholar
Watt, D. (2005). Watt’s manual of criminal jury instructions. Toronto: Thomson Carswell.Google Scholar
Whittemore, K. R., & Ogloff, J. R. P. (1995). Factors that influence jury decision making: Disposition instructions and mental state at the time of trial. Law and Human Behavior, 19(3), 283303.Google Scholar
Wiener, R. L., Pritchard, C. C., & Weston, M. (1995). Comprehensibility of approved jury instructions in capital murder cases. Journal of Applied Psychology, 80(4), 455467.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×