This chapter discusses the urban image of papal Rome from 1417 to 1667, a 250-year period bound by the elevation of Pope Martin V to the Throne of St. Peter, which ended the Great Western Schism and ultimately led to the return of the papal court to Rome after the Avignon Papacy; and the death of Pope Alexander VII Chigi, after which papal coffers were left empty and the flood of building campaigns of the previous two and a half centuries dwindled to a trickle. Through this period dozens of popes spent millions of scudi to erect thousands of buildings, all in an effort to establish the papacy as both a dominant political entity in Europe as well as the unchallenged religious authority across the continent. Rome was facing a number of urban challenges: it neither appeared beautiful nor functioned well, and it lacked the basic urban elements of peer cities. Throughout the early modern period, Rome’s elite dreamt of a new city. To that end, they built churches, palaces, monuments, streets, and fountains in order to promote the papacy, glorify noble families, and restore functionality and grandeur to the Eternal City.