International relations theorists were slow to recognize that America's unipolar moment had the potential to become an enduring feature of global politics. As that realization has set in, scholars have begun to examine the nature and implications of a one-superpower world. Most of the emphasis has been on the international political and security implications of a distribution of capabilities dominated by the United States. This chapter shifts the focus to an examination of the consequences of unipolarity for the global political economy and for the behavior and influence of the United States within it.

To what extent has the shift in international structure altered the behavior of the United States in the world economy? The evidence offered below suggests that the answer is not very much – there is striking consistency in the international economic behavior of the United States across the bipolar and unipolar eras. The role of the United States in the world economy and the nature and pattern of US economic interactions with other major powers are remarkably similar whether we are examining the 1960s, the 1980s, or the 2000s. US influence, however, has changed in important ways. During the Cold War the United States dominated international economic adjustment struggles. By contrast, its ability to prevail in those struggles after the Cold War has been significantly compromised.